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	Prefrontal lobe - Health Encyclopedia
		In the most frontal part of the prefrontal lobe is an area devoted to interpreting people's intentions and motives.
		is a Kind of prefrontal lobe is a kind of: lobe — (anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part.
		The prefrontal lobe is seen as essential for behavior control for three main reasons.
	www.steadyhealth.com /encyclopedia/Prefrontal_lobe (119 words)

	Frontal Lobe Syndrome
		Frontal lobe syndrome is a disorder affecting the prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe.
		The prefrontal lobe comprises the vast area of the frontal lobe anterior to the motor cortex and includes the undersurface of the frontal lobe, or the orbital region.
		Conversely, a patient with a lesion to the orbital region of the prefrontal lobe, or the underside, may exhibit disinhibition, a failure to appreciate the consequences of one's actions, and euphoria with a tendency to jocularity.
	www.chiroweb.com /hg/13/14/05.html (866 words)

	Digg - Left prefrontal lobe: The true source of joy.
		Digg - Left prefrontal lobe: The true source of joy.
		Left prefrontal lobe: The true source of joy.
		They also suggest that the stereotypical happiness of Tibetans is not due to genetic factors but due rather to regular practice at activating the left prefrontal lobe.
	digg.com /health/Left_prefrontal_lobe_The_true_source_of_joy (202 words)

	Psychopathology of Frontal Lobe Syndromes
		The frontal lobes are anatomically represented by those areas of the cortex anterior to the central sulcus, including the main cortical areas fur the control of motor behavior.
		The term "prefrontal cortex" is most appropriately used to designate the main cortical target projections for the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, and this area is also sometimes referred to as frontal granular cortex.
		The paradigm of frontal lobe dementia is that described by Pick in 1892, which was associated with circumscribed atrophy of both the frontal and temporal lobes.
	www.ect.org /effects/lobe.html (3482 words)

	Frontal lobe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of vertebrates.
		People that have damaged frontal lobes may experience problems with these aspects of cognitive function, being at times impulsive; impaired in their ability to plan and execute complex sequences of actions; perhaps persisting with one course of action or pattern of behavior when a change would be appropriate (perseveration).
		Dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex are found primarily in the frontal lobes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frontal_lobe (877 words)

	Prefrontal Cortex and Schizophrenia: A Quantitative MRI Study.
		Prefrontal cortex was measured using an average span of 36 slices for gray and 25 slices for white matter measurement.
		The second is a lesser degree of volume reduction in the prefrontal cortex than in temporal lobe structures, due to the deafferentation of, or excitotoxic damage to, the prefrontal cortex, in conjunction with a pattern of high correlations between the volume of prefrontal lobe and the volume of temporal lobe structures.
		Neuropsychological correlates of MRI temporal lobe abnormalities in schizophrenia.
	splweb.bwh.harvard.edu:8000 /pages/papers/prefrontal/wibl95.html (7244 words)

	The Lobes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The upper part of the temporal lobe, along the Sylvian fissure that separates it from the frontal lobe, is the primary auditory cortex, which receives input from cochlea.
		The areas around it are devoted to interpreting sounds, and one of these in particular (Wernicke's area, toward the boundary with the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere) is known to be devoted to the understanding of language.
		There are medial (inner) areas of the temporal lobes that are closely connected to the hippocampus and appear to be devoted to memory for life events (episodic memory).
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/lobes.html (945 words)

	Prefrontal cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The prefrontal cortex is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.
		Cytoarchitectonically, it is defined by the presence of an internal granular layer IV (in contrast to the agranular premotor cortex).
		The classic case of earlier studies of prefrontal cortex function involved a railroad supervisor of construction—one Phineas Gage—who in 1848, despite a metal rod piercing his left cheek and exiting the top of his head, survived the incident and healed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prefrontal_cortex (856 words)

	Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize
		In 1936, the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz introduced a surgical operation, prefrontal leukotomy, which after an initial period came to be used particularly in the treatment of schizophrenia.
		Lobotomy was the name given to a prefrontal leukotomy in which the nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobe with other parts of the brain were cut.
		Prefrontal (lobe) - the area of the brain at the very front of each cerebral hemisphere.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/moniz/index.html (2789 words)

	Brain Explorer - prefrontal cortex (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This area of the brain is thought to be involved in planning complex cognitive behaviours and in the expression of personality and appropriate social behaviour.
		The prefrontal cortex is found in the cortical regions of the frontal lobe which are anterior to the primary and association motor cortices.
		It is divided into the dorsolateral, orbitofrontal (also called the limbic frontal lobe) and mesial prefrontal areas.
	www.brainexplorer.org /glossary/prefrontal_cortex.shtml (65 words)

