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Topic: Precipitation (meteorology)

	Precipitation (meteorology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Precipitation is a major part of the hydrologic cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet.
		Convective precipitation occurs from convective clouds, e.g., cumulonimbus or cumulus congestus.
		Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology) (746 words)

	Meteorology
		Meteorology is the scientific discipline concerned with atmospheric phenomena, particularly of the troposphere and lower stratosphere.
		Meteorology entails a systematic study of short-term--that is, day-to-day--variations in temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind, cloud cover, and precipitation, along with their causes.
		Meteorology is closely related to, but distinct from, climatology, which deals with weather conditions in a given area over an extended period of time (from a month to many millions of years).
	www.crystalinks.com /meteorology.html (334 words)

	Research Starters: Weather Watch
		Precipitation in meteorology refers to all forms of liquid or solid water particles that form in the atmosphere and then fall to the earth's surface.
		Precipitation is produced whenever moist air rises sufficiently to produce saturation, condensation, and the growth of the precipitation particles.
		Because the annual distribution of precipitation depends on small-scale factors such as orographic variability as well as the vertical branches of the average global circulations (the general circulation), the geographic distribution of precipitation is not simple.
	teacher.scholastic.com /researchtools/researchstarters/weather/article6.htm (1070 words)

	precipitation (meteorology)
		In meteorology, water that falls to the Earth from the atmosphere.
		The amount of precipitation in any one area depends on climate, weather, and phenomena like trade winds and ocean currents.
		The cyclical change in the Peruvian Current off the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, known as El Niño, causes dramatic shifts in the amount of precipitation in South and Central America and throughout the Pacific region.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006324.html (329 words)

	Meteorology – Precipitation/Humidity Patterns & Prediction
		When speaking of precipitation, cloud droplets are dew which forms on tiny dust and salt crystals which are blown by the winds.
		Precipitation has increased over land in high latitudes of the northern hemisphere in conjunction with temperature increases.
		Precipitation has decreased after the 1960’s between the equator and about 35 degrees latitude, from Africa to Indonesia, as temperatures increased.
	divisionoflifeskills.dadeschools.net /crew/precipitation.html (669 words)

	Meteorology \| Simulations
		Precipitation forms within clouds through two main processes: the collision-coalescence process and the Bergeron process.
		Precipitation types such as ice pellets, snow pellets, and freezing rain result mainly from temperature variations in the air through which rain or snow fall.
		Most efforts at precipitation modification are founded on the theory that some clouds are deficient in freezing nuclei.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0073659630/student_view0/chapter6/simulations.html (772 words)

	Theoretical and Field Derived Fickian Dispersion Coefficients for an Urban Reach in Syracuse's Meadow Brook, S
		The mathematical relationship between precipitation and discharge is referred to as the unit hydrograph and utilizes forward and backward time stepping equations.
		Storm precipitation totals were rather small, the first with 0.19 inches and the second with 0.42 inches, which was common for the dry fall of 2001.
		Precipitation data were translated with the NRCS method into effective precipitation based on land cover and curve number estimates.
	www.esf.edu /erfeg/endreny/courses/for338/handouts/projectabstract2001-03.htm (4453 words)

	Glossary
		The conduction current is the largest portion of the air-earth current, far outweighing the contributions made by the precipitation current and convection current which are zero in storm-free regions..
		Precipitation currents in continuous rain generally vary from about 10^[-12] to 10^[-10] amp/(m^2), while thunderstorm currents become as large as 10^[-8] amp/(m^2).
		That branch of the study of atmospheric electricity concerned with the electrical carried by precipitation particles and with the manner in which these charges are acquired.
	www.met.tamu.edu /personnel/faculty/orville/Glossary.htm (11057 words)

	Modeled precipitation variability over the Greenland ice sheet
		The modeled precipitation from the original method must use scalers to have a high degree of interannual correspondence between the measured accumulation and the retrieved precipitation, but the retrieved precipitation from the improved method increases at all ice core sites and a good correspondence is obtained without any scaler being required.
		Large downward trends in annual amounts are present in the precipitation retrieved by the improved dynamic method for all of Greenland and its southern and central west coastal regions.
		The modeled precipitation from the improved dynamic method and observed accumulation from ice cores are all in agreement with the Thomas et al.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2001JD900251.shtml (550 words)

