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Topic: Prakrit

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	Prakrit - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		PRAKRIT (prakrta, natural), a term applied to the vernacular languages of India as opposed to the literary Sanskrit (samskrta, purified).
		The materials extant for the study of the Prakrit are either native grammars or else literary works written in accord with the rules laid down therein.
		In literary Prakrit we have two important specimens of formal epic poetry - the Ravanavaha or Setubandha (attributed to Pravarasena, before A.D. 700), dealing with the subject of the Ramayana, and the Gaiidavaha of Vakpati (7th-8th century A.D.), celebrating the conquest of Bengal by Yasovarman, king of Kanauj.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Prakrit (4344 words)

	Prakrit
		Prakrits are the Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India.
		The Prakrits were vernacular languages, often used for ordinary speech, and may be contrasted with Sanskrit, which continued to be used as a literary language and quickly developed such features as written grammars.
		Perhaps the most important Prakrit today is Pali, which has survived as the language in which the Theravada Buddhism records the Buddhist scriptures.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pr/Prakrit.html (173 words)

	Prakrit - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Prakrit, any of a number of languages belonging to the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Indo-Iranian).
		Pali, a Middle Indic language that became the language of the Buddhists and their sacred literature, is considered a Prakrit by some scholars, though not by all.
		For example, the Prakrits were much simpler grammatically than classical Sanskrit, having discarded the dual number for noun and verb, reduced the eight-case system of Sanskrit for the noun, and generally simplified the verb.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-prakrit.html (536 words)

	Prakrit literature - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One very important and early Prakrit was Pali (see Pali canon), which became the language of the Buddhists.
		However, most of the literature generally called Prakrit is devoted to Jainism.
		Kalidasa is included among many dramatists, who, in order to obtain a realistic effect, had the common people in their plays speak in Prakrit.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Prakritl.html (408 words)

	Prakrit (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Prakrits were vernaculars, often used for ordinary speech, and may be contrasted with Sanskrit, which continued to be used as a literary language and quickly developed such features as written grammars.
		One notable Prakrit, is Pali, the language of the Tripitaka, often referred to in English as the "Pali Canon." This is the version of the Tripitaka (which historically occurred in several languages, including Sanskrit) that was compiled by the Theravada school of Buddhism.
		Other Prakrits include the Ardhamagadhi, which is used to write Jain scriptures, Gāndhāri, and Paisaci, which is known through grammarians' statements.
	prakrit.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (543 words)

	Athenaeum Reading Room Dead Sanskrit was Always Dead The Anti-Sanskrit Scripture by Shyam Rao
		All these so-called `Prakrits' such as Vangi, Odri and Maharastri, can all be understood by the speakers of their respective IA languages with the same ease with which a modern speaker of English can understand Anglo-Saxon.
		The word Prakrit itself merely means `natural' and refers to all the Indo-Iranian languages as spoken by the common man in India.
		165 ] and the gatha literature of the Buddhists is a mixture of Prakrit and Sanskrit.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /sanskrit_exposure.htm (11499 words)

	Staff Room (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Prakrit developed in the Christian era and is mainly used in the Drama and Jain canon.
		The official language of the administration was Prakrit and not Sanskrit.
		Thus, by the end of 4-5th C AD, the end of the Gupta period, Prakrit as a language is discarded.
	www.ancientindia.co.uk /staff/resources/background/bg8/worksheet.html (294 words)

	Remarks on Kavya in South India by H. Tieken
		Prakrit has nothing like the five tiNais, and it is not nearly as carefully worked out, with stock speakers, stock images for each landscape, ragas (called paNs) for each, and the like.
		This is not the case of the Sanskrit or Prakrit traditions.
		The fact is, the poems are quite unaware of Prakrit or Sanskrit literature -- though they do know of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata (which fits with their accepted date of 1st-3rd century AD).
	tamil.berkeley.edu /Research/Articles/TiekenRemarks.html (2146 words)

