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Topic: Pratihara

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	The Pratiharas
		The Pratihara dynasty started well under the ruler Nagabhatta-I. Though initially he had hiccups with the Rashtrakutas, he was able to leave behind a strong State comprising Malwa, parts of Rajputana and Gujarat.
		The glorious chapter began in the history of the Pratiharas with the accession of Mihirabhoja.
		uring the Pratihara period, the willingness of the mint authorities to strike coins of quality and the usage of coins as a vehicle for propaganda gradually diminished.
	prabhu.50g.com /pstgupta/pstgup_prati.html (464 words)

	Kannauj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Pala king Dharmapala installed a proxy king at the end of the 8th century; however, the Pratihara king Nagabhatta II conquered Kannauj in the 9th century.
		The Pratiharas ruled much of northern India in the latter half of the 8th century, but they had weakened by the early 10th century.
		The Gahadvala dynasty, descended from former vassals of the Pratiharas, established themselves as rulers of Kannauj at the end of the 11th century.
	www.1bx.com /en/Kannauj.htm (546 words)

	Upanishads of Hindustan (500 B.C.)
		This is the deity belonging to the pratihara.
		The hinkara is the earth, the prastava the sky, the Udgitha heaven, the pratihara the regions, the nidhana the sea.
		That is the Ragana Saman, as interwoven in the deities.
	sfiu.tripod.com /upanisha.htm (8261 words)

	MantraOnNet.com: Chandogya Upanishad
		Spring is the Hirikara; summer is the Prastava; the rainy season is the Udgitha; autumn is the Pratihara; winter is the Nidhana.
		Fire is the Hinkara; air is the Prastava; the sun is the Udgitha; the constellations are the Pratihara; the moon is the Nidhana.
		This is the Rajana, woven on the deities.
	www.mantraonnet.com /upanishads/chandogya-upanishad-book2-part2.html (1393 words)

	THE UPANISADS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Earth is the Hinkara; fire is the Prastava; middle-air is the Udgitha; the sun is the Pratihara; sky is the Nidhana.
		Goats are the Hinkara; sheep are the Prastava; cows are the Udgitha; horses are the Pratihara; man (purusa) is the Nidhana.
		Whatever is ud is the Udgitha; whatever is prati is the Pratihara; whatever is upa is the Upadrava; whatever is ni is the Nidhana.
	www.onlinedarshan.com /upanisads/website/upnishad.asp?uid=3&cid=9 (793 words)

	Upanishads by Religious Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		When the clouds gather, that is the hinkara; when it rains, that is the prastava; that which flows in the east, that is the udgitha; that which flows in the west, that is the pratihara; the sea is the nidhana.
		The hinkara is spring, the prastava summer (harvest of yava, &c.), the udgitha the rainy season, the pratihara autumn, the nidhana winter.
		Ud is the udgitha, pra the pratihara, upa the upadrava, ni the nidhana.
	www.4literature.net /Religious_Document/Upanishads/5.html (912 words)

	Upanishads Chandogya Upanishad - Spiritual Literature Of India - Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita And Other Scriptures ...
		A man's beckoning to a woman is the syllable Him; his gratifying her is the Prastava; his lying with her is the Pratihara; his spending time with her is the Nidhana; and the finishing of the sexual act is also the Nidhana.
		The gathering of the mists is the syllable Him; the forming of clouds is the Prastava; the raining is the Udgitha; the flashing and thundering are the Pratihara; the ceasing of the rain is the Nidhana.
		This is the Vairupa Saman as interwoven in the clouds.
	www.bharatadesam.com /spiritual/upanishads/chandogya_upanishad.php (12810 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Dharmapala
		The first phase of the tripartite struggle, which took place round about 790 AD, opened with a clash between Dharmapala and Vatsaraja, the Pratihara king, resulting in the defeat of the former, and later on a common enemy from the Deccan, the Rastrakuta king Dhruva Dharavarsa, defeated both of them.
		The Pratiharas took some time to recoup their power and the Rastrakutas could not hold out owing to various reasons that caused their retreat.
		With the rise of Nagabhatta II, son and successor of Pratihara Vatsaraja, started the second phase of the tripartite struggle.
	banglapedia.org /HT/D_0192.HTM (833 words)

	History of India
		Solanki power was concentrated in the region of Kathiawar with branches of the family scattered in Malwa, Chedi, Patan, and Broach.
		The north-eastern neighbours of the Chauhans were the Tomaras, who were also the feudatories of the Pratiharas, and ruled in the Harayana region surrounding Delhi, including Thanesar, the home of Harsha.
		There was yet another family which began as feudatories of the Pratiharas but soon acquired independence.
	indiansaga.com /history/rajputs1.html (484 words)

