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Topic: Predator (species)

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	Predation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The difference between a predator and a parasite is that for a predator killing the prey is necessary for consuming it, but for parasites it is not even desirable because a parasite lives on or in its host.
		There may be hierarchies of predators; for example, though small birds prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for snakes, which may in turn be prey for hawks.
		Such predators may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem; introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Predator (629 words)

	Yautja - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Judging from the manner in which they treated their wounds, as evidenced in Predator 2, a special medical paste (Made out of porcelain and pieces of a mirror) was created and then was applied to his freshly severed forearm.
		It is stated in the Alien Vs. Predator: Prey, the leader constantly has flashbacks about his home world, and in Alien Vs. Predator it mentions that they have a built-in heater in the armor because they can't stand the cold on the jungle planet where they were sent to capture a Queen for their ship.
		Possibly the Predator simply took an 'easy kill' as it was clear the wounded soldier would be in no fit state to attack or even defend himself, although he was holding an automatic weapon (which the female prisoner grabbed and pointed at the Predator before Dutch kicked it from her hands).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yautja (4784 words)

	HUNTING BY HUMANS PERVERSE, TOO EFFICIENT - NATURE HAS SOLUTIONS - Committee to Abolish Sport Hunting - Action Alerts - ...
		Species that are in a predator-prey relationship have adapted by evolving together in the same ecosystem so that both species benefit from that relationship.
		The structure of the eye among prey species tend to be well-suited for peripheral vision; their eyes are on the side of the head and can be rotated to be alert to a predator approaching from any direction.
		This is natural predation and it promotes biodiversity it encourages the evolution of variations of species and subspecies through adaptations of both the predator and the prey species.
	www.all-creatures.org /cash/sa-perverse.html (2242 words)

	Predator Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-21)
		This is the expected response by species that are territorial and monogamous.
		An aspect of coyote predation on livestock that is often overlooked is the availability or dearth, of alternate prey.
		Present or historic grazing impacts should be assessed as a likely means of predicting overall predation rates on other prey species, especially prey like domestic sheep which are already vulnerable to predators due to their lack of anti-predator behaviors.
	www.predatordefense.org /species/coyote.htm (1580 words)

	Lost At Sea - archives
		Among wildlife species, predators, as a group, have suffered the worst setbacks because of the human perception that they are a significant threat to our enterprises and safety.
		Humans need predators to help create and maintain intact ecosystems, as populations of diverse predator species are critical to maintaining the integrity of our wildlands heritage, and the ecological balance between wildlife and wildlands.
		Predator Project's goal is to ensure that Wildlife Services personnel use non-lethal control methods first in all predator control situations, and require livestock producers to pay for predator control work conducted by the Wildlife Services program.
	www.ursis.com /LAS/archives/features/green/predatorproject (839 words)

	HUNTING BY HUMANS PERVERSE, TOO EFFICIENT - NATURE HAS SOLUTIONS - The C.A.S.H. Courier, Fall 1998 - Committee to ...
		Species that are in a predator-prey relationship have evolved together in the same ecosystem; both species benefit from that relationship.
		If predation were somehow impeded the ecosystem as a whole, as well as the predator and the prey species would be adversely affected.
		Since predators are typically only able to capture bottom 10 or 20% of the prey animals in terms of general fitness; they get the slowest, least alert, of that species.
	www.all-creatures.org /cash/cc98fa-perverse.html (2513 words)

	Evolution: Library: Toxic Newts
		It can occur between species that are predator and prey, competitors, or even between organisms linked by mutually beneficial symbiosis.
		Sometimes the predator reduces the prey population to such low levels that not enough of the predator species can survive to maintain their population -- there is a critical minimum number of organisms needed for a species to survive.
		Quite often, however, predator and prey coexist with one another in a balance of nature that is subtle and built on their interdependence.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/01/3/l_013_07.html (341 words)

	Predators that Affect Duck Production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-21)
		The distribution and abundance of predator species throughout the prairie pothole region have undergone continual change since settlement of the region by Europeans in the late 1800's.
		Predator species most restricted to the aspen parkland were the Franklin's ground squirrel, fl-billed magpie (Pica pica), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and red-tailed hawk; species most restricted to the prairie were the badger (Taxidea taxus), Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni), and ferruginous hawk (B. regalis).
		Investigators are urged to assess composition of predator populations and relative abundance of predator species for evaluations of waterfowl recruitment.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/birds/predator/predator.htm (1063 words)

	Predation and Predator Control
		Many of the reports of wolf predation were completely unverified: the carcasses of 76% of the cattle, and 73% of the calves reported missing were never found, and wolf involvement in the death of these animals could not be verified.
		The increase in predation in closed habitat may be due to increased risk of predation due to limited visibility, or to wolf habitat preference: in northwest Minnesota, wolves were rarely observed in pasture areas and spent most of their time in the woods (Fritts and Mech 198 1).
		However, in areas where a particular species of predator is causing problems with a particular species of livestock, one answer is to re move the predator.
	www.canids.org /1990CAP/11pcontrl.htm (7299 words)

