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Topic: Preeclampsia

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	AllRefer Health - Preeclampsia (Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, Toxemia)
		Preeclampsia is the development of swelling, elevated blood pressure, and protein in the urine during pregnancy.
		Preeclampsia occurs in approximately 8% of all pregnancies.
		Increased risk is associated with first pregnancies, advanced maternal age, African-American women, multiple pregnancies, and women with a past history of diabetes, hypertension, or kidney disease.
	health.allrefer.com /health/preeclampsia-info.html (297 words)

	Dr. Koop - Preeclampsia- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
		Preeclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure) and proteinuria (excessive protein in the urine); often including edema (swelling) and occasionally involving thrombocytopenia (low platelets) or liver function abnormalities.
		Preeclampsia (toxemia in pregnancy) is characterized by increasing blood pressure, headaches, the presence of albumin (a blood protein) in the urine, and edema (accumulation of water) in the lower extremities.
		The risk of preeclampsia is highest in primagravidas (women in their first pregnancy) and in women with minimal exposure to sperm (having used barrier methods of contraception, e.g., condoms).
	www.drkoop.com /encyclopedia/93/16.html (698 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Preeclampsia
		Preeclampsia is the development of elevated blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week of pregnancy.
		Preeclampsia occurs in approximately 8% of all pregnancies.
		Maternal deaths caused by preeclampsia are rare in the U.S. Fetal or perinatal deaths are high and generally decrease as the fetus matures.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/000898.html (658 words)

	Preeclampsia \| Pregnancy Weekly
		Preeclampsia is a dangerous condition that occurs in 5 to 8 percent of all pregnancies, and is characterized by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine.
		Also known as toxemia, preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and infant illness and death, responsible for 76,000 deaths each year according to conservative estimates.
		Although the precise cause of preeclampsia is not known, it often occurs in women during their first pregnancy, those carrying multiple babies, those with a close relative who developed preeclampsia, obese women, those with chronic hypertension or certain blood clotting disorders, and in women under 20 or over 40.
	www.pregnancyweekly.com /pregnancy_information/preeclampsia.htm (612 words)

	Preeclampsia - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Preeclampsia is severe high blood pressure during pregnancy, and eclampsia is very severe pregnancy gestational hypertension leading to seizures.
		Preeclampsia is a condition that typically starts after the 20th week of pregnancy and is related to increased blood pressure and protein in the mother's urine (as a result of kidney problems).
		When preeclampsia causes seizures, the condition is known as eclampsia--the second leading cause of maternal death in the U.S. Preeclampsia is also a leading cause of fetal complications, which include low birth weight, premature birth, and stillbirth.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/preeclampsia/intro.htm (1082 words)

	High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy (Preeclampsia) \| AHealthyMe.com
		Preeclampsia is a toxic condition marked by increasing protein in the urine and hypertension (high blood pressure) which makes blood vessels tighten or constrict.
		Preeclampsia increases your risk of seizures, stroke, liver and kidney damage, blood clotting problems, and damage to the heart, brain, lung, and eyes.
		Preeclampsia is also one of the leading causes of premature birth in the United States.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/preeclampsia (1923 words)

	Discovery Health :: Preeclampsia Facts
		Preeclampsia (also called toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension) is high blood pressure during pregnancy.
		Preeclampsia also increases the risk of placental abruption, in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery.
		Preeclampsia affects about 5 percent of first-time mothers and up to 2 percent of women having a second baby.
	health.discovery.com /centers/pregnancy/americanbaby/preeclampsia.html (467 words)

	Preeclampsia FAQ
		Preeclampsia occurs in 5-8 percent of all pregnancies, though it is most common in first-time pregnancies.
		Some research suggests that one's risk of preeclampsia is increased with a first pregnancy with a new partner/husband, however recent research suggests that the key factor in that increased risk is not the new husband, but in fact increased maternal age.
		In preeclampsia, the placenta becomes compromised and the baby’s body begins to restrict blood flow to the limbs, kidney and stomach in an effort to preserve the vital supply to the brain and heart.
	www.preeclampsia.org /FAQ.asp (2703 words)