	Indo-Aryan Languages
		Marwari is thus a desendant of the Avanti Prakrit.
		Acording to Prakruta Sarbaswasa, a prakrit grammar of Markandeya, Udra is one of the 4 types of Prakrit ' [Oriya Lit p.1] ` Apabhramsa is `mentined as the "dialect of the Abhiras" and was called "Abhiri" and is mentioned in ca.
		Kalidasa considered Prakrit too dignified a medium to be used for the raving of mad Puruvas and used Apabhramsa instead.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/1335/Lang/prakrit.html (3044 words)

	Prakrit offers major research opportunities
		Sacred to Buddhists and Jains, the language of Mahavira's teachings, of Harappan seals and Ashokan edicts, Prakrit originating from Prakriti or nature was the language of the masses in ancient India.
		Dearth of Prakrit scholars is an oft-repeated concern in the field of archaeology and manuscriptology.
		Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapith, a deemed University, established in 1989, ``took the lead in spreading Prakrit with the inspiration of Swami Vidyanandji, a Jain saint of the Digambar sect,'' explains Dr Bachaspati Upadhyay, an enlightened activist in the field.
	www.expressindia.com /fe/daily/19990711/fle11071.html (972 words)

	Prakrit languages
		Prakrit history can be divided into 3 periods: the Early period, including Ashoka's inscriptions language; the Middle period, when Shauraseni, Magadhi, Maharashtri, Paishachi, different Jainist Prakrits were spoken in different regions of the country and on Ceylon; and the Late period with the Apabhransha language.
		The usage of Prakrits was based on social status of people - in many classical works of Indian authors (Kalidasa, Bhasa and others) kings and nobles always speak classical Sanskrit, noble ladies use Shauraseni, ordinary people can speak only Magadhi, and peasant women signs their songs in Maharashtri.
		Prakrit phonetics does not have sonant vowels and diphthongs; under the Dravidian influence syllables tend to end in a vowel only; single consonants could disappear between vowels.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/indo/prakrits.html (252 words)

	Prakrit Languages
		The word prakrit is used for the group of languages spoken in ancient India.
		Apbhransh is not a single language but there are many Apbhransh languages which were born from various Prakrit Languages.
		Most of the modern Indian languages have were roods in Prakrit Languages.
	jainhistory.tripod.com /prakrit.html (321 words)

	PRAKRIT (prakrta, natu... - Online Information article about PRAKRIT (prakrta, natu...
		The language of the Midland became the language of literature, and was crystallized in the shape of literary Sanskrit about 300 B.C.
		In the Prakrit stage of the Secondary Prakrits we see the same grouping as before—a Midland language, and the dialects of the Outer Band.
		We may, however, conclude that there was an Apabhrarhfa corresponding to each Prakrit, so that we have, in addition to Saurasena, a Magadha, an Ardhamagadha and a Maharastra Apabhra h.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /POL_PRE/PRAKRIT_prakrta_natural_.html (2407 words)

	A magnum opus on Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions
		Other scholars like V. Venkayya and H. Krishna Sastri were constrained by the assumption that all Brahmi inscriptions were invariably in Prakrit or Pali, as Brahmi was used predominantly for Prakrit in all other regions of India from the Mauryan (Asokan) period.
		Prakrit was never given the hegemonic status that it had attained in all other parts of India, where Prakrit/Pali was the language of the elite and administration.
		The derivation of the term Kaviti from the Prakrit Gahapati and its interpretation as a title conferred on merchants and officials, as also the interpretation of Kon as a title conferred on Kaviti, need closer scrutiny.
	www.flonnet.com /fl2013/stories/20030704000207100.htm (3308 words)

	Jain Vishva Bharati Institute (Deemed University), Ladnun
		M.A. in Prakrit and Jain Agama: The syllabus for Prakrit and Jain Agama has been outlined on a broader basis keeping in view the representation of the main Prakrit Dialects and their Literature.
		Prakrit Literature starts with Agama Sahitya both Svetambara and Digambara as the ancient scriptures of Prakrit.
		Prakrit Kavya literature, Prakrit Grammar and Prakrit philosophy, Prakrit Philosophical texts, Prakrit Drama, Desi Literature and prosody, Inscriptional Prakrit, some Pali texts and History of Prakrit Literature are the main components of the Subject.
	www.jvbi.ac.in /academics.html (1223 words)

