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Topic: Praxeology

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Austrian School

Ludwig von Mises

History of economic thought

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	Praxeology, Economics, and Ethical Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Other branches of praxeology may be built in a similar way with subsidiary assumptions that bracket the types of action and interaction with which they are defined to be concerned.
		Such a theory would be a branch of praxeology, the aim of which is the elucidation of the interaction of normal human actors under some set of circumstances we define as political.
		The aim of one branch of praxeology, economic theory, is to describe the interaction among individuals who possess the a priori properties and whose goals are to reduce felt uneasiness by acquiring goods with money, given the assumption that individuals have rights to own and exchange property.
	www.gunning.cafeprogressive.com /subjecti/workpape/auseceth.htm (7822 words)

	Epistemology and Economics, Claudio Gutiérrez, Costa Rica
		For practical reasons praxeology does not as a rule pay much attention to those problems that are of no use for the study of the reality of man's action, but restricts its work to those problems that are necessary for the elucidation of what is going on in reality.
		The argument for the "stretching-out" of praxeology is connected with the problem of the compatibility of the a priori conception with the possibility of application of a praxeological theorem.
		Praxeology asserts the action axiom as true, and from this (together with a few empirical axioms—such as the existence of a variety of resources and individuals) are deduced, by the rules of logical inference, all the propositions of economics, each one of which is verbal and meaningful.
	claudiogutierrez.com /E&E_VII.html (4543 words)

	Money, Method, and the Market Process Ch 2
		Praxeology is a theoretical and systematic, not a historical science.
		Praxeology is not based on psychology and is not a part of psychology.
		Praxeology has built up its system in such a way that its theorems are valid for all human action without any regard to whether the ends aimed at are qualified, from whatever point of view, as rational or irrational.
	www.news.mises.org /mmmp/mmmp2.asp (8589 words)

	Praxeology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To counter the subjective nature of the results of historical and statistical analysis (see Methodenstreit) Mises proposes that we look at the logical structure of human action (he entitled his magnum opus Human Action).
		In human society many actions will be trading activities where one person regards a possession of another person as more desirable than one of his own possessions, and the other person has a similar higher regard for his colleague's possession than he does for his own.
		This subject of praxeology is known as catallactics, and is the more commonly accepted realm of economics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Praxeology (520 words)

	Praxeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		From praxeology Mises derived the idea that every conscious action is intended to improve a person's satisfaction.
		He was careful to stress that praxeology is not concerned with the individual's definition of end satisfaction, just the way he sought that satisfaction.
		The way in which a person will increase his satisfaction is by removing a source of dissatisfaction.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/pr/Praxeology.htm (489 words)

	Praxeology: The Methodology of Austrian Economics by Murray N. Rothbard
		Praxeology rests on the fundamental axiom that individual human beings act, that is, on the primordial fact that individuals engage in conscious actions toward chosen goals.
		All that praxeology asserts is that the individual actor adopts goals and believes, whether erroneously or correctly, that he can arrive at them by the employment of certain means.
		On the contrary, in praxeology, in the analysis of human action, the axioms themselves are known to be true and meaningful.
	www.lewrockwell.com /rothbard/rothbard38.html (6451 words)

	Human Action chap2 - DiscoverLudwigVonMises.COM - PRODOS Institute Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		With regard to praxeology the errors of the philosophers are due to their complete ignorance of economics [2] and very often to their shockingly insufficient knowledge of history.
		Praxeology is not concerned with the changing content of acting, but with its pure form and its categorial structure.
		The fact that praxeology, in fixing its eye on the comprehension of reality, concentrates upon the investigation of those problems which are useful for this, does not alter the aprioristic character of its reasoning.
	www.discoverludwigvonmises.com /HumanAction/chap2.htm (17221 words)

	1- Weber and Ludwig von Mises
		Praxeology was treated exclusively as a methodological program, rather than the substantive, and comprehensive, program of study which it represented in Mises's mind.
		Praxeology promised a unified social science that could strive for conceptual universalism for the purpose of improving particularistic historical understanding.
		Since within the program of interpretative sociology (i.e., praxeology) the scientific goal is verstehen, not prediction and falsifiability, the broadening of the concept of rationality to near tautological status does not present the problem it would in alternative conceptions of science.
	www.newruskincollege.com /maxweber/id18.html (8589 words)

	The Austrian School of Economics as a Popperian Research paper . Rafe Champion
		Praxeology is the distinctive methodology of the Austrian school.
		Rothbard noted that praxeology does not assume that people are wise and proper in their choice of goals, or that they necessarily select the technologically appropriate manner of reaching them.
		In brief, praxeology consists of the logical implications of the universal formal fact that people act, that they employ means to try to attain chosen ends.
	www.the-rathouse.com /RC_PopperPaper.html (3556 words)

