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	Preemptive war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A preemptive attack (or preemptive war) is waged in an attempt to repel or defeat an imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (usually unavoidable) war.
		Preemptive war is often confused with the term preventive war.
		The intention with a preemptive strike is to gain the advantage of initiative and to harm the enemy at a moment of minimal protection, for instance while vulnerable during transport or mobilization.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Preemptive_war (800 words)

	Preventive war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A preventive war is term given to kind of war whose public justification is proclaimed as "self-defense." The concepts of preventive war and preemptive war differ only in the certainty of an attack —the latter concerns an imminent attack, while the former requires no military provocation.
		The rationale for preventive war is the claimed prevention of a possible future attack, which international law considered to be indistinguishable from a forbidden war of aggression.
		In contrast, "preemptive" (if it is understood as anticipatory self-defense) has a strict and universally accepted legal meaning enunciated by Daniel Webster in the Caroline Case, requiring a degree of certainty in the imminence of an attack and no time for deliberation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Preventive_war (1053 words)

	Preventive War or Preemptive War : LA IMC
		While a preventive war requires the fulfillment of criteria on the immediate danger of the intentional aggression of a state, criteria for a preemptive strike or preemptive war are absolutely unknown.
		A war would be legimated as a preventive war if “preventive self-defense” occurred according to the Caroline proviso that no other choice of means existed or the possibility of negotiations was exhausted.
		In contrast, a “preemptive war”, a war to nip possible dangers in the bud is not included and thus is rejected in international law.
	la.indymedia.org /print.php?id=80721 (888 words)

	Preemptive War History Summary
		Preemptive war occurs when a state that is about to be attacked decides to strike first at its enemy and thus disrupt the impending attack.
		Unlike preventive war, in which a state strikes a potential enemy even during a time of relative peace (an action that is usually inadmissible under international law), a preemptive war takes place when a state is under the direct threat of imminent hostilities.
		Preemptive war is therefore a form of self-defense, and is generally accepted as a legitimate use of force under international law.
	www.bookrags.com /history/americanhistory/preemptive-war-aaw-04 (559 words)

	Iraq: The Case Against Preemptive War
		To justify a resort to preemptive war, a state needs to give reasonable evidence that the step was necessary, forced upon the initiator by its opponents, and also that it represented a lesser evil, i.e., that the dangers and evils averted by war outweighed those caused the international community by initiating it.
		In fact, the rhetoric of administration leaders and their supporters urging a preemptive war against Iraq indicates that they are generally aware of these criteria and attempt to justify it on these terms.
		That was a justified defensive war, and the dimensions of the war, the enormous damage it did, the crimes and atrocities Germany and Japan committed in it (though we and our allies were not blameless), and the dimensions of their defeat justified and virtually compelled an occupation and period of tutelage.
	www.amconmag.com /2002/2002_10_21/iraq.html (6405 words)

	Take Back The Media! Commentary - Preemptive War Criminals
		Before the Gulf War, Iraqi living standards were fast approaching that of southern Europe, featuring free education, ample electricity, modern farming, a large middle class and, according to the World Health Organization, access to health care for 93 percent of the population.
		In April 1937, Nazi war planners dropped 100,000 pounds of incendiary bombs on the peaceful Basque village of Guernica, destroying 70 percent of the town and killing 1,500 of its residents, a third of the population.
		Under international law, both preemptive and “preventive” wars are outlawed as acts of aggression expressly forbidden under the UN charter to which the U.S. and Britain are founding signatories.
	www.takebackthemedia.com /comjeffg.html (4676 words)

	Preventive or Preemptive War? by Alan Bock
		"Preemptive war is justified by an imminent threat of attack, a clear and present danger that the country in question is about to attack you.
		For most observers that was the very definition of a preemptive attack, although scholars and international relations experts are still able to debate whether the attack was justified under international law.
		An outright, open preventive war of this magnitude would be unprecedented in our history, an acknowledgment that our leaders view the country as a universal empire rather than a free republic.
	www.antiwar.com /bock/b091002.html (1502 words)