	Caribbean Precipitation Outlook: Background
		Precipitation forecasts from several global climate models, in the form of anomalous precipitation as a percentage of average seasonal rainfall or of probabilities of above-, near-, or below normal rainfall, are used.
		Precipitation probabilities are estimated for a number of sub-regions based on the model forecasts, the level of agreement between the different models, and a subjective confidence in the different predictions based on current conditions and a knowledge of the local climatic conditions.
		The precipitation outlook is issued in the form of a map of tercile probabilities showing regions having homogeneous forecast probabilities for below, near, and above normal precipitation.
	www.cimh.edu.bb /bkgprecip.htm (505 words)

	The Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This increase in precipitation is related, in part, to the influence of the Great Salt Lake (section 2b) and blocking by the Wasatch Mountains.
		To the lee (east) of the Wasatch, a rapid decrease in precipitation was found with accumulations decreasing by a factor of 2-4 within 10-15 km of the crest.
		Precipitation was observed upstream of the lake, and large-scale processes appeared to initiate the band, but sensible and latent heating over the Great Salt Lake may have enhanced precipitation somewhat.
	www.nssl.noaa.gov /ipex/bams (15353 words)

	Precipitation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Precipitation (meteorology), in meteorology and hydrology, rain, snow and other forms of water falling from the sky
		Precipitation (chemistry), the condensation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Precipitation (112 words)

	Meteorology
		The course includes topics such as observing the weather, clouds and precipitation, radiation and weather phenomena, the laws of motion of the atmosphere, the general circulation, air masses and fronts, cyclones and anticyclones, the weather map, and introduction to weather map analysis and interpretation, thermodynamic diagram exercises, and climate-data manipulation.
		The course is designed for meteorology and other science-oriented students and includes such topics as the structure of the atmosphere, weather instrumentation, temperature, seasons, humidity, clouds, precipitation, atmospheric stability, optical phenomena, and thunderstorms and tornadoes.
		The instruction covers such topics as hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture transfer, surface runoff, flood prediction and mitigation, flash flooding, terrain influence on water flow, drainage basins, and natural and anthropogenic changes to hydrologic cycle.
	apollo.lsc.vsc.edu /dept/courses/courses.html (1921 words)

	New Book - Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Acid precipitation: precipitation, as rain, snow or sleet containing relatively high concentrations of acid-forming chemicals that have been released into the atmosphere and combined with water vapor; harmful to the environment.
		For dead fuels, moisture content is governed primarily by exposure to precipitation or soil moisture and by the tendency of the dead fuels to approach equilibrium with the relative humidity of the surrounding air.
		Rain shadow: an area of reduced precipitation on the lee side of a mountain barrier caused by warming of air and dissipation of cloudiness as air descends the barrier.
	www.pnl.gov /atmos_sciences/Cdw/Glossary.html (11111 words)

	Precipitation: hail, rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow
		Precipitation: hail, rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow
		Precipitation occurs in a variety of forms; hail, rain, freezing rain, sleet or snow.
		The navigation menu (left) for this section is called "Precipitation" and the menu items are arranged in a recommended sequence, beginning with this introduction.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/prcp/home.rxml (191 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In radar meteorology, the region from which a precipitation echo is received.
		That branch of the study of atmospheric electricity concerned with the electric charges carried by precipitation particles and with the manner in which these charges are acquired.
		] The study of the formation and precipitation of liquid and solid hydrometeors from clouds; a branch of cloud physics and of physical meteorology.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/P/P40/DictP40.html (2223 words)

	Robert A. Houze, Jr. Publications List
		Houze, Jr., 1979: Melting and evaporation of hydrometeors in precipitation from the anvil clouds of deep tropical convection.
		West, 1980: Observations of winter monsoon clouds and precipitation in the vicinity of north Borneo.
		A., Jr., 1997: Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox?
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~gcg/MG/houze_publist.html (5723 words)

	GRG301K - PRECIPITATION TYPE TUTORIAL
		Precipitation in the form of liquid water drops, which have diameters greater than 0.02 inch, or, if widely scattered, the drops may be smaller.
		Precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, always produced by convective clouds (cumulonimbus).
		A type of cold weather precipitation consisting of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, 0.2 inch or less in diameter.
	www.utexas.edu /depts/grg/kimmel/GRG301K/grg301kpcpntypes.html (696 words)

