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Topic: Prehistoric Europe

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	European car hire cheap car rental in Europe
		Europe now consists of 43 countries 25 of which are members of the EU (European Union).
		Europe stretches from the Arctic Circle to the Mediterranean sea and from the west coast of Ireland to the eastern borders of Latvia.
		The history of Europe goes back to prehistoric cave paintings and scattered amongst Europe are Greek and Roman antiquities, architecture from the Vikings and Moors, medieval fortresses, renaissance palaces and baroque churches.
	www.best-car-hire.co.uk /european-car-hire.htm (416 words)

	prehistoric europe - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		With the Magdalenian culture, Paleolithic developement in Europe reaches its peak and that is reflected in the amazing art, owing to the previous traditions: basically paintings in the West and sculpture in Central Europe.
		3500, Eastern Europe is apparently infiltrated by people original from beyond the Volga (Jamnaja Kultura), creating a plural complex known as Serednij-Stog II, that substitutes the previous Dniepr-Don culture, pushing the natives to migrate with NW direction to the Baltic and Denmark, were they mix with natives (TRBK A and C).
		In any case, the date of 1800/1700 BCE can be considered refrential for the generality of Europe, as start of this stage, though some scholars claim earlier dates for the introduction of Bronze (this may be caused by the slim barrier between copper and bronze, an aleation of the former).
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Prehistoric-Europe (3278 words)

	History of Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first well-known literate civilization in Europe was that of the Minoans of the island of Crete and later the Myceneans in the adjacent parts of Greece, starting at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC.
		Eastern Europe was an arena of conflict for domination between Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
		The map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided as it became the principal zone of contention in the Cold War between the two power blocs, the Western countries and the Eastern bloc.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Europe (6074 words)

	Europe :: Travel to Europe :: Europe Journey :: Europe Travel Guide
		Europe is washed in the north by the Arctic Ocean, and in the west by the Atlantic Ocean, with which the North Sea and the Baltic Sea are connected...
		Europe is highly industrialized; the largest industrial areas are found in W central Europe, England, N Italy, Ukraine, and European Russia.
		Biodiversity of Europe Having lived side-by-side with agricultural and industrial civilisations for millennia, Europe’s animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man. With the exception of Scandinavia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are today to be found in Europe, except for different natural parks.
	europe.travel-chronicle.com (1421 words)

	PREHISTORIC SHELLFISH GATHERING
		While molluscs were clearly consumed in many locales, their importance in terms of prehistoric diet has been the source of much debate in archaeology.
		The extent of these mounds led to the assumption that prehistoric peoples in these areas were relying heavily on shellfish as a source of food.
		Crushed shells were used as a source of lime, pottery temper and in building construction, and shells are one of the most important materials used in radiocarbon dating.
	www.manandmollusc.net /history_food.html (1415 words)

	TVM Entry Floor: Prehistoric Artifacts -- European Art.
		Prehistoric European artifacts share little with the prehistoric traditions found in Mid-Eastern artifacts.
		Stonehenge here is classified as prehistoric art of the United Kingdom; however it should be realized that the pyramids in Egypt predate it, 25c, and they are from "historical" times.
		However Stonehenge is probably the most impressive Neolithic stone monument in Europe, and as far as we know, the people who built it did not have a written language.
	tigtail.org /TIG/M_View/TVM/E/PreHistory/Europe/prehistory-europe.html (1234 words)

	Prehistoric farmers felled forests after all - earth - 12 March 2005 - New Scientist
		PREHISTORIC Europe was covered by thick, closed-canopy forests, not open woods and grassland, according to an analysis of pollen records.
		For years, the conventional view was that after the last ice age 14,000 years ago, dense forest covered lowland Europe and only began to disappear with the encroachment of agriculture around 3000 years ago.
		All the British prehistoric hollows were 60 per cent or more tree pollen, suggesting closed-canopy forest (Journal of Ecology, vol 93, p 168).
	www.newscientist.com /channel/earth/mg18524905.000 (328 words)

	Reading_1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		After entering Europe, prehistoric people were repeatedly driven back to the south by a succession of "ice ages"--advancing and receding ice sheets over most of Europe--and, being mobile and nomadic, their habitation of Europe ebbed and flowed with the ice.
		As Caucasoid peoples returned to Europe on the heels of the receding ice cap, the cultural charactistics of their hunter-gatherer economy that had survived through the numerous ice ages of the preceding millennia gave way finally to an economy of growing crops and domesticated animals.
		Prehistoric peoples everywhere probably learned very early that chances of survival were much enhanced when they lived and worked in groups, and the most natural groups were kinship groups.
	www.law2.byu.edu /thomas/legal_history/reading_1.html (18384 words)

