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Topic: Precolonial Congo

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First Congo War

Belgian Congo

History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Second Congo War

Congo Free State

Colonisation of the Congo

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	Congo, Republic of: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		Republic of the Congo - Congo, Republic of the Congo, Republic of the, republic (2005 est.
		Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the, formerly Zaïre, republic...
		Diagnosing the crisis in the Republic of Congo.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107427.html (974 words)

	Early Congolese History - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dominant political force of the Congo region prior to and during the initial arrival of Europeans was the Kongo Empire.
		At its greatest extent, the empire reached from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Kwango River in the east, and from the Congo River in the north to the Loje River in the south.
		Additionally, it must be mentioned that, as is this case today, the Congo River and its tributaries, as well as climactic conditions in general, play a monstrous roll in shaping the lives of the inhabitants of the Congo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Precolonial_Congo (1631 words)

	DRC Congo
		The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the new name for a nation that in 1997 saw the collapse of a corrupt, thirty-year dictatorship.
		The Federal Republic of Congo is renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo.
		Congo's government, rebels and opposition parties signed a peace accord Tuesday to end four years of civil war and set up a transitional government to lead Africa's third-largest nation to its first democratic elections since independence in 1960.
	us-africa.tripod.com /zaire.html (3201 words)

	Democratic Republic of the Congo information - Search.com
		The Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: République Démocratique du Congo), also referred to as DRC, DR Congo, Congo and Congo-Kinshasa, and formerly Zaire (or Zaïre in French), is a nation in Central Africa and the third largest country on the continent.
		The Congo territory was acquired formally by Leopold at the Conference of Berlin in 1885.
		The Congo is situated at the heart of the west-central portion of sub-Saharan Africa and is bounded by (Clockwise from the west) Angola, the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, the Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania across Lake Tanganyika, and Zambia.
	www.search.com /reference/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo (4920 words)

	Encyclopedia: Colonisation of the Congo
		Colonisation of the Congo refers to the the period from Henry Morton Stanley's first exploration of the Congo (1867) until it's annexation as a personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium (1885).
		The Congo River was the last part of the African continent to yield to European explorers.
		It was not until 1867 that the Congo was explored by Europeans, and even then it was not from the sea, but from the other side of the African continent.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Colonisation-of-the-Congo (1985 words)

	Zaire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Zaire (spelled Zaïre in French) was the name of the Second Republic of Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1971 and 1997.
		This was the same as a former French colony, Congo, with which it shares a border.
		However, the two countries are commonly distinguished by their capitals: Congo (Kinshasa) (then Congo (Léopoldville)) and Congo (Brazzaville).
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Zaire (349 words)

	Category:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 10,000 years ago and settled in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. by Bantus from present-day Nigeria.
		Some believe that the rape of the Congo stands alone as the single most brutal and greedy episode of colonisation in modern history.
		It is described in the entry on the Congo Free State.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo (222 words)

	Talk:Democratic Republic of the Congo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		And anyway, Congo (Kinshasa) redirects to here - plus, in the first paragraph there is a mention of the Republic of Congo just in case someone got the wrong Congo.
		In fact, when I came up with the title Precolonial Congo for the History of the DRC series, I was concerned about the implications of the title (see [1]).
		I suppose Precolonial Congo could be split into Prehistoric Congo and Rise of Bantu Societies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo...
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo (1846 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		It is bordered to the west by Gabon, to the northwest by Cameroon, to the north by the Central African Republic, and to the east and south by the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		The Congo has an area of 132,047 square miles (342,000 square kilometres), but the country as a whole is sparsely inhabited, with somewhat more than half of its population concentrated in the towns.
		Congo is also highly urbanized by African standards; a majority of the population lives in cities, and because the urban growth rate far exceeds that of the country as a whole, urbanization continues to intensify.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=61 (476 words)

	Travel Guide - Online Reservation - Warsaw Accommodation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Congo Free State was a kingdom privately and controversially owned by King LĂŠopold II of Belgium that included the entire area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		LĂŠopold II began laying the diplomatic, military, and economic groundwork for his control of the Congo in 1877, and ruled it outright from early 1885 until its annexation by Belgium in 1908.
		The massive reduction of the population of the Congo was noted by all who have compared the country at the beginning of the colonial rule and the beginning of the 20th century.
	www.warsaw-hotel.info /poland-guide/Congo_Free_State (3149 words)

	First Congo War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The First Congo War was a conflict from late 1996 to 1997 in which Zairean President Mobutu Sésé Seko was overthrown by rebel forces backed by foreign powers such as Uganda and Rwanda.
		Rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila declared himself president and changed the name of the nation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		The war set the foundation for, and was quickly followed by, the Second Congo War.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/First_Congo_War (903 words)

