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Topic: Preference voting

	Preferential voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Preferential voting is a synonym for instant-runoff voting, especially in Australia, where such ballots are actually in use in elections.
		Ballot design or voting machine instructions are particularly important in such systems, as each voter is expected to express a rather complex set of tolerances or preferences in each vote.
		Touch screen: A slightly different category of voting is a computer Touch screen could also be used, asking voters their first, second, etc preferences, and showing the selections so far and remaining choices, allowing selections to be removed if the voter makes a mistake or changes her mind during voting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Preference_voting (637 words)

	Voting system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A voting system is a process that allows a group of people to express their tolerances or preferences about a number of options, and then selects one or more of those options, typically in a way meant to satisfy many of the voters.
		Voting is best known for its use in elections and is often seen as the defining feature of democracy, where the options are candidates for public office, and the preferences of the citizens determine who gets to hold those offices.
		Votes are transferred between candidates in a manner similar to instant runoff voting, but in addition to transferring votes from candidates who are eliminated, votes are also transferred from candidates who already have a quota.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Voting_system (3596 words)

	const_preferential1
		One small disadvantage of preferential voting is the risk of voters inadvertently casting an informal vote by omitting or duplicating a number, especially where the number of candidates is large.
		If, after all first preference votes have been counted, no nominee has obtained an absolute majority of all formal votes, then the candidate with the fewest number of first preference votes is excluded (first preference votes are the number 1s).
		Then, the piles of ballot papers containing a first preference for the first elected candidate are redistributed to the remaining candidates according to the second preference vote on each of them.
	www.geocities.com /pacific_future/const_preferential1.html (1500 words)

	Preference Voting vs. Cumulative Voting
		Preference voting would create a clear incentive for at least some white candidates to actively court fl voters in order to pick up transfer votes in Chilton County, while white voters would take a closer look at fl candidates.
		With preference voting, candidates will still need to differentiate themselves from the other candidate to gain support, but they cannot be too negative if they want to gain the second preferences of these voters.
		Preference voting was adopted by referendum in two dozen U.S. cities earlier this century.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/articles/rich.htm (1288 words)

	Vote Aggregation Methods
		Voting systems that elect multiple representatives may be evaluated in terms of the correspondence between the number of representatives elected from each party and the support for each party in the electorate.
		Plurality voting is classified at the first level of Nurmi's preference misrepresentation hierarchy and is generally considered to be one of the easiest voting systems to manipulate [78].
		However, approval voting has a higher Condorcet efficiency than plurality voting, selecting the Condorcet winner in all cases where it is selected by plurality voting as well as in other cases where it it may not be selected by plurality voting [17].
	lorrie.cranor.org /pubs/diss/node4.html (8348 words)

	Preference Voting
		However, they are restricted to casting only a single vote in any given contest, without their vote designating any intensity or order of preference among the candidates.
		In addition, challenges to the at-large election of state and local trial court judges have promoted consideration of multi-seat election options that are nondilutive but keep judges electorally accountable to all of the voters residing within the primary geographical jurisdiction of their court.
		PV satisfies the basic "one-person, one-vote" requirement in that every voter enters the voting booth with the same number of votes (one) and the same option to rank as many candidates as they desire.
	www.fairvote.org /reports/1993/engstrom.html (1096 words)

	Southern Regional Council - Voting Rights HelpNet - Articles - More on Alternative Voting Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		With cumulative voting, this threshold is equal to 1/(# seats + 1), which is 20 percent in a four-seat race and 10 percent in a nine-seat race.
		Preference voting (also called "single transferable vote" and "proportional representation") is a form of limited voting in which voters have one vote, but can maximize the strength of this vote by ranking candidates in order of preference.
		Preference voting is used for national elections in Ireland and Australia, for school board elections in New York City, and local elections in Cambridge, Mass., where fl residents have been represented on the city council since the 1950s.
	www.southerncouncil.org /helpnet/articles/alternative2.html (794 words)

	[10-06-96] Rob Richie and Steven Hill, Ending Winner-Take-All -- S.F. Initiative Offers Minority Constituencies Real ...
		A growing number of cities are looking at preference voting (a form of proportional representation) as a way to resolve a crisis of representation among their highly fragmented citizenry.
		Preference voting ensures that as many voters as possible will elect someone; most will elect one of their top three choices.
		If preference voting is successfully implemented in a city with more voters than seven states, San Francisco could become the model for urban reformers grappling with how to give diverse communities access to the making of public policy.
	www.pacificnews.org /jinn/stories/2.21/961006-preference.html (740 words)

	Electoral Council of Australia - Electoral Systems- Preferential Voting Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In some electoral systems which use full preferential voting, the voter can leave one box empty if the voter's intention with regard to the other preferences is clear.
		The number "1" preference must be shown and other preferences may be indicated, eg: voting for the NSW Legislative Assembly.
		Formal votes received by each candidate are counted according to where the voter placed number ”1” for each candidate.
	www.eca.gov.au /systems/single/by_category/preferential.htm (527 words)