	Keystone Species Hypothesis
		If that single predator is removed, dramatic changes result in the varieties and population densities of all the other species in the community.
		Keystone species are usually noticed when they are removed or they disappear from an ecosystem, resulting in dramatic changes to the rest of the community.
		Species that are known to play this role, besides the starfish mentioned above, include the sea otter, the freshwater bass, and the predatory whelk Concholepas (a kind of elongated sea snail).
	www.washington.edu /research/pathbreakers/1969g.html (693 words)

	Predators that Affect Duck Production
		Whereas predation on waterfowl by the raccoon, striped skunk, and badger is almost exclusively on eggs, the other species also prey on adults and ducklings (Sargeant and Arnold 1984).
		We included the gray wolf in our species accounts because of its importance to understanding changes in canid populations in the region and because evidence of a resident gray wolf was found in one study area.
		We included two of three species of gulls that are common breeding residents in the prairie pothole region in our list of treated species even though we conducted no systematic surveys of the abundance of gulls.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/birds/predator/predspec.htm (818 words)

	Predator-Prey, Part 2
		His son-in-law, Humberto D'Ancona, was a biologist who studied the populations of various species of fish in the Adriatic Sea.
		The predator species is totally dependent on the prey species as its only food supply.
		The rate at which predators encounter prey is jointly proportional to the sizes of the two populations.
	www.math.duke.edu /education/ccp/materials/diffeq/predprey/pred2.html (931 words)

	Predator Control for Sustainable and Organic Livestock Production
		Portions of this publication are based on the Predator FAQ © 2002 by Ronald Florence, with the permission of the author.
		Therefore, when predators strike, it is important to be aware of all options available for their control and to act at once.
		An excellent publication, Procedures for Evaluating Predation on Livestock and Wildlife, provides details on many of the observations that are needed to determine whether a predator is the cause of livestock death.
	attra.ncat.org /attra-pub/predator.html (6273 words)

	African Predator Conservation Research Organization
		The African Predator Conservation Research Organization consists of a diverse group of researchers, primarily from the fields of veterinary medicine and genetics, whose common goal is to gather knowledge and initiate original research projects on carnivores in their natural environment.
		APCRO recognizes that these predators continually interact with one another at various levels and thus we are committed to examining the interactions of the various groups in regards to interspecies disease transmission, parasitism and pathology.
		The African Predator Conservation Research Organization’s (APCRO) mission is to initiate and facilitate multidisciplinary conservation research on a number of African predator species throughout the continent.
	www.apcro.org (221 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Health / Science / Not just a predator
		This is just one of the biologically salutary effects that wolves may have brought to the park, restoring a centuries-old balance that was upset when humans exterminated Yellowstone's wolves in 1926.
		Though no peer-reviewed proof exists of their impact on the willows, wolves may well be demonstrating their role as a "keystone species," an animal whose presence in the area increases diversity and overall ecological health -- even as they spend much of their time lunging at other animals' throats.
		Proponents of restoration noted the potential biological benefits, increased tourism, and a sense that there is something special about restoring a dangerous mammal that roamed across the continent before humans killed most of them off.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/health_science/articles/2003/09/30/not_just_a_predator (1052 words)

	Untitled Document
		The change is based on the latest scientific findings of recent studies that have documented impaired fetal development and a consistent pattern of methyl mercury levels detected in predator species throughout the state.
		Predator fish eat the smaller fish and methyl mercury is accumulated up the food chain so the larger fish have the highest amounts of methyl mercury stored in their bodies.
		Predator species for Illinois include all species of fl bass (largemouth, smallmouth, and spotted), striped bass, white bass, hybrid bass, walleye, sauger, saugeye, flathead catfish, muskellunge, and northern pike.
	dnr.state.il.us /fish/fishadvisoryfactsheet2002.htm (1380 words)

	Kids DO Science: Predator-Prey Game
		Predator species cards are printed on letter-sized paper and placed in plastic page protectors for durability.
		Predators must "kill" and "eat" certain numbers of specific prey items to "survive" (see game instructions).
		Prey species are cut from various colors of paper using the templates provided and are distributed around the room with doubled-sided tape.
	www.uga.edu /srel/kidsdoscience/kidsdoscience-predator-game.htm (311 words)

	Monte
		The mathematical model predicts the populations of the two species by formulating their interactions as a pair of first-order differential equations.
		The population of the predator species will fall, spurring a rapid growth in the prey species due to less predation.
		At the beginning of the simulation, the grid is randomly populated with a number of rabbit and wolf squares, based on the user-defined initial population for each species.
	www.trincoll.edu /~pbrown/MathModeling/StudentProjects/PreditorPray/predprey.htm (977 words)

