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Topic: Precipitation hardening

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	Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels - Alloys, Properties, Fabrication Processes, Supplier Data
		Precipitation hardening stainless steels are chromium and nickel containing steels that provide an optimum combination of the properties of martensitic and austenitic grades.
		Precipitation hardening steels are characterised into one of three groups based on their final microstructures after heat treatment.
		At the annealing temperature of 1095 to 1120°C the precipitation hardening phase is soluble.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=2819 (1008 words)

	Properties of Maraging Steels
		Alloys of this type are hardened to martensite and then tempered at 480-500C. The tempering results in strong precipitation hardening owing to the precipitation of intermetallics from the martensite, which is supersaturated with the alloying elements.
		By analogy with the precipitation hardening in aluminum, copper and other non-ferrous alloys, this process has been termed ageing, and since the initial structure is martensite, the steels have been called maraging.
		It is assumed that the precipitation of intermediate phases on tempering of maraging steels is preceded with segregation of atoms of alloying elements at dislocations.
	www.key-to-steel.com /Articles/Art103.htm (1466 words)

	The Strengthening Of Metals
		Precipitation or age hardening was discovered by Alfred Wilm in Germany in 1906.
		Discussion about the various precipitates in aluminum-copper showed that the problem which must be considered to understand precipitation hardening is the interaction of a dislocation with a field of obstacles.
		Recently was shown that the maximum precipitation hardening in nickel-base aluminum-titanium alloys from γ’ occurs at the proportion of aluminum to titanium giving the largest difference in lattice parameter between the precipitate (at large particle size) and matrix.
	www.key-to-metals.com /Article128.htm (1953 words)

	Hardening of Copper Alloys
		These alloys are hardened by cooling rapidly from a high temperature to produce a martensitic type of structure, and then are tempered at a lower temperature to stabilize the structure and partly restore ductility and toughness.
		Alloys that harden by spinodal decomposition are hardened by a treatment similar to that used for precipitation hardening alloys.
		Quench hardening and tempering is used primarily for aluminum bronze and nickel aluminum bronze alloys, and occasionally for some cast manganese bronze alloys with zinc equivalents of 37 to 41%.
	www.key-to-metals.com /Article71.htm (1233 words)

	Heat treatment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In precipitation hardened alloys like 2000 series, 6000 series, and 7000 series aluminium alloy, as well as some superalloys and some stainless steels, fast cooling rates result in a softer metal.
		To harden by quenching, a metal (usually steel or cast iron) must be heated into the austenitic crystal phase and then quickly cooled.
		Induction hardening quickly austentizes a part before quenching.The surface endures a martensitic transformation while the core remains ductile to a heat transfer gradient through the cross section of the part.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heat_treatment (918 words)

	014-015
		Precipitation hardening, or age hardening, provides one of the most widely used mechanisms for the strengthening of metal alloys.
		The latter study tentatively concluded that age harden-ing of aluminum was a room-temperature precipitation phenomenon and suggested that it should be possible for other alloys to be hardened by a thermal treatment leading to precipitation.
		The precipitation hardening hypothesis is now credited with insights into other phenomena, most particularly slip motions in crystals as presented in the slip interference theory [7].
	nvl.nist.gov /pub/nistpubs/sp958-lide/html/014-015.html (1030 words)

	Precipitation Hardening
		Precipitation hardening means that a second phase such as a carbide or intermetallic compound is precipitated in the alloy.
		A change in the properties of certain metals and alloys that occurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after hot working or a heat treatment (quench aging in ferrous alloys, natural or artificial aging in ferrous and nonferrous alloys) or after a cold-working operation (strain aging).
		Dispersion strengthening of a metal or alloy is accomplished by incorporating chemically stable submicron size particles of a nonmetallic phase (ususally an oxide such as Al) that impede dislocation movement at elevated temperature.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=89428 (572 words)

	Inventory & Technical Information, Data, Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Hardening is a result of a precipitation process, often submicroscopic, which occurs when a super-saturated solid solution is naturally aged at atmospheric temperatures or artificially aged in some specific range of elevated temperature.
		Hardenability — The property in steel that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by cooling from a suitable elevated temperature.
		The maraging strengthening mechanism is based on the age hardening (precipitation hardening) of extra-low carbon martensite.
	www.chicagotube.com /stockbook/data/glossary.html (6003 words)

