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	Predynastic Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Predynastic Period of Egypt (prior to 3100 BC) is the period that culminates in the rise of the Old Kingdom and the first of the thirty dynasties based on royal residences, by which Egyptologists divide the history of pharaonic civilization using a schedule laid out first by Manetho's Aegyptaica.
		The structure of the nomes, into which Egypt was divided, predates the First Dynasty, and there are inscriptions of pre-dynastic kings such as Narmer.
		Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in ancient Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BC centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep [2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Predynastic_Egypt (1011 words)

	The Two Lands: Archaic Egypt
		Of all the kings of Egypt, Narmer is among the most legendary; for according to Egyptians, he united the two parts of Egypt and became the first king of the Two Lands, Upper and Lower Egypt.
		The symbol of this unification are the two crowns of Egypt, the white crown (Upper Egypt) and the red crown (Lower Egypt); these crowns would be combined to form the single crown of the king.
		The early kings of Archaic Egypt had to yearly prove that they were physically capable of ruling Egypt in a festival called the Sed ("slaughter," "slaying") festival.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/EGYPT/TWOLANDS.HTM (688 words)

	Ancient Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ancient Egypt was a civilization along the Lower Nile, reaching from the Nile Delta in the north as far south as Jebel Barkal at the time of its greatest extension (15th century BC).
		Somewhat counter-intuitively, Upper Egypt was in the south and Lower Egypt in the north, named according to the flow of the Nile.
		The art and science of engineering was present in Egypt, such as accurately determining the position of points and the distances between them (known as surveying).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_Egypt (2437 words)

	Ancient Egypt
		Wadjet (Wadjyt, Wadjit, Uto, Uatchet, Edjo) was the predynastic cobra goddess of Lower Egypt, a goddess originally of a city who grew to become the goddess of Lower Egypt, took the title 'The Eye of Ra', and one of the nebty (the 'two ladies') of the pharaoh.
		From local goddess of a predynastic town to the goddess of Lower Egypt, Wadjet became one of the symbols of Egypt.
		She was worshiped as a goddess as well as being the personification of the north, the cobra goddess who was one half of a manifestation of the idea of duality that was a basis of ma'at "which the goddess Wadjet worketh".
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/gerzean_culture.htm (2859 words)

	Predynastic Egypt
		The late Neolithic period in Egypt is referred to as the 'Predynastic Period'.
		Excavations in Upper Egypt consist mainly of cemetaries, whereas in Lower Egypt the primary remains are those of settlements.
		A framework for relative dates for the mid to late Predynastic period in Upper Egypt i.e.
	showcase.netins.net /web/ankh/predynastic.html (626 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Focus \| Egypt before the Pharaohs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Predynastic culture was fast acquiring those specificities that we today instantly recognise as characteristic of dynastic Egypt: an obsession with tombs and the afterlife, a preponderance of animal deities, a centralised government and the appurtenances of statehood, the first etchings of hieroglyphics, royal symbols and religious iconography.
		The third stage of predynastic cultural development began at around 4,000 BC and is referred to as the Gerzean Period or Naqada III, in reference to the village of Gerzah halfway between Saqqara and Fayoum, on the western bank of the Nile.
		Surviving dwellings from the predynastic periods are uncommon and a rare exception, however, is the house and workshop of a potter who signed his pots in one of Egypt's earliest urban settlements -- Hierakonpolis, the Falcon city.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2000/508/fo3.htm (3091 words)

	Antiquity of Man Egyptian Predynastic
		Myers excavated a Predynastic village in are 1000 (Mond and Myers 1937: 163), 2 km from Predynastic Cemetery 1400-1500, with graves ranging in age from Nagada Ic to IIIa.
		Predynastic evidence is known in the Qift (Coptos) region, on the river opposite Nagada, and in the Wadi Hammamat.
		Maadi I. The Pottery of the Predynastic Settlement.
	www.antiquityofman.com /EgyptianPredynastic.html (14152 words)

	[No title]
		The peoples of predynastic Egypt were the successors of the paleolithic inhabitants of north eastern Africa, who had spread over much of its area; during wet phases they had left remains in regions as inhospitable as the Great Sand Sea.
		The earliest known Neolithic cultures in Egypt have been found at Marimda Bani Salama, on the southwest edge of the Delta, and farther to the southwest, in the Fayyum.
		Probably comtempory with both predynastic and dynastic times are thousands of rock drawings of a wide range of motifs, including boats, found throughout the Eastern Desert, in Lower Nubia, and as far west as Mount ‘Unwaynat, which stands near modern Egypt’s borders with Libya and The Sudan in the southwest.
	members.lycos.co.uk /Andy12/predynastic.html (699 words)

