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Topic: Preferential voting

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	Preferential voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With a preferential voting system supporters of minor candidates or parties are not disenfranchised as would otherwise be the case under alternatve systems as their votes are redistributed to a candidate or party of their choice.
		Preferential voting is a prefered alternative to the Two-round run-off voting systems as only a single ballot election is needed to elect a candidate who is required to secure 50% or more of voters support.
		The adoption of a preferential voting system limits the extent in which candidates stand for election as spoilers in an attempt to remove votes that would otherwise be allocated to a particular candidate or party.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Preferential_voting (1021 words)

	Instant-runoff voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is known as instant-runoff voting in the United States primarily because of its resemblance to runoff voting, which is also used in that country.
		The contingent vote is the same as IRV except that all but the two candidates with most votes are eliminated after the first round; the count therefore has only two rounds.
		Where preferential voting is used for the election of an assembly or council, parties and candidates often advise their supporters on how to use their lower preferences.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instant-runoff_voting (4369 words)

	Optional Preferential Voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Optional Preferential Voting is a system of vote-casting used in the state of Queensland in the Commonwealth of Australia.
		Most Australian elections are run under strict rules of preferential voting, where all candidates must be numbered in order of the preference of the voter, or the vote will not be counted.
		This has been the cause of some concern due to the use of the 'Just vote 1' system by Queenslanders in federal elections, where there is no optional preferential voting, and led to many votes (likely to be ALP votes due to their limited affiliation with minor parties) not being counted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optional_Preferential_Voting (385 words)

	Voting in Victoria - Parliament of Victoria
		This is a method of voting in which voters' ballot papers are completed in secrecy and then placed in a locked box until the close of the poll.
		Compulsory voting was adopted in Victoria for Legislative Assembly elections in 1926 and for Legislative Council elections in 1935.
		This is a procedure in which the votes of the least favoured candidate are allocated to the more popular candidates on the basis of each voter's preferences (see diagram [22k]).
	www.parliament.vic.gov.au /vote.html (1316 words)

	Electoral Council of Australia - Electoral Systems- Preferential Voting Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Australia, preferential voting systems are majority systems where candidates must receive an absolute majority, 50% plus 1 of the total formal votes cast to be elected.
		In some electoral systems which use full preferential voting, the voter can leave one box empty if the voter's intention with regard to the other preferences is clear.
		Formal votes received by each candidate are counted according to where the voter placed number ”1” for each candidate.
	www.eca.gov.au /systems/single/by_category/preferential.htm (527 words)

	ALTERNATIVE VOTING SYSTEMS
		They are plurality voting (the candidate with the most votes wins) and plurality voting with a runoff (the two candidates with the most votes are paired against each other in a second, or runoff, election; the candidate with the most votes in the runoff election wins).
		A rational voter will vote for a second choice if his or her first choice appears to be a long shot--as indicated, for example, by the polls--but the voter's calculus and its effects on outcomes is not yet well understood for either approval voting or the other procedures discussed herein (Nurmi, l987; Merrill, l988).
		Although cumulative voting offers a means for parties to guarantee their approximate proportional representation, it requires good predictive abilities and considerable organizational efforts on the part of parties to ensure that their supporters concentrate their voters in the proper manner.
	bcn.boulder.co.us /government/approvalvote/altvote.html (6123 words)

	FairVote - Australia
		Under preferential voting, electors are asked not just to chose their favourite candidate, but also who their second choice would be if their favoured candidate were to lose, who their third hoice would be if neither of the first two won, and so on.
		The adoption of preferential voting for sub-national elections in Bosnia, where international interest saw a great deal of focus on different models of electoral systems, is another example of the diffusion of international options and norms leading to the choice of preferential voting as a means of conflict management.
		The foremost proponent of reintroducing preferential voting in PNG was the late Sir Anthony Siaguru (2001), a former Cabinet Minister, and domestic politics, particularly the reform agenda of former Prime Minister Mekere Morauta, were the decisive forces behind the electoral reforms (see Reilly 2002b).
	www.fairvote.org /?page=1476&articlemode=showspecific&showarticle=38 (6486 words)

