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Topic: Preferential trading area

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	[No title]
		When the trade barriers are eliminated among PTA members, differences in comparative costs will lead \par to shifts in trade, production and investment patterns, according to the law of comparative advantage, that favour the \par lower cost producers and improve economic efficiency within the PTA.
		One assumes that because the \par PTA is normally a voluntary act on the part of two countries, that there is the potential for the welfare of both \par countries to increase.
		However, it is possible for a PTA to reduce the welfare of non-member countries through trade \par diversion effects, and for these effects to be so large that they overwhelm the positive impacts on the member \par countries.
	www.uky.edu /~wallyf/news/nafta.doc (1901 words)

	Preferential trading area - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Preferential Trade Area is a trading bloc which gives preferential access to certain products from certain countries.
		This is done by reducing tariffs, but does not abolish them completely.
		An example of a preferential trading area is one formed by the EU and the ACP countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Preferential_Trade_Arrangement (102 words)

	Chapter 9 Summary
		In a preferential trading arrangement, participants agree to reduce or eliminate barriers to the movement of goods between member countries but retain trade barriers against nonmember countries.
		A free trade area is a preferential trading arrangement in which each member reserves the right to decide what trade policy it will have regarding nonmember countries.
		Preferential agreements are more likely to be welfare promoting if they lead to an increase in the overall volume of trade and cause high cost producers in some member countries to be displaced by lower cost producers from other member countries.
	www.cba.nau.edu /eastwood-j/eco486/sumch9.htm (901 words)

	WTO \| Trade policy review - Malaysia 1997
		Trade and trade-related policy instruments are major features of the Malaysian Government's active industrial policy, implemented in close collaboration with the business sector.
		Trade and trade-related measures, individually or in combination, tend to affect industries and even firms in the same industry differently, producing "winners" (the net beneficiaries) and relative "losers" (industries or firms that cannot benefit from such measures or are adversely affected by them).
		Its trade and economic policies are shaped to facilitate the economy to integrate into the vagaries of the global economy and partake in the opportunities resulting from it.
	www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp67_e.htm (8604 words)

	Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System: Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Trade Representative William Brock encountered European resistance to American proposals at a GATT ministerial conference in Geneva for a new round of multilateral negotiations.
		The distinction between trade creation and trade diversion is crucial to the classic theory of the welfare effects of customs unions, while also applicable to other kinds of preferential trade arrangements.
		We will use the term trade creation to describe an increase in trade between members of a PTA that occurs as the result of the preferences and trade diversion to refer to the decrease in trade between members and nonmembers that occurs as the result of the preferences.
	web.nps.navy.mil /~relooney/3040_535.htm (5764 words)

	[No title]
		Often viewed as a preferential trading agreement, the ASEAN actually began as a cultural organisation and, until as late as 1997, had no economic component.
		Trade diversion would be minimal if, for most products, the world's most efficient suppliers were located within the region.
		But that is principally due to high barriers to trade in general rather than a lack of trade preferences.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /econ/panagariya/apecon/ET/et-005-July29-98.htm (640 words)

	Open Regionalism and Deeper Integration: The Implementation of ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) and ASEAN Free Trade Area ...
		The Agreement provided that ASEAN members are to extend trade preferences to each other in accordance with the provisions of the agreement and the rules, regulations and decisions agreed within its framework.
		PTA is not aimed at creating custom union or free trade area within the meaning of Art.
		XXIV of GATT but rather to create a preferential trading area based on the exception of MFN obligation under the "enabling clause" agreed to by the Contracting Parties at the Tokyo Round of the GATT to allow developing countries to enjoy preferences extended to each other.
	www.thailawforum.com /articles/lawanasean4.html (894 words)

	ASEAN in a regional perspective
		Trade among the members is thought to be very low.
		This characterization of East Asian trading patterns is not entirely correct.
		To the extent that this regional concentration of trade is attributed to formal or informal regional trading arrangements, they appear to be trade-creating, not trade-diverting.
	ideas.repec.org /p/fip/fedfpb/96-02.html (472 words)

	I. THE AFRICAN ECONOMY IN 1994 - AN OVERVIEW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		That means that economic performance in the region continues to lose ground in the 1990s, in both absolute and relative terms: GDP increased at an average annual rate of nearly 1.4 per cent over the period 1990-1994, and income per head fell at 1.6 per cent.
		In 1994, economic growth is set at 1.4 per cent in the subregion as a result of drought conditions in the Horn of Africa, the constraints of rehabilitation and reconstruction in Mozambique, and renewed drought in Malawi.
		In the area of African economic integration and cooperation, the most significant event in 1994 was the coming into effect of the Abuja Treaty for the establishment of the African Economic Community (AEC).
	www.africa.upenn.edu /ECA/AfEc1.html (5589 words)