	The Hindu : Karnataka News : Propagating Prakrit studies and research
		The institute was established under the aegis of the Shrutakevali Education Trust to propagate and promote Prakrit studies and research.
		As most of the preachings were in Prakrit, NIPSR was established with an intention to translate and publish major works in Prakrit.
		Emphasising the importance of learning Prakrit, the swamiji said that Prakrit, an ancient language and repository of Indian culture, was the language of the learned and common people.
	www.hindu.com /2004/10/20/stories/2004102002540500.htm (407 words)

	Prakrit (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Prakrits were literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the ksatriya caste, and regarded as illegitimate by the Brahmin orthodoxy.
		The earliest extant use of Prakrit are the inscriptions of Asoka, emperor of Northern India, and while the various Prakritic languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions, none of them were at any time an informal "mother tongue" in any area of India.
		By the definitions used by classical grammarians themselves, a Prakrit would have its grammar ("Vyakarana") written in Sanskrit, whereas Pali grammars are written in Pali (posing an independent claim to legitimacy, i.e., counter to Sanskrit's claims as the supreme language) --an important, if merely techical, distinction.
	prakrit.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (379 words)

	Language and Architecture of Ancient India by Neria Harish Hebbar, MD
		The popular dialect of the language that developed naturally was called as Prakrit or Prakrita, the unrefined language.
		Prakrit was the spoken language of India for almost a thousand years between Buddha Period to the Gupta Period.
		The script of the Prakrit language may be similar to the Harappa scripts, though those scripts have not been deciphered.
	www.boloji.com /history/021.htm (1620 words)

	Sinhala Summary
		This "Sinhalese Prakrit" is related to north Indian dialects; Sinhalese legends and linguistic evidence suggest that settlers from north India brought their dialects with them before 500 BCE.
		Most early texts have been lost, but the evolution of Sinhala from Prakrit can be traced through numerous cave and rock inscriptions up to the twelfth century CE and Sinhala literature from the tenth century onward.
		The closest relative of Sinhala is the language of the Maldives, Dhivehi.
	www.bookrags.com /Sinhala (2209 words)

	Prakrit - Wikipedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Prakrit (Sanskrit, प्राकृत, n., prākṛta) (auch mittelindische Sprachen genannt) ist die Bezeichnung für diejenigen indoarischen Sprachen, die in der sprachgeschichtlichen Entwicklung auf das Altindische folgen.
		Eine ältere Entwicklungsstufe verschiedener Prakrits ist zudem in den Ashoka-Inschriften aus dem 3.
		Der Dual existiert in den Prakrits nicht, seine Funktion wird vom Plural mitgetragen.
	de.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Prakrit (900 words)

	Orality to literacy: Transition in Early Tamil Society
		Seal-texts are also in Tamil (with the exception of a seal impression on clay in Prakrit found at Arikamedu and a few gold rings with Prakrit legends from Karur).
		In contrast, during the same period, all early inscriptions from Upper South India on stone, copper plates, coins, seals and pottery are exclusively in Prakrit and not in Kannada or Telugu, which were the spoken languages of this region.
		The region was, therefore, administered through the medium of Prakrit, which was the language of the rulers and also became the language of the local ruling elite, of learning and instruction, and of public discourse, as clearly shown by the presence of Asoka's Prakrit edicts in the region.
	www.frontlineonnet.com /fl2007/stories/20030411001208100.htm (2623 words)

	Homely Touch
		The Prakrit language is a less well known and more "common" descendant of Sanskrit, the classical language of India.
		There is an introductory chapter concerning the Prakrit language, its usage, aesthetic and poetic forms, translation techniques and difficulties, and a discussion of this particular anthology.
		It is conceived as a readable, yet scholarly introduction to Prakrit poetry-folk poetry of old India-meant for the average interested reader, yet useful to the scholar.
	www.mazdapublishers.com /Homely-Touch.htm (251 words)

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