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	Precautionary principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The precautionary principle, a phrase first used in English circa 1988, is the idea that if the consequences of an action are unknown, but are judged to have some potential for major or irreversible negative consequences, then it is better to avoid that action.
		In practice the principle is most often applied in the context of the impact of human civilization or new technology on the environment, as the environment is a complex system where the consequences of some kinds of actions are often unpredictable.
		The principle was implemented in an international treaty as early as the 1987 Montreal Protocol, and among other international treaties and declarations [6] is reflected in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Precautionary_principle (1996 words)

	A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
		Principle 5 All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world.
		Principle 17 Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.
		Principle 21 The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the world should be mobilized to forge a global partnership in order to achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for all.
	www.un.org /documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm (1157 words)

	spiked-risk \| Article \| Challenging the precautionary principle
		Principle 15 states that: 'In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by states according to their capabilities.
		It is this reality that often leads proponents of the precautionary principle to respond to accusations that they are anti-science with the argument that they are in fact more pro-science than their critics: in the sense that they want more science rather than less.
		Interpreting the Precautionary Principle, Tim O'Riordan and James Cameron emphasise that the principle involves a 'proportionality of response' to ensure that 'the selected degree of restraint is not unduly costly' (12).
	www.spiked-online.com /Articles/00000006DE2F.htm (2790 words)

	The Precautionary Principle in Environmental Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Specific objectives are to define the precautionary principle and illustrate it through three brief examples; identify aspects of conventional science that may inhibit precautionary policies; identify new directions for scientific research that would better inform precautionary policies; and promote dialogue among environmental scientists about the usefulness and potential applications of the precautionary principle.
		The precautionary principle has arisen because of the perception that the pace of efforts to combat problems such as climate change, ecosystem degradation, and resource depletion is too slow and that environmental and health problems continue to grow more rapidly than society's ability to identify and correct them.
		The precautionary principle, by calling for preventive action even when there is uncertainty, by placing the onus on those who create the hazard, and by emphasizing alternatives and democracy, is viewed by environmentalists as a way to shift the terms of the debate and stimulate change.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2001/109p871-876kriebel/kriebel-full.html (5840 words)

	Precautionary Principle - People before Profit
		At the center of the precautionary principle is the concept of taking anticipatory action in the absence of complete proof of harm, particularly when there is scientific uncertainty about causal links (Jackson, 1993).
		The precautionary principle states that decision-makers should act in advance of scientific certainty to prevent harm to humans and the environment (O'Riordan and Jordan, 1995).
		The precautionary principle framework could be used to develop a general decision-making strategy for the introduction of, and limitations to, potential endocrine disrupting chemicals.
	www.safe2use.com /data/precaut1.htm (2301 words)

	The precautionary principle is Science-based (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The precautionary principle is simply a statement that we should not go ahead with a new technology, or persist with an old one, unless we are convinced it is safe.
		Many opponents of the precautionary principle argue that the issues it is meant to deal with are better decided in the courts.
		If the precautionary principle had been applied, then the companies’ liability would date from the much earlier time when the scientific evidence was suggesting that there could be a real danger.
	www.i-sis.org.uk /sapp.php (3039 words)

	Use and Abuse of The Precautionary Principle, by Peter Saunders
		The precautionary principle is accepted as the basis of the Cartegena Biosafety Protocol agreed in Montreal in January 2000, already signed by 68 nations who attended the Convention on Biological Diversity Conference in Nairobi in May, 2000.
		The precautionary principle is about the burden of proof, a concept that ordinary people have been expected to understand and accept in the law for many years.
		The precautionary principle states that if there are reasonable scientific grounds for believing that a new process or product may not be safe, it should not be introduced until we have convincing evidence that the risks are small and are outweighed by the benefits.
	www.ratical.org /co-globalize/MaeWanHo/PrecautionP.html (3269 words)

	Science and the Precautionary Principle
		There is considerable controversy on the meaning, scope, context and application of the precautionary principle in international trade and environmental management.
		The aim of the conference was to explore the policy and practical implications of the use of the precautionary principle in the field of biotechnology.
		The conference covered: (a) theoretical, historical and cultural aspects of the principle; (b) previous applications in international environmental and trade law (c) the implications of various definitions for the principle’s use in international discussions and negotiations; and (d) social, economic and political implications of the principle in developed and developing countries.
	www.cid.harvard.edu /cidbiotech/bioconfpp (300 words)