	Alcoholics' deficits in smell are linked to frontal lobe dysfunction
		New findings indicate that olfactory deficits among alcoholics are associated with prefrontal cognitive dysfunction, specifically, impairment in the functional integrity of the prefrontal lobe.
		Rupp said that her findings help support the hypothesis that frontal lobes are particularly vulnerable to alcoholism-related damage, and that dysfunction in this region may play a significant role in alcoholism and other drug addictions.
		"Our findings add to the mounting evidence for frontal lobe dysfunction in alcoholism, which may be involved in the development of addiction, may mediate recovery in persons with alcohol-use disorders, and may play a key role in understanding the neurobiology of alcoholism," she said.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-07/ace-adi071706.php (567 words)

	[No title]
		It is performed on the frontal lobe of the brain and its purpose is to alleviate mental illness and chronic pain symptoms (Valenstein 1986).
		Known as prefrontal or transorbital lobotomy, depending on the surgical technique used and area of the brain targeted, these early operations were performed with surgical knives, electrodes, suction, or ice picks, to cut or sweep out portions of the frontal lobe.
		The prefrontal cortex is responsible for “executive functions;” planning, structuring, and evaluating voluntary goal directed behavior, which are activities requiring the constant comparison of planned acts with the effects achieved.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/pre3_s05.htm (6741 words)

	[No title]
		The prefrontal cortex has the highest concentration of actual neurons in the brain that use the neurotransmitter dopamine.
		Prefrontal damage causes such a wide spectrum of behaviors it is hard for there to be clear-cut treatments.
		Spouses of patients with frontal lobe syndromes related that "It is like living with a different person" or that the patient is "not the person I married." (McKechnie) Post-traumatic personality changes that occur from injuries to the prefrontal region may result in marital break- up, social isolation, or unemployment.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/fro_s04.htm (3723 words)

	fls
		The subdivisions are, the motor strip, the supplemental motor area, the Broca's area, and the most anterior division is the prefrontal cortex.
		Within the prefrontal cortex, there are three regions, lesions of which produce distinct syndromes: the orbitofrontal, the dorsolateral, and the medial.
		On formal neuropsychological testing, however, patients may exhibit intact memory, language, and visuospatial skills, which are functions of the occipital, temporal and parietal lobes.
	www.angelfire.com /in2/psychomed/fls.html (641 words)

	PsychNotes
		Language areas on the left side of the brain interpret the literal meaning of words and the frontal lobes and the right side of the brain understand the social and emotional context.
		The volunteers who had damage to their prefrontal lobes were unable to correctly interpret the sarcastic story, while all of the other participants could.
		While the subjects in the 'prefrontal group' are still able to hold and understand a conversation.
	radio.weblogs.com /0117471/2005/05/28.html (270 words)

	SPECT Brain SPECT Imaging Information and Resources
		When depressed patients perform a concentration task the left prefrontal cortex often activates to normal levels, differentiating depression from attention deficit disorder which often shows normal activity at rest and decreased prefrontal cortex activity with concentration.
		Decreased prefrontal cortex activity with increased or decreased temporal lobe activity.
		Her SPECT study showed marked decreased activity in the left temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex bilaterally.
	amenclinics.com /bp/atlas/ch7.php (983 words)

	Alcoholics' Smell Deficits Linked to Frontal Lobe Impairment - CME Teaching Brief® - MedPage Today
		Explain to interested patients that this study adds to the evidence for prefrontal lobe impairment in chronic alcoholics with olfactory discrimination defects.
		In a controlled study of alcohol-dependent patients, the researchers assessed the role of neurocognitive tests (executive function and memory) sensitive to the integrity of brain areas that are also crucial in olfactory processing.
		Rupp said that these findings help support the hypothesis that the frontal lobes, which are particularly vulnerable to alcoholism-related damage, may be involved in the development of addiction and may play a key role in understanding the neurobiology of alcoholism.
	www.medpagetoday.com /Psychiatry/Addictions/tb/3803 (667 words)

	Smaller Frontal Gray Matter Volume in Postmortem Schizophrenic Brains -- Selemon et al. 159 (12): 1983 -- Am J ...
		The posterior boundary of the frontal lobe was
		the frontal lobes (8–12), it is noteworthy that circumscribed
		cerebral cortex, the volumetric deficit in the frontal lobe
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/159/12/1983 (4531 words)

	Neural systems underlying affective disorders -- Surguladze et al. 9 (6): 446 -- Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
		in the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, striatum and anterior temporal
		the olfactory tracts) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in
		Rajkowska, G., Halaris, A. and Selemon, L. (2001) Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder.
	apt.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/full/9/6/446 (4873 words)