	ACCEPTANCE OF AGGRESSION AND AUSTRALIAN VOTING PREFERENCE
		These authors had asserted that right-wing party preference was an outcome of various forms of psychological maladjustment stemming from early childhood and, in the first chapter of their book they identified extreme right-wing ideology as a "disease" (sic) which had to be "cured" (sic) by hook or by crook.
		Voting preference in this study was scored as in Ray (1971 (a)), i.e., D.L.P. (4), No. Pref.
		The correlation between conservatism of voting and scores on the new scale was statistically significant at.277.
	jonjayray.batcave.net /acag.html (3009 words)

	California Legislation Would Enable Preference Voting in Local Elections - Mar 29, 2005
		"Preference voting" includes two similar ranked voting systems, one used for single-winner elections (such as mayor or district elections for city council) and another for multi-winner elections (such as at-large races for city council or county supervisor).
		SB 596 establishes the rules to allow all California cities, counties, school districts and special districts to hold preference voting elections, both for elections where a single winner (district elections) and multi-winners (at-large elections) are selected.
		Cambridge, Massachusetts, uses choice voting for its city elections, cities in Michigan and Vermont have approved the use of IRV, while Ireland uses IRV to elect its president, Australia uses IRV to elect its House of Representatives and STV to elect its Senate, and London uses IRV to select its mayor.
	www.govtech.net /news/news.php?id=93516 (689 words)

	Voting Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the vote, participants are asked to express their preferences on the various options listed, giving (in a 5-option ballot) a 1st preference to their most preferred option, a 2nd preference to their next favourite, a 3rd preference to their third choice, and so on, as they wish.
		The matrix vote is also a quota points system of voting, but while QBS is a linear ballot, the matrix vote has a tabular format.
		In the vote, each mp considers whom he/she wishes to serve, and in what order of preference; then he/she decides in which ministerial post each should serve; and finally, he/she casts his vote, putting one name in each row, and one in each column.
	www.deborda.org /votingsys.shtml (1617 words)

	Approval voting
		Hardee's clearly wins (4 votes out of 5), and also accurately reflects the group's preference that McDonald's is one of the two least popular (yet in the other count, it had a 50% chance of winning!).
		ABSTAINING: In the example MWH the group is at the mercy of B and C (voting randomly, or abstaining as a refusal to vote randomly).
		Approval voting allows eight possible opinions with three candidates; 16 with four; 32 with five; 64 with six; etc. There are 2^N possibilities, where N is the number of candidates.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~bpl/approval-vote.htm (3395 words)

	Glossary
		A system of voting in which the voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, and the vote is counted in a manner giving proportional results in a multi-winner contest.
		A semi-proportional system of voting in which each voter has as many votes as there are seats to fill, but each voter may give all of his/her votes to one candidates, or split them up as s/he desires.
		In older forms of Choice Voting, when a candidate was elected, and had surplus votes, some method had to be chosen to determine which ballots would be transferred and which would stay with the candidate.
	www.cfer.org /learn/gloss.html (2564 words)

	Durham Electronic Voting - How to vote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If your 6th preference gets counted, it means that all four of candidates you would like to do the job have been eliminated, and there is not enough support for re-opening nominations, so one of Bob or Ed must get it.
		If they have so few votes that they don't stand a chance of being elected, then your vote will be moved to your second-preference candidate who might stand a better chance, and so on.
		Votes recorded in the system can be printed out for counting by hand, or input directly into a vote counting program (Beremiz), or counted directly by the DEVote system.
	vote.dsu.org.uk /instruct.php (1370 words)

	Introduction
		The Vermont Commission to Preference Voting stated that "the fundamental problem with plurality election rules is that they allow a candidate that is the least preferred choice of a majority of the voters to be declared the winter"(Vermont Commission to Study Preference Voting, 1999).
		To utilize IRV voting, the ballots would be set up so that people would vote for their candidates in the order which they would prefer them to be elected, allowing them to not only show the candidate they would prefer to win, but the candidate they would want least to win as well.
		Additionally, it should be noted that according to the Vermont Commission to Study Preference Voting there would be no need to amend the Vermont Constitution in order for the state to adopt IRV since an IRV system is not precluded as a means to determine a majority vote.
	www.uvm.edu /~vlrs/doc/pluralityvoting.htm (933 words)

	California Legislation Would Enable Preference Voting in Local Elections - March 2005
		The concept involved in each system is the same: Voters rank their choices for each office in numerical order instead of just selecting one candidate, and those rankings are used to determine the winner or winners of the election.
		"Preference voting should entice candidates to really try and appeal to a wider audience and it should re-energize voters because even if their first choice isn't elected, they'll still have the opportunity to help elect their second or third choice."
		"Preference voting lets people more fully express their views on candidates, instead of requiring them to single out just one person.
	www.govtech.net /magazine/story.php?id=93516 (716 words)