	Ancient Egypt
		In the predynastic period Egypt was divided into the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt, the King of Upper Egypt wore the white crown and the King of Lower Egypt wore the red crown.
		Until the Middle Kingdom the land of Upper and Lower Egypt was divided into forty two administrative areas known as nomes (maps of the nomes of Lower and Upper Egypt, 6Kb) each governed by a nomarch.
		The desert edge and the eastern hills of Egypt were a rich source of stone which could be cut for use in monumental buildings, for statues or for delicate cosmetic dishes.
	www.copts.net /ancient.asp (2518 words)

	Ancient Egypt
		One of the most important contributions to the development of predynastic Egypt was the expansion of community life that took place in Gerzean times.
		Certainly the predynastic inhabitants of Upper Egypt worshipped a composite animal as the cult object of the god Set, and the reverencing of the ram or goat, which was common in all periods of Egyptian religion, had its origin at this time.
		Then he moved the capital city of Egypt from Thebes and constructed a new capital at Akhetaton (the City of Aton), because he believed Thebes was unclean due to all its past idolatry.
	www.theology.edu /egypt1.htm (6703 words)

	Doc Savage's Archaeology Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the late fourth and early third millennia BC the pristine state of Egypt arose from a group of independent, Neolithic agricultural villages.
		Chronological problems in the early Dynastic and Predynastic periods in Egypt indicate that a more accurate radiocarbon-based chronology would be desirable, but dates from the critical Predynastic period are not abundant at this time.
		Dates from Predynastic cemeteries are unfortunately rare, though reliable radiocarbon dates from these contexts are especially valuable because of their ability to tie relative ceramic chronologies to more recent radiocarbon chronologies from Predynastic settlement sites.
	archaeology.la.asu.edu /Jordan/abstract.html (1424 words)

	The Rise of Social Classes in Predynastic Egypt
		This female statuette (middle) from Predynastic Egypt was believed by some to represent a mother goddess.
		A study of ancient Egyptian cemeteries has shed some light on less-studied Predynastic Egypt (before the pharaohs from 5000 to 3050 B.C.) and its evolution into a sharply divided society of haves and have-nots.
		Social stratification became increasingly marked in the Late Predynastic Period, in which Upper Egyptians started expanding their cultural influence north into the Nile Delta, culminating in the appearance of regional kingdoms in Upper Egypt and, subsequently, the political unification of the country.
	www.geocities.com /SoHo/Village/5607/classes.html (370 words)

	Egypt, ancient -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Its land frontiers border Libya in the west, The Sudan in the south, and Israel in the northeast.
		The crown of Upper Egypt was white and cone-shaped, with a model of the uraeus serpent in front, while that of Lower Egypt was red and shaped more like a cap with two projections—a tall straight one in back and a spiral one in front.
		The furniture of the ruling class of ancient Egypt was richly ornamented and sophisticated, though houses were sparsely furnished by 20th-century standards.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9390192 (825 words)

	Predynastic Egypt
		Because it was difficult to attribuate to the Predynastic cultures precise dates, the whole Naqada period has been devided by the archeologist Flinders Petrie in sequences numbered 30-80 (1-29 were left for older cultures that may be discovered after this system was established), based on the pottery he had recovered from some 900 graves.
		Predynastic Lower Egypt is divided in Neolithic (5300-4000) and Maadi Cultural Complex (4000-3200).
		As most fabrics of those two industries –stone and copper- were found in Lower Egypt, it is not surprising that this region saw its importance increase at the expense of Upper Egypt.
	www.asian-center.net /ancienthistory/ch3.html (2601 words)

	Doc Savage's Archaeology Projects in Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Narmer, the reputed first ruler of both Upper and Lower Egypt, may have conquered the Delta region simply to control the trade with western Asia.Sometime around 3050 BC, Narmer appears to have extended his power all the way to theMediterranean.
		The radiocarbon dating project is an integral part of my work with the Predynastic cemetery at Naga-ed-Dêr, and began several years ago, as I was beginning to study what the different burial clusters at the cemetery might mean.
		Second, there are really very few radiocarbon dates from the Predynastic, and hardly any are from cemeteries, so the dates would be useful for comparing to other sites.
	archaeology.asu.edu /jordan/egypt.html (1438 words)

	Bibliography of Prehistoric Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Predynastic Cemeteries of Maadi and Wadi Digla.
		Anthropomorphic figurines of predynastic Egypt and neolithic Crete with comparative material from the prehistoric Near East and mainland Greece.
		Foraging and farming in Egypt: the transition from hunting and gathering to horticulture in the Nile vally.in: The Archaeology of Africa.
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /biblioearly.html (774 words)