	Belgian Congo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On November 15, 1908, King Léopold II of Belgium formally relinquished personal control of the Congo Free State and the renamed Belgian Congo came under the administration of the Belgian parliament, a system which lasted until independence was granted in 1960.
		Following World War II some democratic reforms began to be introduced, but these were complicated by ethnic rivalries among the native population.
		The Belgian Congo was one of the major exporters of uranium to the United States during World War II and the Cold War (Shinkolobwe mine).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Belgian_Congo (481 words)

	Congo (Zaire)
		The precolonial past of Congo (Zaire) was complex.
		Congo (Zaire) became independent from Belgium in 1960 when the head of state, Joseph Kasavubu, dismissed the prime minister, Patrice Lumumba.
		Behind the omnipresent apparatus of control forged by President Mobutu Sese Seko in 1965 may be detected the enduring influence of King Leopold II of Belgium.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/countries/Congo_(Zaire).html (431 words)

	Security concerns in a "democracy without democrats" - Congo Planet
		GOMA, 16 Mar 2006 (IRIN) - Elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are a near certainty, despite the obstacles that threaten a smooth transition to democracy.
		Contrary to the widely held belief that tension in eastern Congo is mainly spurred by the quest to control resources, Kisangani viewed it as being in essence a war over political and ethnic dominance.
		He also said the Rwandophone group had infiltrated Congo's army, meaning that some of the national troops were loyal to Nkunda and the Rwandophone group and others had remained loyal to the Kabila government.
	www.congoplanet.com /article.jsp?id=4526385 (3239 words)

	AllRefer.com - Zaire - Introduction \| Zaire Information Resource
		By the founding of the Congo Free State in 1885, most of its territory was linked to one of these Atlantic networks or to two newer ones that tied the country to the Nile Valley and the Indian Ocean.
		In 1884-85, Léopold's claims to the Congo River basin were recognized by the major powers at the Conference of Berlin, and the Congo Free State was established under his personal rule.
		In particular, United States policy toward the Congo is seen as a response to a perceived threat of Soviet involvement in the region.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/zaire/zaire13.html (9500 words)

	Zaire [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		History of DR Congo The area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 10,000 years ago and settled in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. by Bantus from present-day Nigeria.
		In 1960 the Belgian Congo On November 15, 1908, King Leopold II of Belgium formally relinquished personal control of the Congo Free State and the renamed Belgian Congo came under the administration of the Belgian parliament, a system which lasted until independence was granted in 1960....
		At its greatest extent, it reached from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Kwango River in the east, and from the Congo River in the north to the Loje River in the south.
	www.wikimirror.com /Zaire (1533 words)

	WWW-VL History Index
		Chronologies of the Provinces of Belgian Congo and Congo (Kinshasa)
		Cascon Case CON: Congo (Katanga) 1960-63 Outline of the revolt of Moise Tschombe in Katanga, 30 June 1960, and its aftermath.
		The UN in the Congo, by Keith Kyle.
	vlib.iue.it /history/africa/congo.html (1015 words)

	IITA Research Guides
		In 1620, Bras Correa witnessed cassava cultivation 'in the Brasilian manner' by Portuguese settlers at Mpinda at the mouth of the Congo River.
		By the middle of the 18th century, cassava was the principal food crop among the Kakongo living north of the mouth of the Congo River, and, in 1787, in the Kongo Kingdom and in Loango.
		In addition, he noted that many of the peoples of the Congo Basin were accustomed to the cultivation of bananas, a crop which required similar cultural practices, had similar harvest periods and required similar processing techniques to cassava.
	www.iita.org /cms/details/trn_mat/irg49/irg492.html (1300 words)

	EXTENDED PROFILES - CONGO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		By the founding of the Congo Free State in 1885, most of its territory was linked to one of these Atlantic networks or to two newer ones that tied the country to the Nile Valley and the Indian Ocean.
		Republic of Congo (former Zaire)'s private creditors also rescheduled their part of the debt in 1980 and at various times thereafter, and numerous meetings of World Bank and Western aid consortia were held to generate further official assistance, starting in 1979.
		That Republic of Congo (former Zaire) could appear as a safehaven is supremely ironic given the condition of Republic of Congo (former Zaire)'s economy, society, and polity in 1994.
	wdbase.com /extended_profiles/congo/13 (9599 words)

	Congo River and Basin \| Environmental Encyclopedia
		The Congo River (also known as the Zaire River) is the third longest river in the world, and the second longest in Africa (after the Nile River in northeastern Africa).
		In the precolonial era, this region (modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) was dominated by three kingdoms: Kongo (late 1300s), the Loango (at its height in the 1600s), and Tio.
		The Congo's freshwater fish are a crucial protein source for Central Africa's population; yet the potential for over-fishing near the urban areas along its banks threatens the available supply.
	www.bookrags.com /research/congo-river-and-basin-enve-01 (1563 words)