	A Memorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is this knowledge that integrates the subject matter of praxeology and differentiates it from the subject matter of the natural sciences.
		Praxeology deals with the ways and means chosen for the attainment of such ultimate ends.
		Praxeology and economics are not qualified to deal with the transcendent and metaphysical aspects of any doctrine.
	www.libertyhaven.com /thinkers/ludwigvonmises/memorial.html (19155 words)

	Misesian Praxeology and Christian Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For Mises, praxeology’s central axiom is that human action is a purposeful attempt to substitute a more satisfactory state of affairs for a less satisfactory one.
		Praxeology is the science that studies human action from the point of view of the central axiom’s formal implications.
		It is possible to conclude that Misesian economic theory is in clear contradiction with Christian philosophy, given that praxeology is the core of economics, with Mises himself linking praxeology to a neo-Kantian theory of knowledge.
	www.acton.org /publicat/m_and_m/1998_mar/zanotti.html (2259 words)

	Austrian School - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Austrian School is a school of economic thought that rejects opposing economists' reliance on methods used in natural science for the study of human action, and instead bases its formalism of economics on relationships through logic or introspection called praxeology.
		Austrian economists reject observation as a tool applicable to economics, saying that while it is appropriate in the natural sciences where factors can be isolated in laboratory conditions, acting human beings are too complex for this treatment.
		This was seen as an evolutionary, or "genetic-causal", approach against the stresses of equilibrium and perfect competition found in mainstream Neoclassical economics (see also praxeology).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Austrian_School (1763 words)

	METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY FOR A FREE SOCIETY: THE VIEWS OF MENGER, MISES & RAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Praxeology's cognition is totally general and formal without reference to the material content and particular features of an actual case.
		Mises states that the entirety of praxeology can be built on the basis of premises involving one single non-logical concept — the concept of human action.
		Not derived from experience, the propositions of praxeology are not subject to falsification or verification on the basis of experience.
	www.quebecoislibre.org /031220-17.htm (8302 words)

	What the Hell is Praxeology?
		Praxeology is the study of those aspects of human action that can be grasped a priori; in other words, it is concerned with the conceptual analysis and logical implications of preference, choice, means-end schemes, and so forth.
		The basic principles of praxeology were first discovered by the Greek philosophers, who used them as a foundation for a eudaimonistic ethics.
		In the late nineteenth century, the praxeological approach to economics and social science was rediscovered by Carl Menger, founder of the Austrian School.
	www.praxeology.net /praxeo.htm (426 words)

	revolution: human action
		Praxeology is the study of human action, and includes economics and history.
		Praxeology studies human action as a given, without regard to its causes or motives, which are studied by psychology.
		The categories of praxeology are universally valid because they reflect the structure of the human mind and the natural world.
	www.boogieonline.com /revolution/commerce/economic/books/HumanAction.html (3400 words)

	Human Action 1
		In the first section, "Praxeology and History," Mises begins by saying that there are two main branches of the sciences of human action: praxeology and history.
		Mises goes on to describe praxeology more fully by pointing out that its scope is human action as such (pure human action?) As opposed to the environmental, accidental, and individual circumstances of concrete acts.
		The aim of this section seems to be to describe the notion of a priori as it is used in the praxeology and to deal with related ideas that might be used as a basis for objecting to apriorism.
	www.sff.net /people/gunning/hasg/ch2.htm (1611 words)

	[No title]
		Considering the mathematics teaching and learning process, we can find two different (even if intimately related) kinds of praxeologies: mathematical ones, corresponding to the “disciplinary knowledge” that is taught, and didactical ones, corresponding to the “pedagogical knowledge” used by teachers to perform their practice.
		To develop viable didactical organisations for mathematics teacher education, a merge of the didactic divide to create an organisation (praxeology) for educational knowledge in mathematics (EKM) would give a diagram where the two columns of DK and PK in figure 1 would be replaced by only one of EKM, with no horizontal divide.
		One of the major goals for research in mathematics education is seen to be, by this perspective, the development of a body of educational knowledge in mathematics, to make teacher education an institution able to work in line with the professional competence paradigm for what it means to be a mathematics teacher in school.
	stwww.weizmann.ac.il /G-math/ICMI/_bergsten_c__ICMI15_prop.doc (2218 words)

