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Topic: Pre columbian transatlantic contacts

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	Pre-Columbian trans-Atlantic contact
		Pre-Columbian trans-Atlantic contact is the term used to discuss possible interactions between the indigenous cultures of the Americas on one side of the Atlantic Ocean and Europe and Africa on the other before the first voyages of Christopher Columbus that led to the discovery of America[?].
		In the 18th century and early 19th century many writers and antiquitarians believed that various Old World cultures were responsible for the ancient monuments found in the New World.
		As was the case in the early 19th century, there are writers today who claim that Old World civilizations such as those of Israel, Egypt, Irish monks[?] (as hinted by the legend of St Brandan[?]), Ancient Rome, Islamic West Africa, Sumeria, the Temple Knights, etc had landed on the Pre-Columbian Americas.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pr/Pre-columbian_transatlantic_contacts.html (762 words)

	Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Contact between native peoples and the Norse in Vinland, however, probably occurred from the outset, though the major sources for this are the Vinland sagas, recorded hundreds of years later.
		Other claims of contacts with Egypt were based on reports that some chemical tests run on Egyptian mummies had found traces of plant products native to the Americas, such as tobacco and coca, which some have proposed were brought to them by Carthaginian merchants.
		Claims of contact have often been based on occurrences of similar motifs in art and decoration, or on depictions in one World of species or objects that are thought to be characteristic of the other World.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact (7075 words)

	Silk Road - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Foreign artifacts dating to the 5th millennium BC in the Badarian culture of Egypt indicate contact with distant Syria [1].
		Though the originating source seems sufficiently reliable, silk unfortunately degrades very rapidly and we cannot double-check for accuracy whether it was actually cultivated silk (which would almost certainly have come from China) that was discovered or a type of "wild silk," which might have come from the Mediterranean region or the Middle East.
		Following contacts of metropolitan China with nomadic western and northwestern border territories in the 8th century BC, gold was introduced from Central Asia, and Chinese jade carvers began to make imitation designs of the steppes, adopting the Scythian-style animal art of the steppes (descriptions of animals locked in combat).
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/i/l/Silk_road.html (4541 words)

	[No title]
		The contact hypothesis is far simpler, has been suspected by many archaeologists for decades, and can account for the data by the introduction of the the cultural and biological exotics to West Mexico from Ecuador in either short-term (e.g.
		This hypothesis is supported by the presence of viable social and technical mechanisms for long-distance contact in the proposed 'donor' region, Ecuador, where the early-contact historical record identifies both organized guilds of long-distance traders and the sailing raft and its associated seafaring expertise.
		The contact hypothesis is accepted as a premise for the Manteño Expedition, which focuses on the technical means of contact, the sailing raft; how it is built, at what material and labour costs; how it handles, in coastal piloting and blue-water passages; its capacities and limitations, and so on.
	www.balsaraft.com /research/mantenoprojectoverview.html (3002 words)

	[No title]
		Cultural contacts were and are extremely complex, and we should avoid easy or ideologically tempting noncausal explanations such as disease, imperialism, racism, or sexism.
		All encounters had a beginning, a flashpoint of contact where the histories, goals, and feelings of the parties intersected to form a new entity, which in turn refashioned their image of their individual pasts.
		Henige, "On the Contact Population of Hispaniola: History as Higher Mathematics," Hispanic American Historical Review, LVIII (1978), 217-237; Zambardino, "Critique of David Henige's 'On the Contact Population of Hispaniola: History as Higher Mathematics,'" ibid., 700-708; "David Henige's Reply," ibid., 709-712; Sauer, The Early Spanish Main (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), 198-204.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/data/art/AXTELL02.ART (7288 words)