	Science & Environmental Health Network - Precautionary Principle: FAQS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The ethical assumption behind the precautionary principle is that humans are responsible to protect, preserve, and restore the global ecosystems on which all life, including our own, depends.
		The precautionary principle is most powerful when it serves as a guide to making wiser decisions in the face of uncertainty.
		The European Union is forming a comprehensive policy, based on the precautionary principle, which would require all chemicals to be tested for their effects on health and the environment.
	www.sehn.org /ppfaqs.html (1498 words)

	Beware the Precautionary Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The precautionary principle is, however, a very useful one for consumer activists precisely because it prevents scientific debate.
		The champions of the precautionary principle, of course, will argue that what we choose to regard as modern progress is nothing more than the manifestation of greed and exploitation.
		The narrow philosophy which surrounds the precautionary principle is fundamentally conservative in both political and literal senses.
	www.sirc.org /articles/beware.html (986 words)

	Junkscience.com -- The Bogus 'Precautionary Principle' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This principle (which is not one at all) focuses on the possibility that technologies could pose unique, extreme or unmanageable risks.
		The precautionary principle allows overcautious, incompetent, corrupt or politically motivated regulators to require any amount and kind of testing they wish, arbitrarily withholding or deferring approvals indefinitely.
		The application of the precautionary principle has resulted in unscientific, discriminatory policies that inflate the costs of research, inhibit the development of new products, waste resources and restrict consumer choice.
	www.junkscience.com /mar01/himiller.htm (343 words)

	S/R 23: Precautionary Principle: Current Status and Implementation
		The precautionary principle dominated discussions at the recent Biosafety Protocol meeting in Montreal and was at the core of the final protocol.
		As the principle comes to the fore on the international arena and as environmental activists and academics embrace the principle with growing enthusiasm, US officials are forced to come to terms with the principle and its meaning.
		The precautionary principle calls for more rigorous and honest science, drawing evidence from multiple disciplines and constituencies and being clear about uncertainties (including what is known, not known, and can be known).
	www.greens.org /s-r/23/23-17.html (2145 words)

	Nanotechnology: Precautionary Principle Analyzed
		The Precautionary Principle is often invoked when dealing with situations that might be hazardous; however, the label "Precautionary Principle" is attached to at least two different ideas, which must be analyzed separately.
		This paper discusses two forms of the Precautionary Principle, which we will call the "strict form" and the "active form", and relates them to the purpose of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, and to CRN's policy recommendations.
		This is the sort of case that the Precautionary Principle was designed for: "The litmus test for knowing when to apply the precautionary principle is the combination of threat of harm and scientific uncertainty."
	www.crnano.org /precautionary.htm (1389 words)

	Reason magazine -- April 1999
		The fact is that the Precautionary Principle incorporates the values of the most extreme versions of know-nothing environmentalism.
		Embedded in the Precautionary Principle is the notion that we can anticipate all of the ramifications of a technology in advance and can tell whether on balance it will be a net benefit or cost to humanity and the environment.
		A second vexed corollary is that "the process of applying the Precautionary Principle must be open, informed and democratic and must include potentially affected parties." At one point, panel member Breyman declared that we had to get environmental decisions out of the hands of EPA regulators.
	reason.com /9904/fe.rb.precautionary.shtml (2636 words)

	the precautionary principle
		Precaution — the “precautionary principle” or “precautionary approach” — is a response to uncertainty, in the face of risks to health or the environment.
		Precaution is now an established principle of environmental governance, prominent in law, policy and management instruments at international, regional and domestic level, across such diverse areas as pollution, toxic chemicals, food and phytosanitary standards, fisheries management, species introductions and wildlife trade.
		The immediate and obvious importance of precaution in the context of NRM and biodiversity conservation, where impacts can clearly be both serious and irreversible, has been recognised through its endorsement by all major biodiversity-related multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), as well as myriad policy and legislative instruments at all levels.
	www.pprinciple.net /the_precautionary_principle.html (278 words)

	TakingPrecaution.org - The Precautionary Principle in Action
		Chapter one of the Environment Code is a statement mandating the adoption of the precautionary principle throughout the city and county of San Francisco.
		In the San Francisco Department of the Environment's White Paper on The Precautionary Principle, the City and County of San Francisco provide an analysis of the core components of the precautionary principle and how it has been incorporated into policy at the local, state and national level.
		The Resolution mandates a precautionary principle ordinance and an Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program to be developed for the City of Berkeley within one year.
	www.takingprecaution.org /inact_bayarea.html (657 words)

