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Topic: Prefrontal lobotomy

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Psychosurgery

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	Psychosurgery: Third Chapter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lobotomy fails in markedly deteriorated cases because the incisions cannot be made sufficiently far back to relieve the psychosis without, at the same time, extinguishing the personality factors that will be needed in reorganization of the individual in the social environment.
		The deteriorated schizophrenic is unchanged by prefrontal lobotomy.
		The coronal suture and sphenoidal ridge are primary landmarks in prefrontal lobotomy.
	lobotomy.info /beta/psychosurgery/chapter03.html (8161 words)

	Lobotomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A lobotomy (Greek: lobos: Lobe of brain, tomy: cutting) is a form of psychosurgery, also known as a leukotomy (from Greek leukos: clear or white).
		Lobotomies have been used in the past to treat a wide range of mental illnesses including schizophrenia, clinical depression, and various anxiety disorders.
		Lobotomy was legally practiced in controlled and regulated U.S. centers and in Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Spain, India, Belgium and the Netherlands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prefrontal_lobotomy (1550 words)

	Portrayal of Lobotomy in the Popular Press: 1935-1960*
		Although the exact number of lobotomies performed in the United States is not known, two surveys indicated that the number of lobotomy operations increased dramatically in the years immediately following its introduction, and the rate of surgeries per year did not decline until the 1950s.
		Prefrontal lobotomy was performed by burring holes into a patient's skull, and then using a knife to destroy fibers connecting the frontal lobe with the rest of the brain.
		While the prefrontal lobotomy was performed using a knife placed through holes burred into the temporal regions of the patients' skull; the transorbital lobotomy used an ice pick like instrument hammered into the brain through the orbital plate above the eye socket.
	facstaff.unca.edu /ddiefenb/lobotomy.html (4823 words)

	sBMJ \| The white cut: Egas Moniz, lobotomy, and the Nobel prize
		Lobotomy means “the incision of a lobe,” but in this context it is simply the destruction or removal of the prefrontal lobes of the cortex of the brain, an option of last resort used to treat some forms of mental disorder that did not respond to other treatments.
		Evidence of its widespread abuse (in many instances lobotomy was not used as a last resort but was used to treat problem children, rebel adolescents, and political opponents) and collateral effects added to it’s decline.
		My suspicion is that prefrontal lobotomy was just an excuse to award Moniz the deserved prize for cranial angiography he repeatedly missed in 1928 and 1933.
	www.studentbmj.com /issues/06/01/education/12.php (1500 words)

	Psychosurgery: Chapter XIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		When prefrontal lobotomy has been carried out in the plane of the coronal suture, there is little interference with motor function.
		In the course of our investigations of prefrontal lobotomy we found that we cannot trespass behind this plane without causing disability, whether the incisions are in the upper or lower quadrants.
		Since the lesions in a lobotomy performed in the plane of the coronal suture although still within the frontal agranular field show little involvement of the lateral group of nuclei, it must be concluded that the frontal agranular field is concerned with motor skills.
	www.lobotomy.info /chapter14.html (1655 words)

	Minnesota Medical Association - Publications
		One of the Rochester lobotomy patients was L.H., a resident of St. Paul who had first been committed to a state mental hospital in 1936 after a stone-throwing exchange with a neighbor.
		"[The lobotomy] was done with the best of intentions and it did have some worth, but by the same token it took away all of his life," she says.
		Prefrontal lobotomy for the relief of intractable pain.
	www.mnmed.org /publications/MnMed1999/October/El-Hai.cfm (2739 words)

	Northern Public Radio - Serving Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin - About Us
		Freeman started out by doing prefrontal lobotomies, but later created the transorbital lobotomy which he considered to be a "new, improved" version of the original procedure.
		The transorbital lobotomy left no scars (apart from two fl eyes); took less than 10 minutes; could be performed outside of an operating room; and according to Freeman, produced better results.
		After her lobotomy she was sent to live at Saint Coletta's School in Wisconsin, where she remained until her death in 2005 at the age of 86.
	www.northernpublicradio.org /news_atc.shtml (820 words)

	Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize
		In 1936, the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz introduced a surgical operation, prefrontal leukotomy, which after an initial period came to be used particularly in the treatment of schizophrenia.
		As there were no alternative therapies for severe mental disorders, psychoses in the 1930s, it is not surprising that lobotomy was quickly accepted as a therapy for chronic schizophrenic psychoses, even if it seems a bit strange that lobotomy initially was tried with affective disorders.
		Lobotomy was the name given to a prefrontal leukotomy in which the nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobe with other parts of the brain were cut.
	www.nobel.se /medicine/articles/moniz (2789 words)

	Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (www.whonamedit.com)
		Prefrontal leucotomy - lobotomy - was first performed in Lissabon by Egas Moniz and his surgical associate, Almeida Lima, on November 12, 1935.
		Norway was one of the first countries to use lobotomy, after Portugal, Italy and the U.S. The method was introduced to Norway by the director of Gaustad sykehus, Ørnulf Ødegård, who performed his first operation shortly before christmas in 1941.
		Lobotomy, later to be much of a tragedy, probably originated with an accident in America in 1847.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/454.html (2594 words)

	Psychosurgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historically, the procedure typically considered psychosurgery, prefrontal leukotomy is now almost universally shunned as inappropriate, due in part to the emergence of less-invasive or less-objectionable methods of treatment such as psychiatric medication and modified electroconvulsive therapy.
		The original lobotomy was a crude operation and the practice was soon developed into a more exact stereotactic procedure where only very small lesions were placed in the brain.
		In the television miniseries Kingdom Hospital, the character Mary was killed by a botched lobotomy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Psychosurgery (1774 words)

	Survivor Recounts Lobotomy At Age 12
		Many in the medical community consider lobotomies barbaric by today's standards, but there was a time when the procedure was an accepted treatment for those suffering from severe mental illness.
		Lobotomy was a welcome treatment based on the premise that symptoms of mental illness were caused by faulty connections between the frontal lobes and another part of the brain - the thalamus.
		While the older, far more invasive prefrontal lobotomy involved anesthesia, then drilling into the skull, the transorbital lobotomy was performed in 10 minutes without any major incisions.
	www.banderasnews.com /0601/hb-lobotomy.htm (897 words)

	ISHN 2006 Annual Meeting -- Abstract 36 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lobotomy, a surgical intervention which involves severing brain tissue with no organic evident pathology, was commonly preformed in order to treat mental illness, reaching its zenith in the United States in the 1940s.
		This metaphor was used to describe the convalescence period directly following the prefrontal lobotomy, and patients were expected to undergo this period and continue on with their recovery process.
		The perception of lobotomized patients as being temporary children framed the manner in which the results of the lobotomy were perceived, and enabled both physicians and families to empathize with the patients.
	www.bri.ucla.edu /nha/ishn/ab36-2006.htm (270 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Moniz develops lobotomy for mental illness
		In 1935 at an international neurology conference he saw a presentation on the frontal lobes of the brain and the effects of removing them from chimpanzees.
		Moniz had an idea that some forms of mental illness were caused by an abnormal sort of stickiness in nerve cells, causing neural impulses to get stuck and the patient to repeatedly experience the same pathological ideas.
		In the United States the number of lobotomies performed per year went from 100 in 1946 to 5,000 in 1949.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh35lo.html (613 words)

	CNN.com - Survivor recounts lobotomy at age 12 - Nov 30, 2005
		Throughout the 1930s, '40s and most of the '50s, the main route of treatment for most of these patients was to keep them institutionalized in often filthy, deplorable conditions until they got better on their own.
		Lobotomy was a welcome treatment based on the premise that symptoms of mental illness were caused by faulty connections between the frontal lobes and another part of the brain -- the thalamus.
		Over the years, lobotomies were done on about 40,000 to 50,000 people in the United States in mental institutions and hospitals, El-Hai says.
	www.cnn.com /2005/HEALTH/conditions/11/30/pdg.lobotomy/index.html (928 words)

	THE HUMAN MIND: An excerpt from H.R.Rinder's Human Psyche and Nature of Man ...http:/members.aol.com/rhrrr/humanmnd.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The implication of the foregoing account of Gage's personality after his accident is that the left prefrontal lobe (the front part of the brain) is the seat of the superego, since the function impaired by damage to that region of Gage's brain was his social conduct, which is the responsibility of the superego.
		Another indication that the superego is located in the prefrontal lobe of the brain is the prefrontal lobotomy surgical procedure performed in the 1940s and early 1950s, which involved severing the fibers extending from the brain's frontal lobes to other parts of the brain.
		Although both left and right prefrontal lobes generally were isolated from the rest of the brain by lobotomy surgery, the statement indicates that the superego is in one or the other prefrontal lobes.
	members.aol.com /rhrrr/humanmnd.htm (7684 words)

	Egas Moniz Summary
		He proposed the use of a surgical procedure for mental patients in which the prefrontal lobes were severed from the rest of the brain, a process now known as prefrontal lobotomy.
		He was the inventor of prefrontal leucotomy which was changed to lobotomy by American surgeons who introduced a larger severing of the neural fibres.
		It was used as a surgical approach to the radical treatment of several kinds of mental diseases; one of the several types of psychosurgery.
	www.bookrags.com /Egas_Moniz (2058 words)

	Cranial MR Imaging of Sequelae of Prefrontal Lobotomy -- Uchino et al. 22 (2): 301 -- American Journal of Neuroradiology
		Cranial MR Imaging of Sequelae of Prefrontal Lobotomy -- Uchino et al.
		Cranial MR Imaging of Sequelae of Prefrontal Lobotomy
		Lobotomy is an aseptic iatrogenic trauma to the brain.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/22/2/301 (1553 words)

	[No title]
		The prefrontal cortex has the highest concentration of actual neurons in the brain that use the neurotransmitter dopamine.
		If a patent was displaying schizophrenic symptoms after a prefrontal injury, then a neuropsychologist assessing the situation may prescribe a medicine that increases dopamine levels (such as the anti- schizophrenic drug Colazapine).
		Prefrontal damage causes such a wide spectrum of behaviors it is hard for there to be clear-cut treatments.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/fro_s04.htm (3723 words)