	FQS 6(1) Hwang & Roth: Ethics in Research on Learning: Dialectics of Praxis and Praxeology
		that respects developmental possibilities of both the participating learner and the researcher in their interactions; and, second, the value of ethics as a description of praxis is subject to the development of ethics theories (praxeology) that are reflexive of human experiences and events coming about in the course of the research process.
		In this sense, we see Mariko's initial actions constituted more like a request to the researcher of participating in her thinking and the two persons' communication constituted a process of collective elaboration rather than a mechanical process one asked a question and the other was supposed to give an answer to it.
		That is, the dialectics of praxis and praxeology constitute the heart of a reflexive development of ethics.
	www.qualitative-research.net /fqs-texte/1-05/05-1-19-e.htm (8840 words)

	Praxeology - Objectivism Online Forum
		I was reading mises.org the other day where I encountered the word praxeology.
		Praxeology's "a priori concepts and propositions" are rationalistic - they are validated by reference to man's mind.
		And read about what she has specifically said about ' priori' knowledge, as well as what is ACTUALLY the Objectivist validations for its axioms.
	forum.objectivismonline.net /index.php?showtopic=422 (1889 words)

	Human Action 1
		We say that praxeology is subjectivist because it "takes the ultimate ends chosen by acting man as data, it is neutral with regard to them, and it refrains from passing any value judgments on them."(21)
		Praxeology is "objectivist" because it "is subjectivistic and takes the value judgments of acting man as ultimate data not open to any further critical examination..."(22)
		First, praxeology and history do not "claim to reveal information about the true, objective, and absolute meaning of life and history." Second, praxeology is neutral with respect the philosophy that the sovereign good is the abandonment of thinking and acting (as in some types of Buddhism).(29)
	www.sff.net /people/gunning/hasg/ch1.htm (1018 words)

	David Charles McCarty / UNDOUBTED TRUTH
		Second, the standpoint he claims, praxeology, is — aside from matters of terminology — functionally indistinguishable from the one he rejects, “panepistemology.” As to the first point, the author holds that E-like judgments lie outside the reach of critical argumentation.
		Praxeology has its own theory of meaning, one couched in terms of conditions of action and imaginable language-games.
		But, in praxeology, we are at no loss for general guidelines; as the author indicates, there is “the prior givenness of some set of methodological judgments and rule-governed procedures.”
	www.ed.uiuc.edu /EPS/PES-Yearbook/92_docs/DCMcCarty.HTM (2176 words)

	MAN, ECONOMY AND STATE -- BOOK REVIEW/SUMMARY
		For those in the Austrian School of Economics praxeology is the logic of human action, and economics is a subdivision of praxeology.
		Whereas psychology addresses why humans choose various ends and ethics addresses the ends humans should choose, praxeology is concerned with the formal implications of the fact that humans use means to achieve ends.
		Praxeology (Austrian Economics) recognizes that valuation is done by individual human beings and that valuation is the product of feelings and circumstance -- ie, is subjective.
	www.benbest.com /polecon/rothbard.html (8081 words)

	Can the Ideas of Mises and Rand Be Reconciled?
		The purpose of this essay is to assess the compatibility of Mises' system, known as praxeology, with Ayn Rand's profoundly original philosophical system of Objectivism.
		The action axiom could then be depicted as derived form a combination of both external observation and introspection.
		Economic science differentiates between the objective, interpersonally valid conclusions of economic praxeology and the personal value judgments of the economist.
	solohq.com /Articles/Younkins/Can_the_Ideas_of_Mises_and_Rand_Be_Reconciled.shtml (1837 words)

	Mises Economics Blog: Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 7, no. 4 (Winter 2004)
		PRAXEOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND LAW: ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS by Larry J. Sechrest.
		Praxeology has been described as a process of deducing correct, universal, historically-invariant principles from one, or a few, axiomatic propositions; that is, from propositions which are self-evidently true.
		In the past 70 years or so, the dominant way of doing this was to construct equilibrium models of the economy.
	blog.mises.org /blog/archives/003640.asp (378 words)

	RAND \| Advanced Publication Search \| View Abstract
		Abstract: Reviews a book translated from the French in 1968 that presents a number of mathematical models useful for decisionmaking, in a form simple enough for use by one with a minimum knowledge of mathematics.
		The literature in this field has developed almost entirely in the past decade, and this survey is well suited to bringing the reader up to date on current techniques.
		Kaufmann identifies the quantitative modes of decisionmaking as an area of praxeology (a comprehensive theory of action), and feels that mathematical analysis is an operation separate from normative considerations (ethics, values).
	www.rand.org /cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?P-4355 (146 words)

	Praxeology & Understanding : An Analysis of the Controversy in Austrian Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Praxeology and Understanding : An Analysis of the Controversy in Austrian Economics
		Selgin demonstrates how it is possible to reject the general equilibrium of the mainstream while still retaining the idea of market clearing and economic rationality.
		Selgin's position is an application of praxeology to refute new errors: positivism and historicism.
	www.libertyhaven.com /bookstore/0945466099AMUS26023.html (109 words)

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