	WorldChanging: Another World Is Here: Applying the Precautionary Principle
		We've talked about the Precautionary Principle before (follow the link for the standard definition, if you're not familiar with the term); it's a useful method of thinking about how to respond both to new technologies and to new scientific understandings of global change.
		The active Precautionary Principle "calls for choosing less risky alternatives when they are available, and for taking responsibility for potential risks." Rather than the traditional risk assessment method of asking "how much harm is acceptable?" the active form of the Precautionary Principle asks "how much harm is avoidable?"
		Although the Precautionary Principle is generally applied to implementations of new technologies, the active form is a useful way of thinking about how we respond to global warming induced climate disruption.
	www.worldchanging.com /archives/001565.html (299 words)

	TakingPrecaution.org - Home
		The precautionary principle guides us to take action now, as individuals and as a society, to prevent harm to human health and the environment before it happens.
		The Precautionary Principle shifts this kind of decision-making to a more comprehensive approach that looks at alternatives to a current activity, stresses meaningful public participation, and looks at all of the costs (economic, health, environmental) that are involved in a project or activity.
		The Bay Area Working Group on the Precautionary Principle is a diverse collaborative of organizations and individuals that promotes and implements precautionary action to protect health and the environment.
	www.takingprecaution.org (381 words)

	Science & Environmental Health Network - Precautionary Principle
		The Precautionary Principle and the City and County of San Francisco.
		The U.S. and the Precautionary Principle: An NGO Response in the Context of the Cartagena Protocol
		The Precautionary Principle comes into play when there may be environmental or health damage and there is uncertainty as to whether the effect has or will occur and its potential magnitude.
	www.sehn.org /precaution.html (1761 words)

	THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN ACTION A HANDBOOK First Edition Written for the Science and Environmental Health Network ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first major effort in the United States to bring the precautionary principle to the level of day-to-day environmental and public health decision-making at the state or federal level was a January 1998 conference of activists, scholars, scientists, and lawyers at Wingspread, home of the Johnson Foundation in Racine, Wisconsin.
		In essence, the precautionary principle provides a rationale for taking action against a practice or substance in the absence of scientific certainty rather than continuing the suspect practice while it is under study, or without study.
		The precautionary principle shall be applied when there are reasonable grounds for concern that a procedure or development may contribute to the degradation of the air, land and water of the Commonwealth.
	www.mindfully.org /Precaution/Precaution-In-Action-Handbook.htm (10900 words)

	Precautionary Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The precautionary principle is widely used today as a guideline for environmental decision-making.
		Another formulation of the principle was stated at Wingspread, headquarters of the Johnson Foundation, in January 1998, at a meeting of lawyers, scientists, policy makers and environmentalists:
		It operates through the relationship of all its elements, which are constantly in flux, adjusting to different forces, self-organizing according to principles that have been operative since the beginning of the universe and which continue to drive it.
	www.earthethics.com /precautionary_principle.htm (1599 words)

	Use and Abuse of the Precautionary Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The precautionary principle hinges on concept of the burden of proof, which ordinary people have been expected to understand and accept in the law for many years.
		What the precautionary principle does is to put the burden of proof onto the innovator or perpetrator, but not in an unreasonable or impossible way.
		The precautionary principle is such good common sense that one would expect it to be universally adopted.
	www.i-sis.org.uk /prec.php (3150 words)

	Interpreting the Precautionary Principle - by Tim O'Riordan and James Cameron
		This element of the principle is still embryonic in law and practice, but the notion of "common but differentiated responsibility" enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the concept of conducting precaution "according to capabilities" as laid down in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration reflect to some extent these ideas.
		So the line of precautionary action lies towards the upper left of the diagram, namely where the threat of irreversible damage is palpable, and the benefits of intervention are clear.
		The distinction between weak and strong sustainability lies in the degree to which the precautionary principle and its economic interpretation is applied to ensuring the protection of critical natural capital, including the creation of new critical capital by deliberate management.
	dieoff.org /page31.htm (3029 words)

	The Precautionary Principle: Protectionism and Environmental Extremism by Other Means
		I suggest that the precautionary principle is the wrong approach — that it, in fact, exacerbates one of the major existing problems in risk regulation.
		Andrew Apel has done a fine job of showing why the precautionary principle is not just a form of risk assessment, so I won’t dwell on that point any further.
		Both copper-arsenate and pyrethrin pesticides are still used to this day in the organic agriculture that precautionary principle advocates hold as the pinnacle of consumer and environmental safety.
	www.cei.org /gencon/027,03079.cfm (4198 words)

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