	Celextel's Online Spiritual Library \| Chandogya Upanishad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This is the Gayatra Saman woven in (the Prana and) the senses.
		II-xvii-1: The earth is Himkara, the sky is Prastava, heaven is Udgitha, the quarters are Pratihara, and the ocean is Nidhana.
		This is the Rajana Saman woven in the deities.
	celextel.org /108upanishads/chandogya.html (13472 words)

	National Portal of India : Know India : Culture and Heritage
		The last ruler of this dynasty was Lakshamanasena under whose reign the Muslims invaded Bengal, and the empire fell.
		The greatest ruler of the Pratihara dynasty was Mihir Bhoja.
		He recovered Kanauj (Kanyakubja) by 836, and it remained the capital of the Pratiharas for almost a century.
	india.gov.in /knowindia/medieval_history.php (519 words)

	Punjabi.net discussions chat forums
		The Gujjar kingdoms formed in the name of Gujjar gotra were the Pratiharas who retired to rajasthan desert after the fall of kannauj were of Pratihars though of very little importance in terms of Power but still respected by their earlier fuedatory brothers.
		The greatest king of pratihara dynasty was Bhoja I who took control of Kanyakubj (modern Kannauj); in 836 AD and created an empire which was similar in size of his predecessor, Harsha-Vardhana.
		Pratihara dynasty ruled for another 200 years although their dominion was never to the extent of during Bhoja's rule.
	punjabi.net /talk/messages/3/21698.html (2630 words)

	Ethics of India 30 BC To 1300 by Sanderson Beck
		The Pratiharas were described in 851 by an Arab as having the finest cavalry and as the greatest foe of the Muslims, though no country in India was safer from robbers.
		When Mahipala was ruling in 915 Al Mas'udi from Baghdad observed that the Pratiharas were at war with the Muslims in the west and the Rashtrakutas in the south, and he claimed they had four armies of about 800,000 men each.
		In the mid-10th century the Pratiharas had several kings, as the empire disintegrated and was reduced to territory around Kanauj.
	www.san.beck.org /AB2-India.html (21954 words)

	Osian, Osian Temple, Osian in Rajasthan
		Osian was also the capital of the Gurjara Pratihara dynasty from the 8th to 12th century.
		The Brahminical influence was very strong in Osian during that period and later, Jainism also flourished in the place through the Gurjara Pratihara dynasty.
		These temples were built during the rule of the Gurjara Pratihara dynasty between 8th and the 12th century.
	www.indovacations.net /visitRajasthan/Osian.htm (574 words)

	Bengal in the pAla and varmaNa period
		pratihAra bhojadeva, kalachurI guNAmbodhideva, and guhiloT king guhila II between themselves conquered all the land west of magadha.
		mahendrapAla, son of bhoja, extended the pratihAra kingdom well into puNDra by 887 AD and held it atleast till 904 AD.
		However, he did not join in the coalition in north India against the invading sultAna mAmuda who had already destroyed the sAhi and pratihAra dynasties, and looted many hindu temples in west India.
	members.tripod.com /~tanmoy/bengal/pala.html (2354 words)

	MantraOnNet.com: Chandogya Upanishad
		Earth is the Hirikara; fire is the Prastava; middle-air is the Udgitha; the sun is the Pratihara; sky is the Nidhana.
		When the raindoud gathers, that is the Hinkara; when it rains, that is the Prastava; that which flows east is the Udgitha; that which flows west is the Pratihara; the ocean is the Nidhana.
		Goats are the Hinkara; sheep are the Frastava; cows are the Udgitha; horses are the Pratihara; man (purusa) is the Nidhana.
	www.mantraonnet.com /upanishads/chandogya-upanishad-book2-part1.html (1133 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News
		He maintained that this had established that the two rare sculptures belonged to the Pratihara dynasty, which ruled this region from 8th to 11th century AD.
		During their rule, there used to be a cluster of 84 villages, which formed a mega group for the purpose of administration.
		The peculiarity of the sculpture of the Pratihara period was that it showed both Lord Brahma and Lord Shiva atop the sculpture, which donated the completion of the trinity comprising Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu and Lord Mahesha.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2000/20001206/main7.htm (909 words)

	Part 1
		When the clouds gather, that is the hinkara; when it rains, that is the prastava ; that which flows in the east, that is the udgitha; that which flows in the West, that is the pratihara; the sea is the nidhana.
		the pratihara, upa the upadrava, ni the nidhana.
		The hinkara is hair, the prastiva skin, the udgitha flesh, the pratihara bone, the nidhana marrow.
	fraktali.849pm.com /text/archive/hin/upan/up01a.htm (6321 words)