	The Brain Butchery Called Psychosurgery
		One type of lobotomy he described involves drilling two holes in the "patient's" skull on each side of the forehead at the top at about the hairline to allow access to the frontal lobes of the brain where intellectual mental functioning, thinking, and creation of emotion is believed to take place.
		In one type of lobotomy, instead of drilling holes in the skull, each eyeball is moved to the side, and a scalpel is inserted through each eye socket into the frontal lobes of the brain, and, our professor said, "the scalpel is moved like this", as he wiggled his finger from side-to-side.
		Although my psychology professor didn't use this specific analogy, he made it unmistakably clear that he thought lobotomy is as unscientific and senseless as trying to repair a malfunctioning television set by drilling a hole in its cabinet, inserting a machete, and rattling it around inside the TV cabinet.
	www.antipsychiatry.org /psychosu.htm (2462 words)

	Sabbatini, R.M.E.: Lobotomy's Hall of Fame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Troubled by the inability of the familty to cope with Rosemary's aggressive behavior, the Kennedy elder, without consulting anyone else in the family, contacted a neurosurgeon and ordered that a prefrontal lobotomy be performed on Rose, in 1941 (remember that at that time, lobotomy was considered a "miracle cure" for aggressive and inadequate behavior).
		In this play, lobotomy is clearly shown by Williams as a device to suppress the truth and to repress weaker people.
		He was probably influenced by the lobotomy of his sister, performed in 1943, and emphasizes a pessimistic view of the voraciousness of the universe.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/historia/important.htm (1095 words)

	LOVE, HOPE & BRAIN SCIENCE
		Lobotomy involves more or less destroying the functions of the prefrontal brain by cutting connections between the prefrontal cortex and its deep nuclei.
		Neuroleptics, or a lobotomy, would not have helped her, but would, on the contrary, have made her task impossible: the task of recreating a whole from the shattered pieces.
		In 1947 the "post lobotomy syndrome" was described as follows by a Scandinavian psychiatrist: "A reduction of the faculty of conscience, an impoverishment of interests, a loss of the ability to dream, to have distant goals, to fantasize, to plan, etc." Thus medical science had discovered a shortcut from positive to negative
	www.moshersoteria.com /lars/lovehope.htm (5326 words)

	Pinel Lecture Notes - Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In 1949, Dr. Egas Moniz was awarded a Nobel prize for developing a treatment for mental illness: prefrontal lobotomy, a form of neurosurgery that cuts the connections between the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain.
		Moniz and the others who prescribed prefrontal lobotomy (Medical Doctors) were not in a position to be objective in its evaluation, nor were they trained to perform such evaluation studies.
		Early reports of the benefits of prefrontal lobotomy were based on poorly controlled studies that focused on manageability and were published by Moniz himself.
	ceci.uprm.edu /~ephoebus/id52.htm (2388 words)

	Psychosurgery.org: Lobotomy on film
		Title(s): Prefrontal lobotomy in the treatment of mental disorders [motion picture] / from the Psychological Cinema Register of the Pennsylvania State College ; from the Department of Neurology, George Washington University ; by Walter Freeman and James W. Watts.
		Language: English Summary: This film describes and demonstrates a prefrontal lobotomy, an operative procedure employed in mental disorders resistive to other methods of treatment.
		Title(s): Prefrontal lobotomy in chronic schizophrenia [motion picture] / from the Psychiatric Department of the Bishop Clarkson Memorial Hospital.
	www.psychosurgery.org /2006/02/lobotomy-on-film.html (513 words)

	Executive Function (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The most anterior half of this lobe is commonly referred to as the prefrontal cortex.
		Once action is initiated, feedback to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex allows it to monitor the action at lower levels, so that actions can be matched to intentions and goals.
		Inappropriate, or deficient communication between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and areas where sensation and action are processed and organized is the basis of saying that diseases such as schizophrenia involve impaired executive functioning of the prefrontal cortex.
	mcdb.colorado.edu /courses/3650/executive.html (318 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: 50,000 lobotomies performed in U.S. from '30s to '70s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The lobotomy was introduced in 1936 by a Portuguese physician, Dr. Egas Moniz.
		Some 50,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s.
		The original method, called prefrontal lobotomy, involved boring open the patient's skull to cut the connection between the prefrontal region — an area concerned with emotion, learning, memory and social behavior — and the rest of the brain.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002633188_loboside19.html (401 words)

	Psychosurgery.org: Rosemary Kennedy and Lobotomy
		When the subject of lobotomy is raised one of the first people mentioned is Rosemary Kennedy.
		One man in our group was lobotomized for juvenile delinquency when he was only 13-years-old; another woman's mother was lobotomized to "cure" her of headaches.
		Much of the blame lies with the Nobel Prize Committee who awarded the Nobel in Medicine to Egas Moniz for inventing the prefrontal leucotomy, a psychosurgery closely related to lobotomy.
	www.psychosurgery.org /2005/01/rosemary-kennedy-and-lobotomy.html (288 words)

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