	Brain Scans Draw A Dark Image Of The Violent Mind
		While damage to the prefrontal cortex may help explain impulsive violence - sudden rage attacks - it truly can't explain violence that is premeditated, like the Sept. 11 bombings, noted Dr. Ronald Schouten, a lawyer and psychiatrist who heads the law and psychiatry service at Massachusetts General Hospital.
		In other words, the job of prefrontal lobes is ''executive function,'' that is, planning, integrating information and generally serving as a mechanism to control emotional impulses that originate in deeper brain regions.
		But it's the prefrontal cortex that is attracting the most scientific attention these days among researchers probing the biological roots of violence.
	www.rense.com /general21/vio.htm (1436 words)

	eMedicine - Frontal Lobe Syndromes : Article by Daniel H Jacobs, MD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Teuber (1964) described the frontal lobes as "a riddle." Despite their size, their function is mysterious, and many clinicians do not know how to test the frontal lobes during mental status examinations because they have not been trained to do so.
		The dorsolateral portion of the prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal portion, the portions of the frontal lobes on which this article focuses, maintain separate and discrete projections to different areas of both the thalamus and neostriatum (caudate nucleus, putamen) and serve different functions.
		As an alternative, they may indirectly involve the frontal lobes because of pressure, as in the case of a meningioma or a subdural hematoma.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic436.htm (4398 words)

	Forum Express - Université de Montréal
		It is located in the prefrontal lobe of the brain.
		The prefrontal lobe of the brain is the last part of the nervous system that developed during evolution.
		Chimpanzees have a prefrontal lobe, but it is no more than 25% the size of the organ in its humanoid cousins.
	www.forum.umontreal.ca /forum_express/pages_a/rad.htm (362 words)

	Attention Deficit Disorder
		All of the types of ADD have as their primary feature periodic impairment of the prefrontal cortex of the brain and dopamine involvement.
		Overfocused ADD exhibits the same problems and symptoms of prefrontal cortex as with classic and inattentive ADD, but the difference is that the sufferer of over focused often cannot break away from a thought or behavior.
		Temporal ADD is still characterized by problems with the prefrontal cortex, but the temporal area of the brain is often affected.
	www.selfgrowth.com /articles/Gazley4.html (1490 words)

	Sarcasm Center of the Brain Located by Researchers - Elites TV - Your Elite News Source
		Those subjects with damage to the prefrontal region of the brain were the only ones unable to grasp the meaning of the sarcastic statements made by the actors.
		The prefrontal lobe is located just above the eye sockets and behind the forehead.
		Within the prefrontal lobe, one specific area known as the ventromedial area was more specifically tied to the ability to understand sarcasm.
	www.elitestv.com /pub/2005/May/EEN42921a0b6eeed.html (281 words)

	Amazon.com: "prefrontal lobes": Key Phrase page
		and all have been considered to be mediated by the frontal cortex, particularly the prefrontal lobes (Fuster, 1989, 1995; Stuss & Benson, 1986).
		We can even take this one step further, because the prefrontal lobes that serve as centers for our most involved thoughts do not mature until late into the teenage years.
		The prefrontal cortex seems to be at work when someone is fearful or enraged, but stifles...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/prefrontal-lobes (376 words)

	Israeli psychologists draw conclusions from how brain-damaged people comprehend sarcasm - or not (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Within the prefrontal group, people with damage in the right ventromedial area had the most profound problems in comprehending sarcasm.
		The ventromedial area is the inferior (rear) part of the prefrontal cortex, and includes the cortex on top of the orbits of both eyes and the inside part of the frontal lobes.
		The right ventromedial prefrontal cortex integrates the literal meaning with the social/emotional knowledge of the situation and previous situations, helping the listener determine the true meaning.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=10288 (771 words)

	AccessMedicine - Harrison's Internal Medicine: The Prefrontal Network for Attention and Behavior
		The frontal lobes can be subdivided into motor-premotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, medial prefrontal, and orbitofrontal components.
		The terms frontal lobe syndrome and prefrontal cortex refer only to the last three of these four components.
		The dorsolateral prefrontal, medial prefrontal, and orbitofrontal areas, and the subcortical structures with which they are interconnected (i.e., the head of the caudate and the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus), collectively make up a large-scale network that coordinates exceedingly complex aspects of human cognition and behavior...."
	www.accessmedicine.com /content.aspx?aID=53311 (253 words)

	Neurobiology of depression
		For example, during the depressive phase, activity in a very specific area of the prefrontal cortex (ventral to the genu in the corpus callosum) is reduced.
		A reduction in the dorsal prefrontal cortex may be related to the neuropsychological impairments.
		So, there appears to be prefrontal lobe dysfunction, with reductions in volume and activity in some regions, but increases in activity in other regions.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /classes/psychology/psy760/handouts/depression.htm (3646 words)

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