	"Asian Economic Cooperation in the New Millennium: China's Economic Presence" - ADB.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Analysis is needed to assess the effects of alternative arrangements for trade integration on regional and global trade patterns, and to improve our understanding of the implications of trade integration on growth patterns across sectors.
		Three typical Asian RTAs that extend reciprocal preferential treatment are the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG), and the South Asia Preferential Trading Area (SAPTA).
		Membership will provide greater momentum to trade reform and provide policymakers a clear mandate to see reforms through in the face of the inevitable resistance that will be encountered from entrenched domestic interests.
	www.adb.org /printer-friendly.asp?fn=/Documents/Speeches/2002/ms2002060.asp&news=none (2487 words)

	Approaches to Services Liberalization by Developing Countries - E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		These represent the liberalizing, market-opening and/or trade facilitating actions that APEC economies have taken or intend to take in all of the specified areas of trade and investment during the recent period.
		However, although trade liberalization with respect to the eight other product sectors has been specified to mean the elimination of all import duties, what is meant by the liberalization of environmental services is less evident and is still under discussion.
		This area has been signaled as a medium-term priority and should figure as one of the most prominent subjects of debate in the APEC agenda over the next few years.
	www.sice.oas.org /TUNIT/studies/srv_lib/SRV5e.asp (3788 words)

	International Economics Glossary: F
		The trade pattern of a country or the world, focusing on factor content of the goods and services that are traded, as opposed to the commodity pattern of trade.
		One of the major theoretical results of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model with at least as many goods as factors, showing that free and frictionless trade will cause FPE between two countries if they have identical, linearly homogeneous technologies and their factor endowments are sufficiently similar to be in the same diversification cone.
		A preferential trading arrangement being negotiated among most of the countries (all but Cuba) of the western hemisphere.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~alandear/glossary/f.html (2666 words)

	FRUS, 1961-63, Vol. IX: Foreign Economic Policy: Section 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The trade agreements legislation provides that the Tariff Commission shall conduct an investigation of the products on the public list and with respect to each item, report to the President, for his information, the level below which individual duties could not be reduced without causing or threatening serious injury to domestic industry.
		The trade agreements program has always rested on two quite distinct bases: on the need for buttressing our international political and security aims with suitable economic meas-ures; and on the grounds of increasing this country's economic well-being through international trade.
		Moreover, it is expected that the proposals with respect to trade agreements legislation will constitute only a part, albeit the most important, of a broader set of policies in the field of trade some of which may require legislative action independent of the trade agreements legislation.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/frus/frus61-63ix/11_Section_11.html (16605 words)

	Glossary of International Trade Terms
		The CEAO operates as a free trade area for agricultural products and raw materials and as a preferential trading area for approved industrial products, with a regional cooperation tax (TCR) replacing import duties and encouraging trade among members.
		World Trade Organization - Provisions to establish the WTO were reached in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
		The Organization is expected to facilitate implementation of trade agreements reached in the Uruguay Round by bringing them under one institutional umbrella, requiring full participation of all countries in one new trading system, and providing a permanent forum to discuss new issues facing the international trading system.
	www.tradeport.org /library/w.html (1640 words)

	Society & Politics archives at Future Brief
		Massive US trade deficits with China have become a growing concern for the administration of President George W Bush and the US Congress.
		In 2005, the US trade deficit with China ballooned to more than US$200 billion, or 27% of the total US trade deficit.
		Trade between the two countries in 2005 hit a new record of US$9.5 billion, compared with $7.5 billion in 2004." Learn more in the Asia Times.
	www.futurebrief.com /society.asp (8229 words)

	Morocco - Economic analysis of government's policies, investment climate and political risk.
		Per capita supplies and water quality are declining, rural areas are poorly served with water, and there are substantial losses in both irrigation (which currently accounts for 85 percent of water use) and drinking water systems in urban areas.
		There are great efforts done by the moroccon government to control the area because it affect the economy and give a bad image of the country.
		The population of Morocco is about 31 million, and the size of the country is 446,550 sq km exluding the land in the western sahara(about 250,000sq km) which morocco is still debating as part of the moroccan lands.
	www.mkeever.com /morocco.html (7290 words)

	Glossary and Acronyms for International Business, Import Export - VWXYZ
		An understanding between trading partners in which the exporting nation, in order to reduce trade friction, agrees to limit its exports of a particular good.
		WTDR is an International Trade Administration fee-based service which provides a confidential background report on a specific foreign firm, prepared by commercial officers overseas.
		Provisions to establish the WTO were reached in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
	www.rmauduit.com /glossary-v.html (4675 words)

	Offshore Lexicon Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Harmful or preferential tax regimes - The UN and the OECD (see this Lexicon) have taken the controversial position that...
		Preferential tax regimes - These are nations whose international financial center and laws are...
		Trade Program - A term for the participation in...
	www.global.bs /lexicon.html (5302 words)