	UpToDate Patient information: Preeclampsia
		Patients with mild preeclampsia who are not near term may be allowed to delay their delivery to allow the baby more time to grow and mature; the risks of preeclampsia and its potential complications must be balanced with the risks of prematurity.
		Women with early onset severe preeclampsia, recurrent preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension appear to be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life, including during the premenopausal period.
		Preeclampsia is characterized by gradually increasing blood pressure (greater than 140/90) and protein in the urine, as well as excessive swelling of the legs, hands, and face.
	www.patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=pregnan/4563 (2677 words)

	eMedicine - Pregnancy, Preeclampsia : Article by Michael B Brooks, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preeclampsia causes 50-70% of cases of hypertension in pregnancy.
		Mild preeclampsia is characterized by an increase in systolic BP of 30 mm Hg, an increase in diastolic BP of 15 mm Hg, or an absolute reading of 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg in a pregnant patient with minimal proteinuria and pathologic edema.
		Causes: The cause of preeclampsia is not fully understood; however, dysfunction of the uteroplacental bed is thought to cause the generalized vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and hypercoagulable state seen in preeclampsia.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic480.htm (2431 words)

	Pharyngula::Mechanisms of preeclampsia
		Preeclampsia is an unpleasant condition that afflicts 2-3% of pregnant women, causing sudden surges in blood pressure, secretion of protein in the urine, blurred vision, headaches, and a kind of systemic inflammation and edema.
		In the preclinical stage of preeclampsia, invasion is restricted (B) with impaired arterial remodeling.
		Preeclampsia is substantially more prevalent in women who are homozygous for the inhibitory A haplotypes (AA) than in women homozygous for the stimulator B genes (BB).
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/mechanisms_of_preeclampsia (2147 words)

	eMedicine - Preeclampsia : Article by Deborah E Campbell, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder that affects the fetus because of uteroplacental insufficiency.
		Preeclampsia is a maternal disease that affects the fetus.
		Note that an infant's low weight at birth and history of pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia are risk factors for later onset of metabolic syndrome (hypertension, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia) and appear to increase the risk for development of preeclampsia among women born of pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders of pregnancies.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1885.htm (4035 words)

	Toxemia/Pre-Eclampsia/PIH
		Background: Preeclampsia is a disorder associated with pregnancy that consists of hypertension, proteinuria, and new-onset nondependent edema that presents, in most cases, after the 20th week of pregnancy.
		Preeclampsia is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality rates, a result of iatrogenic prematurity.
		Patients with preeclampsia who have delivered must continue to follow-up regularly with their obstetrician because eclamptic seizures have been reported as late as 26 days postpartum.
	onyx-ii.com /birthsong/toxemia.html (2261 words)

	HSS - Lupus vs. Preeclampsia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The patient was admitted to the hospital with the initial diagnosis of preeclampsia (PEC).
		The triad of hypertension, edema, and proteinuria is the hallmark of preeclampsia in late pregnancy.
		Preeclampsia (PEC) is the major concern in non-lupus population.
	www.hss.edu /Professionals/Conditions/Lupus/Lupus-Vs-Preeclampsia (1429 words)

	Preeclampsia - Page 2
		Preeclampsia is a condition characterized by the development of elevated blood pressure, swelling and proteinuria (protein in the urine) during
		According to the Preeclampsia Foundation, HELLP syndrome occurs in 4 to 12 percent of women with preeclampsia.
		Preeclampsia was given its name because it was first defined as the condition that led to eclampsia.
	obgyn.healthcentersonline.com /pregnancybasics/preeclampsia2.cfm (1106 words)

	Preeclampsia - Page 1
		Because the complications of preeclampsia can be so severe, early detection and early treatment are essential for the health of the patient and her fetus.
		The Preeclampsia Foundation estimates that preeclampsia affects at least 5 to 8 percent of all pregnancies.
		For severe cases of preeclampsia, the fetus may be removed without regard to its development or the readiness of the cervix.
	obgyn.healthcentersonline.com /pregnancybasics/preeclampsia.cfm (533 words)

	UpToDate Patient information: Preeclampsia
		Patients with mild preeclampsia who are not near term may be allowed to delay their delivery to allow the baby more time to grow and mature; the risks of preeclampsia and its potential complications must be balanced with the risks of prematurity.
		Women with early onset severe preeclampsia, recurrent preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension appear to be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life, including during the premenopausal period.
		Preeclampsia is characterized by gradually increasing blood pressure (greater than 140/90) and protein in the urine, as well as excessive swelling of the legs, hands, and face.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=pregnan/4563 (2693 words)

