Pre-Socratic philosophy

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Topic: Pre-Socratic philosophy

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	Greek Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Philosophy was first brought into connection with practical life by Pythagoras of Samos (about 582-504 BCE), from whom it received its name: "the love of wisdom".
		Philosophy to him meant science, and its aim was the recognition of the purpose in all things.
		Like the Sophists, he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged, and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point; but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard, Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/g/greekphi.htm (3957 words)

	Friedrich Nietzsche
		Central to Nietzsche's philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation," which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines which drain life's energies, however socially prevalent those views might be.
		In the third essay, Nietzsche focusses upon the ascetic ideals typical of the social representatives of art, religion and philosophy, and he offers a particularly scathing critique of the priesthood: the priests are allegedly a group of weak people who shepherd even weaker people as a way to experience power for themselves.
		In an effort to promote her brother's philosophy, she rented a large house on a hill in Weimar, called the "Villa Silberblick," and moved both Nietzsche and his collected manuscripts to the residence.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/nietzsche (4711 words)

	philos.rpt
		In developing philosophies, these early thinkers saw that their reflections could be used as a means of criticizing and often refuting popularly accepted mythological views as well as the thoughts of their predecessors and contemporaries.
		SOCRATES, at his trial, proclaimed a basic philosophical premise, that "the unexamined life was not worth living." By this he meant that if people do not examine and critically evaluate the principles by which they live, they cannot be sure that worthwhile principles exist.
		In Judaism, as in Islam and Christianity, religious speculation and philosophy developed in close connection.
	www.textfiles.com /reports/philos.rpt (13079 words)

	Pre-Socratic Philosophy
		The roots of Western philosophy (as opposed to Eastern, i.e., Indian and Chinese) are to be found in the pre-Socratic philosophers, beginning in the sixth century BCE.
		Although they were not taken too seriously by later Greek philosophers, because they believed that their efforts at philosophy were amateurish, nonetheless, later developments in Greek philosophy presuppose the pre-Socratic philosophers and would not have been possible without them.
		The fact the they are called "pre-Socratics" implies an principle of organization that ancient Greek philosophy should be organized around Socrates and Plato.
	www.abu.nb.ca /Courses/GrPhil/PreSocr.htm (256 words)

	Greek Philosophy: Pre-Socratic Philosophy
		What we generally call "Greek philosophy" was almost certainly derived by the Greeks from Egyptian culture, particularly natural science (physics and math) which preoccupied Greek thought up to the time of Plato.
		These are not modern interpretations of Greek philosophy; the ancient Greeks themselves claim without dissension that their philosophy comes from Egypt.
		Socrates follows in the footsteps of the early Sophists in making ethics his primary topic; with this and with Plato's overwhelming concern with ethics, Greek philosophy became primarily concerned with ethical and civic virtue.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/GREECE/PRESOC.HTM (1515 words)

	Pre-Socratic Philosophy
		Philosophy is a hypothetical interpretation of the unknown or the exactly known.
		Philosophy, as distinct from theology, began in Greece in the Sixth Century B.C. It was submerged by theology as Christianity rose and Rome fell.
		Socrates condemned `natural philosophy' as worthless compared with the search for a good life, the discussion of social and political questions, and individual morality.
	www.hoocher.com /Philosophy/presocratic.htm (4990 words)

	Addison Webster Moore: Some Logical Aspects of Purpose
		It may be that "a thousand years are but as yesterday." At any rate philosophy has never been in a hurry to reconstruct conceptions which served their day and generation with such distinction as did the Platonic conception of reality.
		Let us recall that the aim of Socrates was to find something that would prevent society from going to pieces under the influence of the disintegrating conception of experience as a mere flux of given immediate content.
		It has just been said that the determination of the object by the idea is a vital matter in any philosophy which approaches reality "from the side of ideas." Such a way of approach must assert "the primacy of the world of ideas over the world as a fact."[42] Mr.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1916/Supplementary/Moore_1903.html (11062 words)