	Preference Voting vs. Cumulative Voting
		In recent years, proportional representation voting systems have moved from being an interesting political theory to viable political options for American elections.
		Cumulative voting is not a semi-proportional system because of a higher winning threshold.
		Rob Richie is national director of The Center for Voting and Democracy.
	www.fairvote.org /reports/1995/chp4/richie3.html (1265 words)

	S/R 10: The Case for Majority Preference Voting
		Although not as fair as proportional representation, majority preference voting (also called the "alternative vote") is a sensible reform for single seat elections like the presidency and gubernatorial elections.
		Under the current plurality system (most votes wins), which was created to use with a two-party system, the irony is that the more candidates who enter the general election field, the more incentive there is for other candidates to run.
		Majority preference voting, with its transferable ballot, has many attributes to recommend it for electing mayors, governors, presidents, etc. It is fair to all political sides, and prevents majorities from splitting their vote.
	www.greens.org /s-r/10/10-19.html (1446 words)

	Voting Methods DOS Program
		The number of votes for this ordering of the candidates (a ballot) is asked before entering the actual ballot, if multiple votes for that ballot occur.
		The first analysis we can then do is to make a plurality count table, with the rows labeled by preference choice as in the preference schedule, and the columns by the candidates, with the entries giving the vote talley for each preference rank (first choice, second choice, etc).
		All votes in the preference schedule are weighted by (N-m) points, where N is the number of choices, and m is the choice rank (i.e., last place gets 1 pt, next to last 2pts, and so on until first place gets N pts).
	www.csc.villanova.edu /math/archives/mat1220/examples/voteprgm.html (1715 words)

	What is proportional representation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although only two of the first 26 attempts to repeal preference voting were successful in cities around the country, formerly dominant political forces outlasted reformers and were successful in repealing PR nearly everywhere.
		A majority of votes is a lot of votes to win, and a candidate has to plaster her or his name and face over every billboard, bumper sticker and TV ad.
		Voting rights experts like Lani Guinier, Ed Still, Gerald Hebert, Pamela Karlan and Richard Engstrom have proposed various forms of PR as a race-neutral method to give racial as well as political minorities and women a fair chance to elect representatives in competitive elections.
	www.worldpolicy.org /globalrights/democracy/abcs.html (2259 words)

	Golden Gater Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We would adopt a form of voting called "preference voting" which is used in most democracies around the world.
		Most voting rights experts agree that preference voting is a more representative system that achieves roughly proportional representation for all political and ethnic groups.
		All preference voting requires of the voter is that he or she rank candidates in order of preference.
	www.journalism.sfsu.edu /www/pubs/gater/fall96/oct31/10.html (532 words)

	Golden Gater Online
		The amendment was designed to give more candidates a better opportunity to be elected, according to the authors of Proposition H. Preference voting establishes an election line, a fixed number of votes, that a candidate would need to be elected.
		He said it is an alternative to affirmative gerrymandering, the re-drawing of district voting lines in order to give minorities a better opportunity of being elected, which he predicted the Supreme Court will strike down soon.
		She was standing far away because a man, who said he used to be an election official, told her that she had to be 100-feet from the polls.
	www.journalism.sfsu.edu /www/pubs/gater/fall96/nov7/04.html (818 words)

	YES ON H (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preference voting is a success around the world
		Preference Voting is the best choice for San Francisco's future
		Center for Voting and Democracy, or Douglas Amy's PR Library.
	www.cfer.org /campaign/measH (121 words)

	deborda blog: Preference voting & Belfast City Council
		The de Borda Institute recently gave a demonstration of electronic multi-option preference voting to the Policy and Resources Committee of Belfast City Council.
		On such occasions, the Norwegian parliament uses two-round voting, the Swedish chamber opts for serial voting; and many countries use a form of plurality voting in referendums.
		The Green Party has suggested this methodology in the Dáil, while two years ago, Lord Meghnad Desai advocated this "rankings" procedure when Westminster was debating the question of reforming the House of Lords, with five options on their agenda.
	www.deborda.org /blog/archives/000007.html (218 words)

	Preference Voting Tabulation Perl Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For those who are vote tabulation techies there are many customization options.
		request user help and discuss vote tabulation and project file release and announcement.
		The Graphical Voting Interface (GVI) Tcl/Tk script can be used to conduct the vote.
	condorcet-dd.sourceforge.net (155 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		1: Prepare for 2nd round of group reports on Preference Voting.
		This exam will cover the material on Preferential Voting (like Quiz 1), basic usage of Spreadsheets (for example, formulas and cell referencing), and Chapter 4 material on Numbers and Numeration Systems.
		For Chapter 4 review, look at the file called "Checkup for Chapter 4" on this Web Page.
	www.math.wisc.edu /~strangma/141assign.txt (440 words)

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