	Preemptive war against evil
		The opponents of the Iraq War could not openly oppose the president on these four grounds, knowing that a majority of the public were likely to see them as points in his favor.
		In the Comanche, Sioux, and Apache wars, the federal and state forces were at a disadvantage against the Indian strike-and-hide guerilla tactics.
		Preemptive attacks contradict the ancient doctrine of the just war, in that a war must be defensive to be just.
	www.renewamerica.us /analyses/050427hutchison.htm (3228 words)

	[No title]
		Preemptive War Criminals by Jeff Gates © Half the population of Iraq is under 15 years of age, including half of the five million Iraqis living in Baghdad.
		Reversal of Fortune Before the Gulf War, Iraqi living standards were fast approaching that of southern Europe, featuring free education, ample electricity, modern farming, a large middle class and, according to the World Health Organization, access to health care for 93 percent of the population.
		Thugs, Criminals and Evil-doers The prevention of this war and additional war crimes may require that American and British leaders be exposed to similar legal jeopardy by placing them under indictment for past and proposed war crimes.
	admi.net /mail/criminals.27Mar03.txt (4667 words)

	TAP: Vol 13, Iss. 17. Perils of Preemptive War. William Galston. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The successful strategies of the Cold War era, he declared, are ill suited to national defense in the 21st century.
		Moreover, unlike the Gulf War, which the Japanese and Saudis largely financed, the United States would have to go it alone this time, with an estimated price tag of $60 billion for the war and $15 billion to $20 billion per year for the occupation.
		During the Gulf War, we invoked this threat to deter him from using weapons of mass destruction against our troops, and there is no reason to believe that this strategy would be less effective today.
	www.prospect.org /print/V13/17/galston-w.html (2360 words)

	Preemptive war crimes - Salon
		In seriously considering such war strategies as bringing a city-destroying firestorm down upon a population half made up of children, the United States is planning to disarm a nation of its weapons of mass destruction by using weapons that cause mass destruction.
		Brutal, preemptive and unilateral war under such circumstances is -- by the standards of any great civilization or religion -- morally indefensible and also seriously damages the reputation of free societies, the principles of which we are trying to market to the rest of the world.
		Terrifyingly, we are hours away from doing irreparable harm to our democratic heritage by launching a risky, arrogant crusade that most of the world opposes, all at the behest of a small coterie of neoconservative ideologues plotting to remake the world in their image and who unfortunately have the ear of our accidental president.
	dir.salon.com /story/opinion/scheer/2003/03/12/war_crimes/index.html (769 words)

	Preemptive War and International Law
		Given the UN Charter's authorization of preemptive acts by the Security Council, ultimately the real division over preemption is not necessarily over preemption itself but over the multilateral framework under which it is carried out, who holds decision-making authority, and the extent to which those arrangements are codified and therefore rendered more stable and predictable.
		Christian just war theory, upon which the modern laws of armed conflict are based, recognized such a duty as early as the 4th Century.
		In two major wars, Korea and Gulf War I, the United States in hindsight was accused of having overlooked hints by the aggressors of their intentions, failing to respond strongly enough to the hints.
	www.cdi.org /news/law/preemptive-war.cfm (2883 words)

	Preemptive War Strategy: A New U.S. Empire?: Events: The Independent Institute
		The ultimate result of this war was the U.S. seizure and annexation of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, and including the 1899 Philippine insurrection against the U.S. occupation, the death of 5,462 Americans, untold numbers of Cubans, and hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the process.
		What is new though, is that the neo-conservative ideologues of the Bush II Administration have openly proclaimed a policy of imperial domination, preemptive use of military force and disregard of the alliances and international institutions in which the United States has participated since the end of the World War II.
		War results in an erosion of civil liberties—for example, the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II and Bush’s detentions without trial or counsel in the war on terror.
	www.independent.org /tii/forums/030625ipfTrans.html (11478 words)