	Almeida - "London-Kingston-Caracas: The Transatlantic" - Sullen Fires Across the Atlantic - Praxis Series - ...
		Whilst he was at Paris, Bolivar's favourite and principal occupation was the study of those branches of science which belong to the formation of the warrior and the statesman.
		[2] William Keach's "thinking transatlantically about romanticism" (33), which pervades current critical discourse, is caught in an impasse: the transatlantic journeys are assumed to be between Britain and its English speaking contacts in the American hemisphere.
		Besides those in governmental positions, Bolívar had contacts among the merchant class in Jamaica, which is not surprising given the fact that Kingston and South America carried on trade in defiance of prohibitions from the Spanish Crown.
	www.rc.umd.edu /praxis/sullenfires/almeida/almeida_essay.html (4183 words)

	dallasobserver.com - News - Romeo's head (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He maintains that sporadic pre-Columbian contacts not only existed and are provable, but have been ignored by a profession blinded by conventional wisdom.
		The paper, which was on pre-Columbian transatlantic contacts, was presented to a symposium of Eastern Bloc science students.
		Hristov worked his network of academic contacts and eventually received an introduction to a visiting scholar, Dr. Gunter Wagner, a director of the laboratory at the Max Planck Institute of Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany.
	www.dallasobserver.com /Issues/1999-08-26/feature2_full.html (5051 words)

	Article entitled "The Mexican Connection"
		Mexican archaeologists are still in denial about Transatlantic contacts between the Old World and the New.
		Yet it is clear that the peoples of Central America were in contact with Europeans long before the arrival of Columbus and proof of this is the numbers of sculptures to be seen of men with beards and Caucasian features.
		I don't say this is proof of alien contacts but when we go to Mexico I for one shall certainly be on the look-out for more evidence.
	www.adriangilbert.co.uk /docus/arts/article6.html (763 words)

	Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A century ago Columbus was a hero who was feted in the Columbian world expositions as a man whose single-minded pursuit of his goals was to be emulated.
		Today he is being reviled as a symbol of European expansionism, the forbearer of institutionalized racism and genocide who bears ultimate responsibility for everything from the destruction of rainforests to the depletion of the ozone layer.
		The second involves demonstrating that contact, often against all odds, was possible.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /caribarch/columbus.htm (6609 words)

	AEI - Short Publications
		Racial bias against fls seems to have existed before transatlantic slavery and indeed to have constituted one of the reasons that Europeans chose to transport Africans as slaves to the new world.
		Traders, monks, missionaries, and diplomats maintained a steady contact over several centuries between the most highly developed civilizations of the ancient world.
		Yet such early contacts did not generate widespread convictions of intrinsic superiority, mainly because these civilizational exchanges in the ancient world were transacted between nations that had developed the economic, military, and cultural resources to project across continental chasms.
	www.aei.org /publications/pubID.18082,filter.all/pub_detail.asp (4185 words)

	Course Descriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It also examines other important topics, such as the transatlantic slave trade; gender and ethnicity; family and kinship; uprisings and rebellions; and the historical formation of the Black Atlantic.
		The effects of history, culture and international contacts on local institutions are examined, as is the dynamism of grassroots movements for change in the region.
		The course also acquaints students with the cultural traditions of the Mayan people including their cosmology as revealed in language, art, and architecture, issues of contact during Spanish colonization, and contemporary political, economic, and social issues for the region of Chiapas, Mexico.
	www.hartwick.edu /x7016.xml (2123 words)

	History Courses @ El Camino College in Torrance, California
		Topics to be analyzed include African trade relations with Europe and the world, the influences of Christianity and Islam in Africa, the Transatlantic slave trade, the African Diaspora, and early European incursions.
		Topics include the emergence of the earliest Asian civilizations, the development of major religious and philosophical traditions, the rise of regional and imperial states, and the impact of early contacts with the West.
		Transfer CSU, UC This course focuses on the political, economic, social, and cultural development of Asian civilizations from the 17th century to the present.
	www.elcamino.edu /academics/behavioralsocial/history/courses.asp (1539 words)

	Transoceanic Contact
		Did the Phoenicians, the greatest mariners of their time ever make contact with the New World; did the Egyptians come to the Americas and return to their country with New World plants such as tobacco and cocoa leaves.
		The professional journals of archaeology, and anthropology seldom discuss the issues of transoceanic contact, as they're deemed to be of little value.
		Transoceanic contacts between the Old and New World have never been a serious issue for the professionals.
	www.mindspring.com /~kimball3/transcon.html (2137 words)