	Platos-Error.html
		For example, Socrates suggests, and Laches agrees, that "every kind of endurance is courage," and that Laches regards "courage is a very fine thing." Socrates then shows that these two descriptions of courage are incompatible, as the activity in which one endures may not be fine (192-3).
		Socrates claims, and Protagorous agrees, that justice is an entity, and that justice itself is just (330c).
		Most of the dialogue consists of Socrates showing Laches and Nicias that they do not know what they mean by their concept of courage.
	ucsub.colorado.edu /~schwartb/writing/philosophy/Platos-Error.html (3962 words)

	Untitled Document
		To relate the philosophical issues raised to wider issues within philosophy in general and thereby to extend the student's overall understanding of philosophy.
		Early Greek Philosophy (Penguin 1987) pp 1-51 & pp 61-70
		Critically examine the similes which Socrates uses of the Sun, Divided Line and the Cave and explain what you take their significance to be.
	www.hlss.mmu.ac.uk /polphil/philos/cp2plpresoc.htm (1401 words)

	UNESCO Courier: A golden age of dialogue - pre-Socratic philosophy
		Popper's views may be summarized as follows: pre-Socratic philosophy shows us the way of debate, from which truth can emerge, whereas dogmatic religions and rigid ideologies are monologues delivered by a single speaker who thinks he has a monopoly of the' truth.
		After the pre-Socratics, according to Popper, humanity sank into the wintry torpor of the Middle Ages until our own time, when Einstein, with his discoveries with regard to movement, mass, energy and time, offered a new image of the old universe.
		Thales, "the first astronomer to predict eclipses of the Sun and explain the solstices", was the founder of a new tradition of freedom of thought, according to the British philosopher Karl Popper.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1992_July-August/ai_12941643 (1202 words)

	Presocratic Philosophy
		But philosophy is also reflectively concerned with the methods its practitioners employ in the effort to resolve such questions.
		Thus, philosophy must be regarded both as content and as activity: It considers alternative views of what is real and the development of reasons for accepting them.
		Critical thinking (the hallmark of philosophy itself) involves a careful examination of the foundations upon which thinking of any sort must rely, trying to achieve an effective method for assessing the reliability of positions adopted on the significant issues.
	www.philosophypages.com /hy/2b.htm (2386 words)

	fall03.html
		To put it differently, film expresses in concrete form the ideas that philosophy discusses in abstract terms, such as views of the world inhabited by human beings, views of the nature of human freedom and rationality, and views of good and evil.
		PHILOSOPHY 4533/5533 is a survey of some of the basic topics in the philosophy of language.
		This philosophy course uses film to shed light on philosophical issues, and philosophy to deepen students' experience of film by revealing its philosophical assumptions and implications.
	www.ou.edu /ouphil/dept/fall03.html (4469 words)

	William Arthur Heidel: The Logic of the Pre-Socratic Philosophy
		While it is true, therefore, that the Pre-Socratics had no formal logic, it is equally true, and far more significant, that they either received from their predecessors or themselves developed the conceptions and the presuppositions on which the Aristotelian logic is founded.
		Only a fundamentally critical philosophy pushes its doubt to the limit of demanding the credentials of those conceptions which have come to be regarded as axiomatic.
		We have before remarked that the germ of the Atomic philosophy was contained in the process of rarefaction and condensation.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1916/Supplementary/Heidel_1903.html (7433 words)

	Ancient Skepticism
		Carneades' achievement is, on this account, not a positively skeptical philosophy but a negative skepticism which incorporates both a dialectical ability to argue against prevailing points of view, and a disinclination to think one needed any positive philosophical views in order to live a satisfactory life.
		So also in the case of what is sought in philosophy, I think, some people have claimed to have found the truth, others have asserted that it cannot be apprehended, and others are still searching.
		For even if some of them adopted the negative dogmatism he implies, their philosophy is still centred on the conviction that claims to truth are inherently uncertain, and it is this conviction which is the heart of ancient scepticism.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/skepticism-ancient (9234 words)