	Chapter 11. Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys
		Hardenability is the ability of the material to be hardened by forming martensite.
		Hardenability is then given as the dependence of hardness on distance from the quenched end.
		Precipitation hardening is also called age hardening because it involves the hardening of the material over a prolonged time.
	www.virginia.edu /bohr/mse209/chapter11.htm (694 words)

	Precipitation strengthening - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or dispersion hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to strengthen malleable materials, especially non-ferrous alloys including most structural alloys of aluminium and titanium.
		Precipitation strengthening is possible if the line of solid solubility slopes strongly toward the center of a phase diagram.
		While a large volume of precipitate particles is desirable, little enough of the alloying element should be added that it remains easily soluble at some reasonable annealing temperature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Precipitation_hardening (548 words)

	Resources: Standards & Properties - Copper & Copper Alloy Microstructures: Copper Beryllium
		The age or precipitation hardening results from the precipitation of a beryllium containing phase from a supersaturated solid solution of mostly pure copper.
		The precipitation occurs during the slow cooling of the alloys because the solubility of beryllium in alpha copper decreases with decreasing temperature.
		The precipitation of the equilibrium gamma phase depletes the metastable gamma prime precipitates, and softens the alloys.
	www.copper.org /resources/properties/microstructure/be_cu.html (2258 words)

	Stainless Plate Products - White Paper, Stainless Steel
		Carbon in steel when heated to temperatures in what is called the critical range (800 degrees F to 1600 degrees F) precipitates out, combines with the chromium and gathers on the grain boundaries.
		This means only that the carbides which may have precipitated (or moved) to the grain boundaries are put back into solution (dispersed) into the matrix of the metal by the annealing process.
		Precipitation hardening grades, as a class, offer the designer a unique combination of fabricability, strength, ease of heat treatment, and corrosion resistance not found in any other class of material.
	www.sppusa.com /reference/white_paper/wp_ss.html (1316 words)

	Copper and Aluminum Wire
		The second is precipitation hardening where you heat the alloy to allow the different elements to internally react and form a second reinforcing phase in the material.
		Different combinations of time and temperature will result in different precipitation distributions - high temperature favors a few large ones that the dislocations cannot move around (but rarely encounter) while lower temperatures give many smaller precipitates that the dislocations that are more like yield signs, but are everywhere.
		Reannealing the wire will dissolve the precipitates and make the wire softer, but unless the atmosphere is closely controlled it will probably dissolve even more oxygen into the copper so it will precipitation harden even faster.
	www.evergreengardenworks.com /copperwi2.htm (1614 words)

	Tubular golf shaft of stainless steel - Patent 4125260
		The low work hardening characteristics of carbon steel have allowed tubes to be drawn more than one draw reduction without being made too hard or brittle to handle; however, due to the large total number of draw passes required to produce golf shaft dimensions from starting stock, in-process annealing is required.
		In choosing a stainless steel suitable for the uses indicated, precipitation hardening stainless steels were examined.
		The hardening does not depend on carbon to occur, thus decarburization is not a problem.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4125260.html (1818 words)

	Beryllium Copper - 170, 172, 175, 17510
		Due to their submicron size, very fine distribution, and interaction with the copper matrix, these precipitates are responsible for the unique properties that distinguish beryllium copper from other copper alloys.
		When precipitation hardening is performed by the fabricator, the strip material is referred to as a "rolled temper." A rolled temper product is supplied rolled to final thickness with the beryllium still in solid solution.
		This precipitation hardening treatment is normally following by acid cleaning to remove unwanted oxides from the surface of the parts.
	www.olinbrass.com /becu_process.html (407 words)

	Precipitation hardening chromium steel casting alloy - Patent 4326885
		By utilizing a precipitation hardening/aging treatment, higher hardness and strength are obtained in the basically martensitic structure.
		Briefly, a precipitation hardening reaction is produced in an alloy system where the solubility of the precipitation hardening element decreases with lower temperatures.
		If the alloy is then reheated to a predetermined high temperature, the alloying element precipitates by a conventional nucleation and growth mechanism, usually combined with one or more of the other elements.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4326885.html (1345 words)