	The Folly of Pre-emptive War
		Quite the contrary, Bush's aggressive rhetoric, disregard for international law, and his lack of any vision other than war without end is causing traditional friends of the United States to join the majority of the world's nations in distancing themselves from Washington in a fashion not seen since the Vietnam War.
		Whereas the Cold War doctrine of deterrence and containment rested on strength, the new idea of pre-emption insists on U.S. vulnerability.
		In poll after poll, majorities of Americans are on the record being opposed to war with Iraq if the United States acts alone.
	www.commondreams.org /views02/1011-03.htm (1029 words)

	Hit and Run (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Comment by: Hakluyt at March 16, 2006 10:22 AM According to the Wiki, both the 1st and 2d Barbary wars were triggered by US refusal of formal demands of tribute by foreign governments in exchange for keeping their pirates at bay.
		Comment by: just sayin' at March 16, 2006 12:32 PM I seem to recall that during the Cold War the Soviet Union had a stated policy that it would never be the first to use nuclear weapons in a war, while the United States specifically refused to adopt such a policy.
		That the war against the Barbary Pirates was not pre-emptive in nature; the Bey of Tripoli had indeed declared war on the U.S. and when Dale attack a ship from Tripoli he was doing so in response to that declaration of war.
	www.reason.com /hitandrun/2006/03/justifying_pree.shtml (6684 words)

	Granta: 'Over There' by Chris Hedges
		For war in the end is always about betrayal, betrayal of the young by the old, of soldiers by politicians, and of idealists by cynics.
		For the instrument of empire is war, and war is a poison, a poison which at times we must ingest just as a cancer patient must ingest a poison to survive.
		The seduction of war is insidious because so much of what we are told about it is true: it does create a feeling of comradeship, which obliterates our alienation and makes us, for perhaps the only time of our life, feel we belong.
	www.granta.com /extracts/2100 (2270 words)

	Preemptive War on Iraq
		I was very disappointed and concerned when our President, in the midst of the War on Terrorism in Afghanistan decided to preemptively attack the sovereign state of Iraq.
		On the otherhand, I thought the preemptive war on Iraq was unwarranted and unwise since there was no proof that Iraq had anything to do with 9/11 and were being constrained by American fighter overflights and UN Weapons inspections, which were interrupted by the war before any evidence of weapons of mass destruction were found.
		Yet, when no WMD were found after the coalition troops claimed Baghdad, we were told that this was first of all a war to "liberate the people of Iraq from the tyranny of Saddam Hussein and his sadistic sons.
	journals.aol.com /frosty40m/IraqWar/entries/71 (372 words)

	Preemptive War - International Security Law Project - CDI
		Like the September 2002 version, the new NSS explicitly includes a preemptive war doctrine within a section addressing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), with specific reference to the danger of WMD falling into the hands of terrorists.
		Steven C. Welsh, CDI research analyst and legal scholar, examines NSS text on preemptive war and some of the surrounding legal and policy considerations...
		During their campaigns and debates Bush and Kerry offered little comfort for allies – or potential adversaries – on the question of preemptive war, the use of first strikes against still-gathering threats.
	www.cdi.org /news/law/war.cfm (530 words)

	Preemptive War?? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The war is to enforce the provisions of U.N. Security Council resolutions 678, 687 and 1441, among others.
		A war to enforce Security Council resolutions is, by definition, not preemptive.
		Would these "no preemptive war" appeasers say that the the allies in World War II would have been wrong to invade Germany and remove Adolf Hitler if they had known what was to come?
	www.m4radio.com /main/messageboard/75.html (1110 words)