	Dr. J's Background Lecture on Greek Philosophy
		Of course, Socrates never wrote anything, but his student Plato preserved his ideas.
		In fact, Socrates was unfairly caricatured by Aristophanes (see notes on the Apology) and spent his life trying to convince people that such people only showed their lack of understanding about the real workings of the universe and their lack of wisdom about the meaning of life.
		Socrates acknowledges that Agathon, The Ultimate Form of Goodness - is the defining form, suggesting that the plan of the universe is a morally directed one.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /drjclassics/syllabi/IH/philosophy.shtm (1839 words)

	History of Philosophy 1
		The philosophy as well as the religion of the Greeks found its first expression in poetry, philosophical speculation, properly so called, being preceded by the effort of the imagination to picture to itself the origin and the evolution of the universe.
		In the second period Socrates brought philosophy down to the contemplation of man's inner self; it was a period in which the objective and subjective methods were blended.
		The Greek looked out upon the world through an atmosphere singularly free from the mist of allegory and myth: the contrast between the philosophy of the East and the first attempts of the Ionian physicists is as striking as the difference between an Indian jungle and the sunny, breeze-swept shores of the Mediterranean.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/hop01.htm (2129 words)

	Pre-Socratic philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pre-Socratic philosophers are often very hard to pin down, and it is sometimes very difficult to determine the actual line of argument they used in supporting their particular views.
		The Pre-Socratic philosophers were active before Socrates, who exerted tremendous influence on later thought.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Presocratics (221 words)

	270 NATURE, HISTORY, GOD NATURE, HISTORY, GOD 271
		Then pre-Socratic philosophy is not simply the first in a chronological series of philosophies, but the first philosophical effort in history.
		We are Greek or medieval because we have in our philosophy Hellenic or medieval ingredients; we are pre-Socratics, not just by virtue of that part of their philosophy which has come down to us, but moreover, and above all, because we are philosophizing.
		philosophy we are dealing with a series of thoughts which sprouted in the minds of several brilliant Hellenes in the brief span of time extending approximately from the end of the seventh century BC to the end of the fifth.
	www.zubiri.org /works/englishworks/nhg/nhg3greecepast.htm (9968 words)

	Search Results for socratic - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Socrates' thought was so pregnant with possibilities, his mode of life so provocative, that he inspired a remarkable variety of responses.
		The central focus of ancient Greek philosophy was its attempt to solve the problem of motion.
		Socratic teaching involved two-way and thought-provoking questions between the teacher and the student.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=socratic&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (456 words)

	PHILOSOPHY 201: Ancient Philosophy
		The aims of this particular course are (1) to introduce you to the study of philosophy by (2) acquainting you with some of the earliest philosophers and their influence on Western thought and culture.
		These dual aims are perfectly compatible: the philosophers of ancient Greece articulated many of the basic problems of philosophy, and they introduced logical and analytical methods for addressing these problems that have characterized philosophy ever since.
		Philosophy 201 satisfies the “Philosophy and Religion” (C-3) section of the General Education Program.
	www.csun.edu /~vcoao087/201/info.htm (483 words)

	Philosophy 100
		This is a point that is debated by experts on Pre-Socratic philosophy.
		Over the number, however, and the form of this kind of principle they do not all agree; but Thales, the founder of this type of philosophy, says that it is water,...
		In the fifth century philosophy thrived in the Greek colonies of southern Italy, including Sicily.
	www.chsbs.cmich.edu /John_Wright/presocratics.htm (3064 words)

	deseretnews.com BYU professor a pre-Socratic sleuth
		Graham, the A.O. Smoot professor of philosophy at Brigham Young University, says that while the public recognizes the name of Socrates and other famous Greek philosophers, there were other Western thinkers, like Parmenidies, who have been largely forgotten by history.
		Through his book, "The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy," Graham is hoping these unsung philosophers will be recognized for their work.
		PROVO — Around 480 B.C., during a period when the Earth was thought to be a flat disk, a Greek philosopher named Parmenidies proposed that the planet was spherical.
	www.deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,590046425,00.html (446 words)