	17-4PH / 1.4542 / S17400 - Stainless Steel - Precipitation Hardening Martenistic - Intoco UK (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The double aged H1150 + 1150 is hardened in accordance with NACE MR-0175 or ASTM A564 condition H1150D, this is twice aged for 4 hours @ 620 degrees centigrade / 620°C (or 1150 degrees F / 1150°F).
		After the first aging, the microstructure is made of hardened martensite with a depleted Cu (copper) content, reversion austenite and some amount of ferrite and primary, i.e.
		Mechanical properties are defined by the appropriate temperature for the relevant H condition (h900 / h1000 / h1025 / h1050 / h1100 / h1150 / h1150+1150 / h1150M - Hxxx condition = aged at xxx degrees F).
	www.17-4ph.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 (469 words)

	precipitation hardening
		The process of precipitation hardening, also called age hardening, is widely used to add strength to metal alloy materials.
		The precipitation hardening capabilities of Applied Thermal Technologies, Inc. include stainless steel, high temperature alloys and titanium.
		If you are in search of a precipitation hardening type solution, call (574) 269-7116.
	appliedthermaltechnologies.com /precipitation_hardening.html (115 words)

	Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Strip - Knight Strip Metals
		As the name implies, precipitation hardening stainless steel strip is hardened by heat treatment.
		Precipitation hardening stainless steel strip has a semi-austenitic structure in the solution annealed condition at room temperatures being mainly austenite with some ferrite.
		Precipitation hardening stainless steel strip has good stress relaxation and fatigue properties.
	www.knight-group.co.uk /stainless-steel/precipitation-hardening.htm (137 words)

	Interlloy - 630 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Bar
		Machinablity in the H900 (H480) condition is limited, improving as the age hardening temperature is increased to optimum machinability similar to 304 austenitic stainless steel grade in the H1150 (H620) condition.
		The heat tint formed during age hardening, whilst having little effect on corrosion resistance, may be removed when required for appearance purposes by pickling or electro polishing.
		Following welding in the solution annealed condition, parts can be directly age hardened as required, however those in the H1150 (H620) condition should be re-solution annealed and then age hardened as required.
	www.interlloy.com.au /data_sheets/stainless_steel/630.html (823 words)

	County Heat Treat - We meet your thermal processing needs. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		County has three vacuum furnaces used primarily for hardening of tool steels and stainless steels, brazing and solution annealing.
		This is a load of stainless steel shafts racked in a vertical position and ready for heat treatment.
		Flame hardening is a long-used effective form of localized hardening.
	www.countyheattreat.com /services.html (583 words)

	Strengthening mechanisms in alloy steel
		The solid-solution hardening of carbon has a major effect on the strength of martensite, but ductility can only be obtained at low carbon levels.
		Although alloying elements affect hardenability, they have a minor effect on hardness except to reduce it at high carbon levels by causing austenite to be retained.
		(2) Precipitation hardening by carbide, nitride or intermetallic compounds.
	www.key-to-steel.com /Articles/Art11.htm (844 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 98033489 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Precipitation Hardening (or age-hardening) is an important technique for the metal-using industries.
		The process is used to enhance the mechanical properties of a wide range of alloys, notably those based on aluminium, but also embracing some nickel and other non-ferrous alloys as well as certain steels.
		A number of excerpts from classic papers are included, which illustrate the development of precipitation hardening from being an art to a science.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/els033/98033489.html (297 words)

	Alloy 17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening - Sandmeyer Steel
		Alloy 17-4PH is a precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel with Cu and Nb/Cb additions.
		Alloy 17-4 PH is a precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel with Cu and Nb/Cb additions.
		It has adequate resistance to atmospheric corrosion or in diluted acids or salts where its corrosion resistance is equivalent to Alloy 304 or 430.
	www.sandmeyersteel.com /17-4PH.html (916 words)

	Beryllium Copper - 170, 172, 175, 17510
		Precipitation hardening can be performed by the material fabricator, the strip material producer.
		precipitation hardening is performed by the fabricator, the strip material is referred to as a "rolled temper."
		"Mill hardened temper" refers to strip that is precipitation hardened by the material producer prior to
	www.olinbrass.com /becu4.html (352 words)

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