	Business News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		South Asia is poised for a big push and becoming centre of a new growth dynamic in the field of trade and investment as some landmark initiatives, now in progress, are taking the region to result oriented collaboration in the coming days.
		There is an apprehension that the free trade bloc among the SAARC member states may miss the launching date line for January 1, 2006 as decided in the earlier summit in Islamabad in January 2004, they added.
		The new bloc is set to create a preferential trading area in the Asia-Pacific region for the participants.
	independent-bangladesh.com /news/nov/03/03112005bs.htm (5197 words)

	SAARC: UNIQUE FEATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		NAFTA (North American Federation of Free Trading Area: a consortium of USA, Canada and Mexico) were set up and registered great strides.
		SAPTA (South Asian Preferential Trading Area) has been in operation and SAFTA (South Asia Free Trading Area) will start operating in 2001.
		It is the largest English speaking area of the world.
	www.pakistaneconomist.com /issue1999/issue28/etc3.htm (642 words)

	24_5
		The Protocol on Preferential Tariffs was signed by the then three ECO members in May, 1991.
		trade facilitation measures are important steps towards promoting regional trade.
		Trade among the former Soviet republics is poorly monitored and the ultimate destination often
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/usazerb/245.htm (3030 words)

	Dictionary Definitions
		The CEAO operates as a free trade area for agricultural products and raw materials and as a preferential trading area for approved industrial products, with a regional cooperation tax (TCR) replacing import duties and encouraging trade among member states.
		In order to ensure that benefits of the regional grouping flow to all members, especially the least developed ones (Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Burkina Faso), the CEAO has established a fund to provide financial services and guarantees to development lenders in both public and private sectors for projects in member states.
		Each world trade club provides different services and activities, but many provide: information services including data bases and libraries, educational services including seminars and regularly scheduled classes, meeting space, club atmosphere, dining, exhibit facilities, and trade missions.
	www.fredoniainc.com /glossary/bodyw.html (2195 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		If Mexico imported $25 million of Animal and Vegetable Oils from the United States and exported $125 million of Animal and Vegetable Oils to the United States, the intra-industry trade index for Mexico and the United States in Animal and Vegetable Oils would be a).5.
		a) preferential trading agreement, common market, customs union, free trade area b) free trade area, preferential trading agreement, customs union, common market c) customs union, common market, economic union, free trade area d) preferential trading agreement, customs union, common market, economic union 6.
		Suppose further that Denmark, who exports milk, has an export supply function of X = p + 1, and that Thailand has an import demand function of M = 16 — 2p.
	www.macalester.edu /courses/econ221/c221f03e2.doc (905 words)

	03-11-2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		But report after report indicates that not only are the vehicles used by the Iraqis deficient in armour plating but that most Iraqis do not have body armour, the absence of which makes them far more vulnerable than their better equipped American counterparts to the roadside bombs and the assaults on check-posts.
		The story in Afghanistan is not as dismal as in Iraq but, as has been said for years and is being said with increasing force now, it would have been far better had Iraq not led to the diversion of attention from Afghanistan.
		The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) was signed in Beijing on Wednesday rearranging the existing Bangkok Agreement to facilitate closer business ties and investment among member states.
	www.thebangladeshtoday.com /archive/November/03-11-2005.htm (9073 words)

	notes2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Trade deficit leaped in 1983-84 and peaked in 1987, the unemployment rate plummeted from 9.6% in1983 to 5.5% in 1988.
		When trade deficit shrunk in 1989-91, unemployment rose from 5.3% to 6.7% and when trade deficit grew in 1992-94, employment dropped from 7.4% to 6.1%.
		Trade diversion occurs when RTA members shift their imports from more efficient, nonmember producers to less efficient partner countries.
	www.columbia.edu /~pat6/b8514/notes2.html (17487 words)

	Economic integration - Definition of word from Investor Dictionary - Define meaning of Economic integration
		Economic integration is term used to describe how different aspects between economies are integrated.
		As economic integration increases, the barriers of trade between markets diminishes.
		The most integrated economy today, between independent nations, is the European Union and its euro zone.
	www.investordictionary.com /definition/economic+integration.aspx (184 words)

	Ross Mayfield's Weblog: June 2005
		Invest in developing clusters of capability by supporting entrepreneurs and investors in new areas of competency.
		In line with EU intent, open immigration so the best people who want to work with Skype and others can more freely (in Silicon Valley 70% of CEOs are first generation immigrants).
		But, if IM is the thing that is delivering mission critical info to a trading desk all of the sudden, then they start to support it and have new requirements.
	ross.typepad.com /blog/2005/06/index.html (11333 words)

	PS290-Introduction to International Relations-Charles Lipson
		Mark R. Brawley, Power, Money, and Trade: Decisions that Shape Global Economic Relations (Peterborough, ON, Canada: Broadview, 2005), pp.
		Dani Rodrik, "Trading in Illusions," in Art and Jervis, International Politics, pp.
		John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, "Why the Globalization Backlash Is Stupid," in Art and Jervis, International Politics, pp.
	www.charleslipson.com /courses/Ps290-IntroIR-Syllabus.htm (1913 words)

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