	Cloud, fog and precipitation
		Precipitation particles grow with the cloud growth, the upper levels of the cloud gaining additional energy from the latent heat released from the freezing of droplets and the growth of snow crystals and hailstones.
		If the updraught path is tilted, by wind shear or veer, rather than vertical, then the precipitation and its downdraught will fall away from the updraught rather than back down through it (consequently weakening, or stopping, the updraught) and a co-existing updraught/downdraught may become established.
		The amount of precipitation from a large storm is typically 200 000 tonnes but severe storms have produced 2 million tonnes.
	www.auf.asn.au /meteorology/section3.html (6422 words)

	Meteorology - Unit 5 - Cloud Development and Precipitation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Describe the formation of precipitation according to the collision and coalescence process.
		Describe the formation of precipitation according to the ice-crystal (Bergeron) process.
		Stability is a measure of the tendency of air that has been lifted or lowered to return to its original level, or equilibrium position.
	physics.uwstout.edu /wx/Notes/ch5notes.htm (157 words)

	Meteorology
		Meteorology is the study of the changes in temperature, air pressure, moisture, and wind direction in the troposphere.
		Disturbances develop along the fronts and in the jet stream that trigger centers of low and high air pressure.
		The sun-powered circulations of evaporation, condensation and precipitation move Earth's water from the oceans to the atmosphere to land and back between these three forms.
	www.wxdude.com /page1.html (374 words)

	[No title]
		Meteorology is the science and study of the atmosphere and climatology is the study of the climate.
		Climatology and meteorology are included in a wide variety of specialized databases and indexes.
		View temperature and precipitation data at the city, state, regional and national level.
	infodome.sdsu.edu /research/guides/science/climate.shtml?print (969 words)

	MU Meteorology -
		MU Meteorology has entered into a partnership with the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN), and the PA-Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to monitor the chemical makeup and mercury content in precipitation.
		Dr Richard Clark and a select group of meteorology and chemistry students have committed to collecting weekly precipitation samples from standardized collection units located about 1.5 miles west of Millersville for a period of at least five years.
		Monitoring precipitation chemistry over space and time helps us describe the chemical climate in a region and throughout the country.
	www.atmos.millersville.edu /metall/html/nadp.htm (366 words)

	NASA/MSFC/GHCC - Results of NASA Recon Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chapters are devoted to basic radar theory, the measurement of precipitation, weather radar networks, the contribution of radar to satellite precipitation measurements, short-period forecasting using radar data, flood forecasting, hydrometeorological studies, anthropogenic weather modification and the wet deposition of pollutants, and meteorological research.
		Thus, the three objective IR techniques were unable to identify the locations of radar-observed eyewall and inner band precipitation areas because of strong vertical wind shear in the eyewall and the lack of the vertical extent of stratiform precipitation beneath the central dense overcast.
		Attention is then given to applications of the data in synoptic meteorology, numerical weather prediction, climatology and radiation budget studies, hydrological studies, hydrometeorological research for agriculture, and ecological studies.
	wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov /ghcc/HydroSearch/recon1.html (10876 words)

	Real-Time Precipitation Estimation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The objective of this research is to develop real-time precipitation estimation techniques using Weather Surveillance Radars-1988 Doppler version (WSR-88D), precipitation gages, and satellites to support operational hydrologic forecasting in the National Weather Service.
		Potential topics in multisensor rainfall estimation include (1) real-time correction of biases in remotely sensed data, (2) real-time rainfall estimation using simultaneous observations from multiple sensors (particularly in the mountainous areas), and (3) objective use of environmental data (e.g., surface temperature and sounding data) in real-time multisensor estimation.
		Potential topics include (1) quantification of the uncertainties in radar and satellite estimates of rainfall by second-order analyses and simulation, and (2) precipitation gage-based estimates of mean areal precipitation by second-order analyses and conditional simulation.
	www4.nationalacademies.org /pga/rap.nsf/44ac59cd53fc460885256a220069c796/f29b363eaa06658a852570670048b652?OpenDocument (149 words)

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