	Pre, - Greek Philosophy: Pre-Socratic Philosophy
		Association for Pre- and Perinatal Psychology and Health: explore the many mental and emotional dimensions of pregnancy and birth.
		A description of HTML 4.0's PRE element for preformatted text.
		Association for Pre- and Perinatal Psychology and Health
	www.hispider.com /?q=pre (500 words)

	Hill, 94, gave many students first taste of humanities
		Hill’s philosophical interests were dominated mostly by developments in the contemporary theory of aesthetics by such thinkers as Croce, Dewey and Hume, but he also studied Aristotelian ethics and pre-Socratic Greek philosophy.
		In addition to articles in scholarly journals, Hill wrote Interpreting Literature: History, Philosophy, Fiction, Drama, Rhetoric (1966), in which he provided a guide for students and teachers on how to carefully read and analyze different forms of the written word.
		Hill was director of undergraduate programs in Philosophy at the University, editor of the Journal of General Education, the University Examiner, and Secretary of the Faculties, a position that made him responsible for recording minutes for all of the University’s ruling bodies.
	chronicle.uchicago.edu /050217/obit-hill.shtml (551 words)

	9th Conference on Greek Philosophy: First circular
		To examine the relationship between philosophy and medicine in Greek thought from Pre-Socratic philosophy to the present (Pre-Socratic, Classical, Hellenistic, Byzantine and modern Greek Philosophy).
		The Conference is consequently open to all those concerned with philosophy, medical theory and practice, specialists in Greek philosophy and Greek medical thought, depth psychologists, and theorists in psycho-analysis, history of Greek medicine, contemporary philosophy of medicine and medical ethics.
		To develop a context for a dialogue between the theories of ancient medicine and philosophy and modern medical problems that call for philosophical consideration.
	www.hri.org /news/misc/confs/1996/96-10-27.confs.html (398 words)

	History of Medieval Philosophy 003
		Two great questions face a philosophy which fixes its attention on external nature: the study of the change or succession of things and the determination of what exactly remains stable throughout this change.
		Of those two problems it was the second that excited the curiosity of the originators of Grecian Philosophy (seventh and sixth centuries).
		Their whole concern is to explain by a few simple principles the inner nature and manifest changes of the Universe.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/homp003.htm (304 words)

	History of Philosophy
		The purpose of the writer in compiling this text-book has been so to set forth the succession of schools and systems of philosophy as to accord to Scholasticism a presentation in some degree adequate to its importance in the history of speculative thought.
		In dealing with Scholastic philosophy, especially, recourse has been had to the works of the schoolmen, experience having abundantly shown the danger of relying on secondary authorities for this period.
		Bibliography is rapidly becoming a distinct branch of study in the different departments of philosophy.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/hop.htm (670 words)

	Thales of Miletus
		...may seem an unpromising beginning for science and philosophy as we know them today; but, against the background of mythology from which it arose, it was revolutionary.
		Our knowledge of the philosophy of Thales is due to Aristotle who wrote in his Metaphysics:
		Certainly Thales was a figure of enormous prestige, being the only philosopher before Socrates to be among the Seven Sages.
	phoenicia.org /thales.html (2436 words)

	Philosophy
		Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Soon to be one of the best sources of philosophy on the internet, having just received more than $300,000 grant to build content through 2005.
		Philosophy Timeline: Forest Baird's timeline includes explanation of central philosophers and their thought.
		Philosophy in Cyberspace: Still a great resource for research in general, western philosophy.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /library/subjectlinks/philosophy.html (243 words)

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