	An Aussie in America - Preferential Voting
		On the contrary, casting a vote in Australia is a straightforward matter of ranking all the candidates.
		Otherwise the candidate with the lowest number of votes is eliminated, and their votes are distributed according to the second preference, and so on, until someone pips the post with 50%.
		Votes in excess of the quota are distributed to the other candidates according to second preferences and so on, until all the positions are filled.
	www.aussieinamerica.com /differences/preference.htm (2821 words)

	Electoral Council of Australia - Electoral Systems- Voting Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Full preferential — the elector must show a preference for all candidates listed for the ballot paper to be formal.
		Partial preferential — the elector must show a minimum number of preferences for candidates — usually equal to the number to be elected.
		Optional preferential — the elector need only indicate a preference for the candidate of his/her first choice and the allocation of any further preference is optional.
	www.eca.gov.au /systems/australia/by_category/voting_definitions.htm (561 words)

	Testimony in support of preferential voting in local elections
		A vote should reflect a voter's true preference, yet our current system leaves many voters feeling trapped into voting for the lesser of two evils, fretting about casting a "wasted" vote or venting anger toward "spoiler" candidates.
		Currently, candidates can be elected with less than 50 percent of the vote, leaving doubt as to whether they have a mandate for their policies.
		Preferential voting has great potential to reinvigorate democracy, reduce voter cynicism and thereby boost sagging voter confidence in elections.
	www.wisdc.org /ab689testimony2005.php (654 words)

	Federal Election 2004. How Senate Voting Works. Antony Green's Election Guide. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
		Overseas this form of voting is called the 'single transferable vote', but in Australia is probably better termed a 'quota preferential' system, as candidate are elected after achieving a quota of votes, but preferences play an important roll in how quotas are filled.
		Whenever a candidate has a total of votes equal to or in excess of a quota, they are declared elected and their surplus to quota votes distributed.
		Enough votes remained over to elect the second candidate on both tickets at counts four and five, The party standings at the end of count five are shown in the next table.
	www.abc.net.au /elections/federal/2004/guide/senatevotingsystem.htm (3035 words)

	Preferential Voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The system of preferential voting is relatively exclusive to the Australian political system.
		Preferential voting is employed in elections for the House of Representatives and all State lower houses in Australia, apart from the Tasmanian House of Assembly and the A.C.T. Legislative Assembly.
		Following the full allocation of preferences, it is possible to derive a "two-party-preferred" figure, where the votes are divided between the two main candidates in the election.
	www.australianpolitics.com /voting/systems/preferential.shtml (483 words)

	VEC: Full preferential voting and proportional representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When a candidate receives more votes than the quota, the candidate's surplus votes are transferred to the remaining candidates according to the preferences on them.
		Because it is not possible to tell which votes elected the candidate and which are surplus, all the candidate's votes are transferred, but at a value less than 1.
		The value of the transferred votes is worked out by dividing the surplus by the total number of ballot papers for the candidate.
	www.vec.vic.gov.au /votingsystemsmore.html (406 words)

	VOTE-123
		Preferential Voting is a way of making sure that every person can have a vote in the decisive contest between the final two strongest candidates.
		Preferential voting would give the little guys a better chance because you can vote based on the message, not who's winning the crooked horse-race.
		Last-place candidates are eliminated and their votes are recounted, using backup votes, for remaining candidates, until someone has a majority.
	www.braindoll.net /vote (13050 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Preferential voting makes for kinder race
		If in any round, one candidate gets 60 percent of the delegate vote, then he or she is the party's nominee, avoiding a primary.
		In the final round of voting, then, the third-place person will be dropped off and the top two vote-getters will go to the June 22 primary.
		So, in a preferential voting convention you talk about yourself, how you can thump that Democrat in the final election, and so on.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/1,1249,595056396,00.html (817 words)