	Victor Davis Hanson on National Review Online
		The thing to keep in mind is that the real aggressor, by his past acts, has already invited war and will do so again — should he be allowed to choose his own time and place of assault.
		Neither was emboldened by the three-week war — as shrill critics in the United States promised — to strike the other first.
		Israel in 1973 reacted unilaterally to a preemptive strike from a multilateral coalition involving Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.
	www.nationalreview.com /hanson/hanson200402270800.asp (1371 words)

	Preemptive War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An outright, open preventive war of this magnitude would be...
		President Bush plans to issue a new national security strategy today reaffirming his doctrine of preemptive war against terrorists and hostile...
		THOMAS: The emphasis of your paper today is war and preemptive war.
	www.preemptivewar.info (571 words)

	The Blog \| Suzanne Nossel: Preemptive War in Iran \| The Huffington Post
		The Post reports that Israeli pilots have trained for such an attack, but pulling it off this time will be far tougher than 25 years ago because the Iranians have dispersed and defended their facilities.
		But the principle of preventive war is even more controversial than preemptive war, since its not predicated on a threat that's close at hand.
		Some analysts have said that the imminence test is met if preemptive action is carried out at the last moment when it is still possible to defend against the anticipated attack.
	huffingtonpost.com /suzanne-nossel/preemptive-war-in-iran_b_13881.html (3588 words)

	Win Without War - A mainstream voice advocating alternatives to preemptive war against Iraq
		On December 6, Win Without War and United for Peace and Justice, the two largest antiwar coalitions in the country, participated in an unprecedented, nationwide call-in to Members of Congress to demand an end to the U.S. occupation in Iraq.
		Win Without War member groups participated in nationwide vigils and remembrance events across the country to honor the 2,000 soldiers that have died in the war in Iraq.
		The wisest course for the U.S. in the war in Iraq is to promptly initiate a phased withdrawal of troops and unequivocally declare it has no intentions of maintaining a long-term military presence.
	www.winwithoutwarus.org /html/new.html (918 words)

	Oppose a Flawed Policy of Preemptive War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Most wars are costly beyond measure, in life and limb and economic hardship.
		In this regard, this war does qualify: 566 deaths, 10,000 casualties, and hundreds of billions of dollars for a victory requiring self-deception.
		We should all be cautious about endorsing and financing a policy that unfortunately expands the war rather than ends it.
	www.house.gov /paul/congrec/congrec2004/cr031704.htm (451 words)

	Bush Administration Renews "Preemptive War" Strategy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When it was first unveiled in September 2002, the Bush administration’s doctrine of “preemptive war” was generally seen as an attempt to justify the impending invasion of Iraq—a country that posed absolutely no real or foreseeable, let alone imminent, threat to the United States.
		Now, the most likely target of a preemptive attack is Iran, which, according to the document, confronts the United States with its greatest challenge.
		President Bush opens this document with an introduction that proclaims that “America is at war.” He fails to mention, however, that the war that he is waging was never declared; that the congressional resolution which his administration invokes as justification for its military operations was procured on the basis of fraud and deceit.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2006/mar2006/nsec-m17.shtml (715 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Americas \| US backs first-strike attack plan
		The new policy backs the policy of pre-emptive war first issued in 2002, and criticised since the Iraq war.
		The new document, overseen and approved by Mr Bush, leaves the so-called "Bush doctrine" of pre-emptive war largely unchanged.
		However, likening the current international situation to the early years of the Cold War, the new document insists on the right of the US to protect its interests using force.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/americas/4812562.stm (504 words)

	IslamonLine.net - Ask About Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Except those who join a group between whom and you there is a treaty (of peace), or those who approach you with hearts restraining them from fighting you as well as fighting their own people.
		The only preemptive action the Qur’an allows, is to possess the upper hand in the military balance for purposes of deterrence and not for aggression:
		However, the doctrine of preemptive strikes is very sensitive and sometimes also dangerous, because it is so difficult to prove who is going to do something and who is not.
	www.islamonline.net /askaboutislam/display.asp?hquestionID=3542 (1041 words)

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