	The Newberry Seminar in Early American History and Culture
		This paper explores important aspects of these beginnings and endings and major themes that shaped Atlantic developments, from forced and free migrations to the “Columbian exchange,” to transatlantic processes of creolization and syncretic religious development, to forms of political thought that emphasized the interdependent nature of “freedom” and slavery.
		Phillis Wheatley’s rise to transatlantic fame would have been impossible had she not been well positioned in the currents of cultural circulation around the Atlantic basin created by evangelical and reform-minded people throughout Britain’s expanding empire.
		Through a close reading of Wheatley’s poetry, set in the context of the shifting politics of her transatlantic connections, this paper traces Wheatley’s integration into this community and then its sudden destruction in the crisis of the American Revolution.
	www.newberry.org /scholl/eahsem06-07.html (1072 words)

	BGSU ::Departments::Department of History
		Crisis of social turbulence, political violence and cultural ambivalence that marked Rome's transition from city-state to world state; how and why Roman archaism, republicanism and imperialism contributed to collapse of Late Republic and creation of Early Empire.
		Cultural, religious, political and economic aspects of the Middle Ages which established the framework for modern European civilization; cross-cultural contacts with the Christian and Islamic East.
		Examination of the Atlantic World community from first contacts through the age of revolutions, changes that presaged globalism.
	www.bgsu.edu /departments/history/undergraduate/page16191.html (2322 words)

	VNLND By Author: F
		Separate chapters are on transatlantic contacts between medieval Europe and North America, the Norse specifically, and transpacific contacts in general, followed by more detail on Oceania, China and Japan, and finally sub-Saharan African contacts.
		Contacts were probably brief and had little effect on natives, but existing models do not account for all the evidence.
		Yet natives would have become acquainted with Norse nautical skills, trading and military tactics, etc. The most potentially important aspect of Norse technology, smelting of iron, was never revealed to native peoples, or was never adopted, perhaps due to shortage of firewood.
	www.vnlnd.net /author/authf.htm (2315 words)

	The Saga of Ancient Hebrew Explorers -- Who Really Discovered America?
		Joe Mahan is a strong believer in cultural contacts between the Indians and the East, long before Columbus.
		Concluded Gordon: "We therefore have American inscriptional contacts with the Aegean of the Bronze Age, near the south, west and north shores of the Gulf of Mexico.
		Further proof that transatlantic travel and communication existed in the Bronze Age, in the middle of the second millennium B.C., during the time of David and Solomon, and before, comes to us from South America.
	www.hope-of-israel.org /hebinusa.htm (5258 words)

	Indian History and Culture
		Changing environmental conditions and human pre dation drove many of the large Ice Age game animals to extinction as glaciers retreated and the environment shifted toward modern conditions.
		Some scholars suggest that native populations may have declined by 90 percent within a century after contact; whatever the exact figure, pandemics loosened natives' grip on their land more than did any other factor.
		From the first European contact, cultural representations of Native Americans were, for the most part, made by non-Indians and reflected non-Indian values and ideologies.
	www.anb.org /main-indian.html (10483 words)

	Brian Sandberg \| Beyond Encounters: Religion, Ethnicity, and Violence in the Early Modern Atlantic World, ...
		The identifications presented by individuals could be challenged and transformed through contact and conflict, and perhaps the most important factor in limiting or fixing ethnic identifications was violence.
		Although the forms of ethnic and religious violence produced in this context were shaped by ongoing or contemporaneous imperial relationships in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia, the performances of violence in the Atlantic world arguably served as models for the globalization of violence throughout the early modern world.
		Alfred W. Crosby's demarcation of a Columbian Exchange has provided a broad concept that continues to be useful, but we should remember that his depiction of the processes of transatlantic exchange emphasizes the violent, destructive clashes of conquering germs, plants, animals, and humans.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/17.1/sandberg.html (9285 words)

	Who Actually Discovered The New World?
		Over a period of 40 years he documented thousands of archeological specimens from numerous museums and collections in Mexico and abroad which he showed reflected multiple racial strains.
		Scientists have made a convincing case for transatlantic and transpacific crossings in ancient times.
		Studies as recent as 1999 have indicated that Europeans, Africans and Mid-Easterners could have followed ice sheets as the ice age waned.
	chapala.com /chapala/ojo2002/newworld.htm (764 words)