	Egypt: Upper Egyptian Neolithic and Predynastic Religion and Rulers, A Feature Tour Egypt Story
		The people who are believed to be the ancestors to the predynastic Egyptians were a people known as the Badarian people.
		They were one of the most important prehistoric cultures in Upper Egypt, and their development can be traced to the founding of the Egyptian state.
		The religion of Neolithic and predynastic Egypt appears to have been animistic nature worship, with each village or town with its own spirit in the form of an animal, bird, reptile, tree, plant or object.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/predynastic.htm (2070 words)

	Search Results for predynastic - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The term predynastic denotes the period of emerging cultures that preceded the establishment of the 1st dynasty in Egypt.
		The peoples of predynastic Egypt were the successors of the Paleolithic inhabitants of northeastern Africa, who had spread over much of its area; during wet phases they had left remains in regions as...
		geographic and cultural division of Egypt consisting primarily of the triangular Nile River delta region and bounded generally by the 30th parallel north in the south and by the Mediterranean Sea in...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=predynastic&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (305 words)

	Late Predynastic
		The Late Predynastic Period, (also called Gerzean period or Naqada II) is known as the most important predynastic culture in Egypt.
		In the late predynastic period, elephants, giraffes and ostriches seem to have vanished from the desert and floodplain.
		In both regions, the basic unit of government was the local community clustered around a town or group of villages and was under the greater control of a local variant of one of the universal gods, and looking for leadership to some powerful headman.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/egypt/history/dynasties/late.html (842 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site: Early Dynastic Period
		It was the culmination of the formative stage of the Ancient Egyptian culture that began centuries before during the Prehistory.
		It was during this period that the divine kingship became well established as Egypt's form of government, and with it, an entire culture that would remain virtually unchanged for the next 3000 or more years.
		This is based on the fact that the first pyramids were built during the 3rd Dynasty and that the Old Kingdom is often viewed as "the age of the pyramids".
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/01_03 (1082 words)

	Egypt: History - Predynastic Period
		Interestingly enough, the dead were buried in a fetal position, surrounded by the burial offerings and artifacts, facing west, all prepared for the journey to the world of the dead, where the sun shone after leaving the world of the living.
		Somewhere around 4500 BC is the start of the "Old" Predynastic, also known as the Amratian period, or simply as Naqada I, as most of the sites from this period date to around the same time as the occupation of the Naqada site.
		The third stage of the Predynastic period is dated to around 4000 BC and is labeled the Gerzean period or Naqada II.
	www.touregypt.net /ebph5.htm (1802 words)

	Doc Savage's Successful NSF Proposal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In particular, synchronizing the Bronze Age in the Levant and Syria depends on the chronology of the Predynastic, and on the critical date for the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt and accession of the 1st Dynasty.
		The later Predynastic, for example, is frequently dated externally by reference to ledge-handled jars imported from Palestine, but the Early Bronze I and II periods in Palestine are just as frequently dated by the appearance of Pre- and Protodynastic pottery (Albright, 1965; Kantor, 1992; Stager, 1992).
		As a result of the critical connections between Egypt and the rest of the Middle East, and the dependence of the region as a whole on the chronology of Egypt, considerable attention has been devoted to controlling time in Predynastic and dynastic Egyptian archaeology.
	archaeology.asu.edu /Jordan/nsfprop.html (8098 words)

	Hierakonpolis Online
		Brewer, D. "Temperatures in Predynstic Egypt inferred from the remains of the Nile perch", Archaeology and Arid Environments 22(3): 288-303.
		Predynastic Settlement Ceramics of Upper Egypt:A Comparative Study of the Ceramics of Hemamieh, Naqada and Hierakonpolis.
		Hamroush, H.A. Archaeological Geochemistry of Hierakonpolis in the Nile Valley, Egypt.
	www.hierakonpolis.org /resources/bibliography.html (1948 words)

	The Early Dynastic Period
		Prior to this time, there had been the Predynastic Period, divided into various periods: The Badarian culture, with the earliest attested agriculture in Upper Egypt, and the Naqada culture, itself divided into the different phases of Naqada I (Amratian), Naqada II (Gerzean) and Naqada III.
		It was probably during the Naqada III phase, the last phase of the predynastic period, (c.3200-3000 BC) that Egypt was first unified into a large territorial state.
		Egyptian civilisation begins, according to Manetho, with the Unification of the Two Lands, Upper and Lower Egypt, under one king, traditionally known as Menes or Narmer (who may be the same person?).
	www.egyptologyonline.com /predynastic.htm (870 words)

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