	Congo River Summary
		In turn, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo, both countries lying along the river's banks, are named after it.
		The Chambeshi River in Zambia is generally taken as the source of the Congo in line with the accepted practice worldwide of using the longest tributary, as with the Nile River.
		Nearly the entire Congo is readily navigable, and with railways now bypassing the three major falls, much of the trade of central Africa passes along it, including copper, palm oil (as kernels), sugar, coffee, and cotton.
	www.bookrags.com /Congo_River (2203 words)

	Pre colonial period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The first large political entity in the area, known as the Kingdom of Congo, appeared in the thirteenth century and stretched from Gabon in the north to the river Kwanza in the south, and from the Atlantic in the west to the river Cuango in the east.
		The King of the Congo was soon converted to Christianity, and adopted a similar political structure to the Europeans; he became a well-known figure in Europe, to the point of receiving missives from the Pope.
		To the south of the Kingdom of the Congo, around the river Cuanza, there were various important states, of which the Kingdom of Ndongo, ruled by the Ngola (King), was the most significant.
	www.angola.org /referenc/history/tour0.html (752 words)

	Books: Democratic Republic of Congo - vitalstop.com Product Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		His words and the paintings themselves offer a rather romantic look at precolonial life, but a searing indictment of the epoch of Belgian rule.
		From the Escambray to the Congo: In the Whirlwind of the Cuban Revelution
		Written by a soldier who fought in the Cuban revolution, Victor Dreke's From The Escambray To The Congo is a personal memoir and first-hand testimony of the end of the Batista dictatorship and the attempts to create a better government in its place.
	www.vitalstop.com /amazon/mode_4768/type_browse/first_11 (314 words)

	Cultural life (from Congo) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It was established by the Belgian parliament to replace the previous, privately owned Congo Free State, after international outrage over abuses there brought pressure for supervision and accountability.
		The Congo River, also known as the Zaire, with its tributaries drains more than 1,600,000 square miles (4,100,000 square kilometers) in the heart of tropical Africa.
		The length of the Congo and its longest headstream is about 3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-40722 (871 words)

	[No title]
		His book and lectures point to a lack of critical studies concerning the processes of ethnogenesis in precolonial Africa, the scholarly and political appropriations of these processes in colonial times, and the re-appropriations by scientists, politicians and wider strata of the population in the postcolonial context.
		KAandHV: This series of alternative views regarding the precolonial history of Rwanda is being formulated by you on the basis of new or rather previously unused source material.
		One could read, for instance, that the Belgians had no legitimate claims on Congo, that the Mongo people had their own civilisation and that they should not allow themselves be led astray, etc. When Vangroenweghe began to write, he must have been influenced by this.
	www.netpress.bi /Ago/vansina1.htm (7188 words)

	Independent Publishers Group
		The story is unified by the actions of one man, Mankunku, a "destroyer," who is born in mysterious circumstances in a banana plantation and whose identity is as variable as that of his land.
		This novel traces his development along with that of his unnamed country, from the precolonial era, through the horrors of European subjugation, to independence and the complexities of the postcolonial nation.
		He is the president of Congolese PEN and the National Association of Congolese Writers, author of three award-winning novels and a collection of short stories, and recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1999.
	www.ipgbook.com /showbook.cfm?bookid=1556524927&userid=86611066 (325 words)

	Greenwood Publishing Group I1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This book begins with a survey of Congo's early history, when diverse peoples such as the Luba, the Kuba, and the Nilotic inhabited the area, and continues by tracing the country's history through the Belgian period of colonization and the dictatorships of Mobutu and Kabila.
		The Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire, is located at the center of Africa.
		Because of this abundance of natural resources, Congo has unfortunately been the site of colonial domination, repressive dictatorships, and internecine violence between rebel groups and neighboring countries.
	info.greenwood.com /books/0313316/0313316961.html (268 words)

	Congo encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Congo politics and officials, Congo History. Travel to Congo
		Lake Tanganyika and Lake Kivu both empty into the Congo River system, while Lake Malawi is drained by the Shire River into the Zambezi.
		These include the entirety of the nations of Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda as well as portions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Kenya.
		The region did not return to its precolonial population until the 1950s.
	www.congoiworld.com /wiki-African_Great_Lakes (534 words)

	Settlement patterns (from Congo) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Thereafter, the term French Congo was used to designate the Middle Congo, until it became the Congo Republic (1959; now the Republic of the Congo).
		The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), usually simply called Congo, a small African nation lying west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)—the country formerly known as Zaire, east of Gabon, and south of Cameroon and the Central African Republic in equatorial Africa.
		The Bank for International Settlements was founded in 1930 in Basel, Switzerland, to handle German reparations payments to the Allies after World War I and to serve as a cooperative agency for national central banks.
	secure.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=40793 (788 words)

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