	Species Interactions
		Predicting the effect of species interactions on the dynamics of populations and communities is a fundamental goal of ecology.
		First, I attempted to determine whether predator species that are most similar with respect to easily identifiable traits are also most similar with respect to their effects on their prey (Chalcraft and Resetarits 2003b).
		The predator populations I studied all belong to the same species of fish but the populations varied in the mean body size and number of individuals within them.
	personal.ecu.edu /chalcraftd/spp_interaction.htm (550 words)

	African Wildlife Foundation: Predator Project
		Because residents of Laikipia have expressed such interest in maintaining and learning about their predator populations, the district is an ideal place to study carnivore populations, how and why they kill livestock in the midst of natural prey, and what people can do to reduce their losses.
		Each predator species has a characteristic style: For instance lions, which took nearly two-thirds of all livestock lost during the study, hunt cattle by stampeding them out of their "boma," or corral.
		Most predators are more likely to kill livestock during the dry season, when they may be weak, with less energy to chase wild prey.
	www.awf.org /wildlives/predator.php (1449 words)

	Shodor Computational Science Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-21)
		He set the birth term of the predator proportional to both the predators present and the prey present, since predators would have a hard time reproducing without food.
		Suppose the predator species is wolves and the prey species is moose as on Isle Royale in Lake Superior.
		Leslie fixed these by removing the prey dependency in the birth of the predators and changing the death term for the predator to have both the number of predators and the ratio of predators to prey.
	www.shodor.org /scsi/handouts/twosp.html (411 words)

	R220 ch18 quiz
		numerical response of the predator to precede that of the prey.
		numerical responses of both the predator and the prey to be nearly identical.
		Many species of predator exhibit relatively slow population growth, yet in some cases their numerical response to increased prey density can be relatively rapid.
	www2.ma.psu.edu /~lkh1/biol220/SELFQUIZ/r220ch18.htm (440 words)

	There be dragons: New deep-sea predator species discovered
		The first specimen of the new species, dubbed Eustomias jimcraddocki, was large, compared to the average pencil-sized dragonfish at about six inches long and roughly the size of a hot dog.
		Dragonfish are so rare that scientists have often been forced to study and describe new species based on a single specimen.
		However, because the protrusions are so varied, some theorize the fish may also use them to identify other members of their own species for reproduction.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/hboi-tbd032304.php (400 words)

	Lizard Game Instructions
		Predators leave the scene when they have eaten their fill or run out of prey to tag.
		Predator and prey students stay to the side until they are called upon by the teacher’s action card.
		When a predator is introduced on the scene by an action card, the students acting as lizard species need to read their cards to find out what they do to defend themselves from the predator, i.e.
	tolweb.org /treehouses/?treehouse_id=3697 (833 words)

	Relyea Lab Research Overview
		A number of studies have examined responses of prey to predators (primarily behavioral responses), but most have focused on how a single prey species responds to a single predator species by changing a single trait.
		It turns out that tadpoles are amazingly adept at knowing how many predators and competitors are in their environment and they can fine-tune their behavioral and morphological responses to balance these two conflicting challenges.
		In an experiment that examined these three processes alone and in combination, we found that the impact of lethal predators on growth was mediated primarily through thinning, the impact on morphology was primarily through induction, and the impact on behavior was affected similarly by thinning and induction.
	www.pitt.edu /~relyea/Overview.html (1305 words)

	Lizard Unit Part 2
		So that every student can play a lizard, on the second round of the game, the 5 students who played predator and prey species will be paired with one of the students who played a lizard, and the other half of the lizard pair will take the role of predator or prey.
		Students will need to be able to read their cast cards (and in some cases show predators their camofluage pattern drawn on the back of the card, or separate page) during the game, thus it may be advantageous to make mini-booklets or card sets.
		While the students are choosing their roles, you should have a student record the name of who will play each role on the board and on a separate sheet that you can keep for your records.
	tolweb.org /onlinecontributors/app?service=external/ViewTreehouse&sp=l2502 (1512 words)

	Ohio Pond Management, Bulletin 374-99, Stocking the Pond
		Most ponds are stocked with a combination of a predator species and a forage species.
		Largemouth bass are the recommended predator species for stocking in Ohio ponds.
		Channel catfish fingerlings may be stocked with bass and a forage species in ponds one-half acre or larger.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b374/b374_5.html (745 words)

	Predator-Prey, Part 1
		In this module we study a very special case of such an interaction, in which there are exactly two species, one of which -- the predators -- eats the other -- the prey.
		To be sure, trapping for pelts removed large numbers of both species from the populations -- otherwise we would have no data -- but these numbers were quite small in comparison to the total populations, so trapping was not a significant factor in determining the size of either population.
		On the other hand, it is reasonable to assume that the success of trapping each species was roughly proportional to the numbers of that species in the wild at any given time.
	www.math.duke.edu /education/ccp/materials/diffeq/predprey/pred1.html (475 words)

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