	Earth: Final Conflict - 'The Once and Future World' (spoilers)
		It turns out that Door Industries has contacts in global law enforcement who passed along the call that brought Liam to the scene.
		Interestingly, the stones used as eyes for the idols are synthetic "flame fusion gems," created in a process brought to Earth by Taelon contact.
		Meanwhile, the glass orb itself continues to resist scans, while the knotted rope is of course a fine example of quipu, Incan knot writing.
	www.space.com /sciencefiction/efc_305_spoilers_991109.html (1970 words)

	Ancient American: Articles Issue 26 page 6
		Her Pale Ink, an examination of possible Chinese contacts in British Columbia 2,000 years ago, and The Wine Dark Sea, re-thinking Jason and the Argonauts as transatlantic voyagers in quest of a South American Golden Fleece, are still sought after by diffusionists.
		She was allowed to research the artifacts in the company of a Catholic priest, but university officials were reluctant to give them up for purely academic purposes.
		In the midst of her investigation, the Father with whom she had been working on the Michigan tablets was coincidentally contacted by missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, commonly known as Mormons.
	www.ancientamerican.com /article26p6.htm (1078 words)

	Diffusion: Celebrate our History of Diversity
		Scholars disagree whether this is evidence of actual contact or simply coincidence.
		Those who doubt argue the Pacific Ocean is much too wide, and the boats and sailing skills of the time much too primitive to be able to cross such a distance successfully.
		The evidence of the last landings point to a Cambodian interaction with the Maya and Olmec between the 7th and 10th centuries, where a number of Buddha statues were found.
	www.carnaval.com /columbus/diffusion.htm (3678 words)

	transatlantic - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "transatlantic" is defined.
		transatlantic : Webster's Revised Unabridged, 1913 Edition [home, info]
		Phrases that include transatlantic: pre-columbian transatlantic contacts, pre columbian transatlantic contacts, transatlantic cable, transatlantic council, transatlantic demos, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=transatlantic (188 words)

	Sample Chapter for Mizruchi, S.L., ed.: Religion and Cultural Studies.
		In Hynek's typology, "close encounters of the first kind" are where alien ships are sighted; in the "second kind," the UFOs leave some physical mark of their presence; "close encounters of the third kind" are where contacts with the occupants of a UFO are made.
		A necessary part of the narrative structure of the Abduction Report, the return tale is usually quite brief, often reversing the capture sequence.
		As an appendix to this naval, Noachic, transatlantic catalogue, another possibility is raised, returning to the original Columbian misidentification of the native Americans as "Indians," but, in fact, now a correct understanding, that the Americas were populated by an overland migration of Chinese or, more likely, Mongols.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s7071.html (4874 words)

	New Page 1
		This course will provide students entering the Ph.D. program with an introduction to Transatlantic History by emphasizing the interchange among the peoples of the continents bordering the Atlantic Ocean from the earliest contacts until the present.
		Taught by four different instructors, the course will survey the major themes that students will explore in greater depth in the colloquium courses 6301 and 6302.
		Here they will consider the nature of African, American, and European societies on the eve of expansion, study the motivation and the means used by Europeans in their expansion to the New World, and then survey the immediate and long-term effects of the encounters in different parts of the Americas.
	www.uta.edu /history/transatlantic/courses-6388.htm (491 words)

	History Courses
		HILD 2A-B-C. United States A year-long lower-division course that will provide students with a background in United States history from colonial times to the present, concentrating on social, economic, and political developments.
		The Middle East in the Age of European Empires (1798–1914) (4) Examines the contacts of the late Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran with Europe from the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt to World War I, the diverse facets of the relationship with the West, and the reshaping of the institutions of the Islamic states and societies.
		Intellectual History: From Contact to Civil War (4) An exploration of cultural, political, religious, and social thought in early America.
	www.ucsd.edu /catalog/courses/HIST.html (12469 words)

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