	UA Election Commission \| All About Voting
		If the voting website says that you aren't eligible to vote, but you meet the above requirements, please email us with your name, year, and living group, and we'll see what can be done.
		Therefore, preferential voting only matters if the person you place first comes out last in any round - then your vote switches to a vote for your second place choice, and so on.
		Any vote for a candidate, no matter what rank, is still a vote for him or her, and can only help his/her chances of winning.
	web.mit.edu /ua/elections/pref.html (556 words)

	Queenslanders Embracing Optional Preferential Voting
		Optional Preferential, unlike the compulsory preferential system used in other States and in the House of Representatives, allows voters to cast as many or as few preferences as they wish.
		Optional preferential voting was introduced in Queensland by the Goss Labor government and used in the 1992, 1995, 1998 and 2001 State elections.
		This is the text of a media release issued by the Premier of Queensland, Peter Beattie, about the use of optional preferential voting.
	www.australianpolitics.com /news/2002/04/02-04-24a.shtml (351 words)

	Preferential Voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Voting with 1 against your most preferred candidate, 2 against the next and so on, instead of just an X, or punching a single chad, or whatever.
		Rather than totally wasting your vote you have a second preference, Y, which has a much better chance against your hated non-preference Z. There is a slim chance that X will get in, so you vote for him first.
		Vote switching tends to only be partial though - possibly resulting in a victory for A despite knowledge of the system.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?PreferentialVoting (264 words)

	preferential voting methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preferential voting methods are those voting methods that make use of a preference schedule.
		We will explore 4 preferential voting methods in this course.
		Nonpreferential voting methods are those that do not make use of a preference schedule.
	www.ctl.ua.edu /math103/Voting/preferen.htm (49 words)

	VEC: Victorian voting systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		With five candidates to be elected for a Legislative Council (Upper House) region, the quota is 1/6 of the votes plus 1.
		These votes can either be first-preference votes for the candidate, or preferences transferred from other candidates.
		Voters’ preferences are vital in deciding the result of the election, so it is worthwhile checking the "voting tickets" if you want to vote above the line, or thinking about where to put your preferences if you want to vote below the line.
	www.vec.vic.gov.au /votingsystems.html (692 words)

	Preferential Voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Faculty Senate Operating Paper (II.B.2.c.) specifies: "If there are at most two nominees for an office, election shall be by majority vote of the members present and voting.
		In elections requiring a preferential voting system, the Faculty Senate has approved the Borda Count method of preferential voting, with the following instructions to be given to voters before the vote is taken:
		In the case of a tie, subsequent ballots between the candidates receiving the highest number of votes shall be conducted and decided by a plurality of the vote.
	www.siu.edu /~facsenat/opappx1.html (218 words)

	Australian Politics Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Over the course of the campaign there is about a 4 percentage point swing to the Coalition in first preference vote share (and a smaller swing in 2PP terms), that begins prior to the formal announcement of the election, but is complete shortly after the leader debates.
		There are few “conscience” votes in the Australian parliament (members of parliament almost always vote as party blocs).
		The vote on the 3rd reading (final passage) of the bill in the House of Representatives (9 December 1996) is here as a raw text file.
	jackman.stanford.edu /oz/index.php (672 words)

	Closely Held Corporations - VALUATION ISSUES, BUY/SELL AGREEMENTS
		Families control the operating policies at many large, publicly traded companies.
		In many of these firms, families remain dominant by holding senior management positions, seats on the board, and preferential voting privileges even though their shareholdings are significantly less than 50 percent.
		One of the major concerns associated with closely held firms is the determination of their value.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /small/Bo-Co/Closely-Held-Corporations.html (799 words)

	Top20PapuaNewGuinea.com - Your Top20 Guide to Papua New Guinea!
		Elections in PNG attract large numbers of candidates.
		In the past, many members of parliament were elected with less than 10% of the total vote.
		Electoral reforms have now restored the use of the alternative vote, known locally as Limited Preferential Voting, to ensure that each member of parliament represents a majority of the voters in his or her district.
	www.top20papuanewguinea.com (2186 words)

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