	Marcel Nies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ganesha is adorned with a necklace, bracelets, anklets, and a tiger skin, the head of which is visible on his left upper leg; a circular nimbus is depicted behind his head.
		The cultural, political and imperial influence of the Pratihara population started in circa 780 A.D. spreading over Gujarat, Rajasthan and a large part of Central and North India.
		This Ganesha which is carved out of reddish sandstone is a good example of the mediaeval schools of sculpture during the Pratihara occupation.
	www.asianart.com /exhibitions/nies/2.html (382 words)

	Khajuraho
		The Chandellas trace their origin to the mythical sage Chandratreya born of the moon.
		The Chandella dynasty came into being after the break up of the Pratiharas.
		During the reign of the rulers Harsha and Yashovarma or Lakshavarma in the 1st half of the 10th century, the Chandellas rose to power.
	www.templenet.com /Madhya/khaju01.html (618 words)

	Osian, Jodhpur - India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The oldest group, the Vishnu and Harihara temples, built in the Pratihara period of the eighth and ninth centuries, are right by the bus stop.
		Another 50m brings you to the Sun temple, where the carvings around the doorway have suffered the ravages of time (and graffiti), but those in the surrounding niches are very fine.
		A little way behind it is a massive Pratihara period step-well, currently under restoration.
	rajasthan.paradisepath.com /osian_jodhpur.htm (409 words)

	Somanatha The Eternal Shrine - The Third Temple(Page13) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Anahilavada then was not in any territory known as Gurjaradesha, and Gurjareshvara was the title of the Pratihara Emperor, Mahendrapala of Kanauj.
		This would explain how Mularaja after the break-up of the Pratihara Empire of Kanauj in A.D. 940, called himself by the title of his maternal ancestor, Gurjareshvara.
		The Chalukya branch of Saurashtra ruled from A.D. 750 to 950.
	www.hindubooks.org /temples/somanatha/the_third_temple/page13.htm (166 words)

	FORT ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA
		After being part of the Pratihara and Kachhavaha dominion, it became dependent on the Chandella dynasty of Khajuraho with the Kachhapagatha clan at the start of the 11th century.
		The difficult climb to the fort winds through a gorge containing caves once inhabited by Jain ascetics and flanked by 15th century sculptures of the Jirtbankaras, the prophets that revealed the saving doctrine of Jainism.
		The covering of the construction has recently been rebuilt and there is an unusual, oblong double shikhara which stands over the sanctum.
	architecture-india.com /FORT_ARCHITECTURE_IN_INDIA.asp (1212 words)

	Gwalior Monuments, Monuments in MP, Historical Forts of Gwalior, Gwalior Fort Tours, City of Forts, Forts of Gwalior
		The highest structure within the fort is the Garuda.
		Dedicated to the Pratihara Vishnu, the structure a blend of muslim and Indian architecture.
		The oldest structure which survives today is the Sas Bahu ka Mandir which was constructed in 11th century by Kachchwah King, Mahipala.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /madhya-pradesh/gwalior-fort.html (775 words)

	Trimukha Ganapati in Dance Mode
		This might be one of the earliest Trimukha Ganapati images.
		This Shaivite site of Pratihara period has several interesting forms of Ganesh.
		The site has revealed a number of Karttikeya images too, though quite strangely in many of them this peacock-riding son of Shiva and the elder brother of Ganesh has just a single head instead of his usual six.
	www.exoticindia.com /product/EG09 (830 words)

	Jodhpur Hotels
		For this purpose, Gujjar Pratihara Dynasty had constructed part of the Kuchaman Fort during 760 A.D. They controlled of the salt producing areas that starts from Kuchaman and extend up to the salt lake of Sambhar.
		After the fall of the Gurjar Pratihara Dynasty in 960 A.D., the Chauhans ruled the area and were followed by the Gaur rulers.
		After the fall of the Gaur rulers, the Rathores became the rulers of this area.
	www.holidaymasti.com /Sariska/index-Kuchaman.htm (401 words)

	Tarnetar :: Trineteshwar Mahadev Fair Surendranagar, Than , Chotila, Gujarat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is believed that the temple belongs to the Solanki Era.
		The Pratihara kings, predominantly the worshippers of Lord Shiva were great bildures and architecturally brilliant.
		They were ardent patrons of art and sculpture.
	www.tarnetar.com /history.htm (117 words)

	Amazon.com: Temples of the Pratihara period in Central India: Books: R. D Trivedi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Amazon.com: Temples of the Pratihara period in Central India: Books: R. D Trivedi
		This item is not eligible for Amazon Prime, but over a million other items are.
		Temples of the Pratihara period in Central India (Unknown Binding)
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/B0006EWSS2 (499 words)

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