	The New Yorker: Fact
		Preeclampsia is among the most common causes of premature birth in the United States, at an average cost of more than fifty thousand dollars per infant, and doctors now believe that women who suffer complications during pregnancy are at risk for medical problems in the future.
		The article was accompanied by an editorial that noted its importance for most women at risk for preeclampsia, but emphasized that there were some patients with the syndrome whose illness could not be explained solely on the basis of how much soluble FLT was in their blood.
		Aside from preeclampsia, the most common is gestational diabetes, which occurs when a pregnant woman, typically during the second trimester, becomes resistant to insulin and has blood-glucose levels in the diabetic range.
	www.newyorker.com /fact/content/articles/060724fa_fact (4912 words)

	USATODAY.com - Protein may predict preeclampsia in pregnancy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preeclampsia, in which women develop dangerously high blood pressure, affects 5% to 8% of pregnancies and can lead to fatal seizures.
		Most women with preeclampsia in the study had abnormally high levels of one protein, known as sFlt-1, but unusually low levels of two others, according to the article.
		More than 146,000 cases of preeclampsia were diagnosed in 1998, the most recent year for which statistics are available, according to the National Vital Statistics Report.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2004-02-08-preeclampsia-usat_x.htm (745 words)

	Preeclampsia Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment by eMedicineHealth.com
		Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy associated with the development of high blood pressure and protein in the urine.
		Approximately 5-7% of all pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia.
		Preeclampsia usually occurs in a woman’s first pregnancy but may occur for the first time in a subsequent pregnancy.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /preeclampsia/article_em.htm (243 words)

	Pregnancy Induced Hypertention (PIH), Preeclampsia or Toxemia : American Pregnancy Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preeclampsia is a condition of high blood pressure during pregnancy.
		Severe preeclampsia: headaches, blurred vision, inability to tolerate bright light, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, urinating small amounts, pain in the upper right abdomen, shortness of breath, and tendency to bruise easily.
		If you have severe preeclampsia, your doctor may try to treat you with blood pressure medication until you are far enough along to deliver safely.
	www.americanpregnancy.org /pregnancycomplications/preeclampsia.html (530 words)

	Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
		Preeclampsia, when present, usually appears during the second half of pregnancy, generally in the latter part of the second or in the third trimesters, although it can occur earlier.
		The exact causes of preeclampsia and eclampsia are not known, although some researchers suspect poor nutrition, high body fat or insufficient blood flow to the uterus as possible causes.
		Mild preeclampsia (blood pressure greater than 140/90 that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation in a woman who did not have hypertension before; and/or having a small amount of protein in the urine can be managed with careful hospital or in-home observation along with activity restriction.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/51/40800.htm (533 words)

	Preeclampsia -- familydoctor.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preeclampsia (say "pre-ee-clamp-see-ah"), which is also called toxemia, is a problem that occurs in some women during pregnancy.
		Preeclampsia is more common in a woman's first pregnancy and in women whose mothers or sisters had preeclampsia.
		The risk of preeclampsia is higher in women carrying multiple babies, in teenage mothers and in women older than age 40.
	familydoctor.org /064.xml (836 words)

	About Preeclampsia
		Preeclampsia is a disorder that occurs only during pregnancy and the postpartum period and affects both the mother and the unborn baby.
		Affecting at least 5-8% of all pregnancies, it is a rapidly progressive condition characterized by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine.
		Typically, preeclampsia occurs after 20 weeks gestation (in the late 2nd or 3rd trimesters or middle to late pregnancy), though it can occur earlier.
	www.preeclampsia.org /about.asp (195 words)

	Preeclampsia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preeclampsia is a dangerous combination of high blood pressure, fluid retention, and high levels of protein in the urine of women after their 20th week of pregnancy.
		Preeclampsia puts unborn children and their mothers at risk.
		If your pregnancy is far along (28 weeks or more) and you have severe preeclampsia, your provider may admit you to the hospital, where you will receive drugs to induce labor or a cesarean section.
	www.umm.edu /altmed/ConsConditions/Preeclampsiacc.html (951 words)

	Pre-eclampsia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Initial maternal rejection of the placental cytotrophoblasts may be the cause of the inadequately remodeled spiral arteries in those cases of preeclampsia associated with shallow implantation, leading to downstream hypoxia and the appearance of maternal symptoms in response to upregulated sFlt-1 and sEng.
		These findings have given rise to the hypothesis that preeclampsia is a disease process by which a placental lesion such as hypoxia allows increased fetal material into maternal circulation that leads to an inflammatory response and endothelial damage ultimately resulting in preeclampsia and eclampsia..
		In some cases women with preeclampsia or eclampsia can be stabilized temporarily with magnesium sulfate intravenously to forestall seizures while steroid injections are administered to promote fetal lung maturation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Preeclampsia (2201 words)

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