	A History of Europe, Chapter 1
		Indeed, the waterways between Europe and Asia are narrow, and the mountains that form the main boundary, the Urals, are only 5,000 feet high--hardly a barrier to human migration in the way that the Himalayas are.
		Oh sure, Europe had its share of absolute monarchies (there are several in Chapter 11), but the monarchs were never god-kings in the sense that the Egyptian pharaohs were.
		Animals were the main subject of the prehistoric artist, but occasionally he also drew stick figures with bows and arrows, so we know that they had this weapon at an early date.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /europe/eu01.html (20688 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Cultivating Revolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		An increasingly varied set of crops moving from east to west, as documented by Colledge's team, suggests that the migration of early farmers "was not an organized one but more like an infiltration from all parts of the core to all parts of the new area," remarks Mehmet zdogan of Istanbul (Turkey) University.
		In 2001, Zilho's analysis of farming settlements in western Europe indicated that the most-securely dated ones were built in a period lasting just 100 years or so approximately 7,400 years ago.
		Many of the prehistoric dwellings include storage areas holding cultivated cereal grains and remnants of foraged foods such as hazelnuts and wild apples.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display/?id=127779 (2168 words)

	The history of the investigation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It has been suggested that Europe at that time had a climate not unlike that of some portions of the earth at present; that is, a long and severe Winter was followed by a short but warm Summer.
		But the very ground on which this theory rests, that of strongly contrasted summers and winters, could not be true of Europe or the western portions of it, owing to the presence of the Atlantic Ocean, and the influence which it inevitably exerts on the climate.
		Europe is not the only country where the remains of this savage race are found.
	www.harvestfields.ca /etextLinks/Links/02/Chap3.html (9297 words)

	'Venus' Figurines in Prehistoric Europe
		The very magnitude of distribution over vast areas of Europe shows that understanding the nature of the ‘Venus’ figurines is a crucial step in understanding the beliefs and social system of the earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe.
		Such perspectives, which favour an interpretation of early prehistoric art (both cave art and mobiliary art) as an expansion of shamanic religious practice are also central to the views of Andreas Lommel, who further supports such elucidations (1967, cited in Dickson, 1990: 129-136).
		What can be known for sure is that our distant ancestors had complex social systems and conceptual understandings of their world and this is reflected in the artwork and figurines that were left to posterity, which allows us to gain some understanding of the past.
	www.geocities.com /triple-moon/articles/venusfig.html (1808 words)

	Female Figurines and a Cult of the Great Goddess in Prehistoric Europe
		Although any interpretation is conjecture based upon a particular reading of the material and culture, the most readily given label (and the one most readily contested) is that of 'goddess' or fertility image, as evidenced by the frequent naming of these statues as a Venus.
		The figure is eighteen inches tall with one hand on her protruding stomach while the other is upraised and holds a bull horn or crescent (Teubal: 1997: 285).
		The hand of the Laussel Venus that rests on her corpulent belly has "fingers pointing toward her vulva" (Teubal: 1997: 286) which could indicate a relationship to the horns, and all of the symbols could point to one particular meaning.
	lesanctuaire.dreamhost.com /nonfiction/female_figurines.htm (2365 words)

	Royalty.nu - The History of Europe - European Royalty
		The Royal Families of Europe by Geoffrey Hindley is about current royal families, both reigning and deposed.
		A comprehensive account of prehistoric Europe from the coming of the Stone Age to the fall of the Roman Empire.
		Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort by Clarissa Campbell Orr.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/index.html (2149 words)

	Europe Tours - Prehistoric Europe Tour with historian guide
		This tour takes you to some of the most interesting prehistoric sights in England and France.
		This is the end of your "Prehistoric Europe Tour".
		Cancellations: the 20% deposit is non refundable; 50% refund for cancellations received in writing until 30 days before departure; 20% refund for cancellations received in writing until the day before departure; no refund for cancellations received later.
	www.a-la-carte-europe-tours.com /prehistoric-europe-tour.html (507 words)

	Prehistoric Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eastern Europe: basically central and eastern Ukraine and parts of southern Russia and Belarus (culture of Dniepr-Don).
		3500 onwards, Eastern Europe is apparently infiltrated by people originating from beyond the Volga (Yamna culture), creating a plural complex known as Sredny Stog culture, that substitutes the previous Dnieper-Donets culture, pushing the natives to migrate in a NW direction to the Baltic and Denmark, where they mix with natives (TRBK A and C).
		In any case, the date of 1800/1700 BCE can be considered typical for the start of this stage in Europe in general, although some scholars claim earlier dates for the introduction of bronze (this may be caused by the slim barrier between copper and bronze, an alloy of the former).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prehistoric_Europe (3413 words)

	Prehistoric Europe
		By 4,000 BC it had reached northern Europe.
		By 4,000 BC chariots were in use in eastern Europe.
		By then Prehistoric Europe was drawing to a close.
	www.localhistories.org /preeurope.html (526 words)

	CSP - "Exploring Prehistoric Europe'', by Chris Scarre
		Impressions of cereal grains such as wheat and barley sometimes survive in pottery vessels, but we know from other evidence (such as the food remains preserved in the stomachs of Danish bog bodies) that a wide range of plants was eaten, including some that today are regarded as weeds.
		We mustn't imagine that prehistoric diet was rich in taste, though recent research is throwing new light on the consumption of alcoholic drinks and the use of narcotics such as hemp.
		Parallels for the abstract art of Newgrange are known at other passage graves in Ireland, Brittany, and Iberia, and in parts of western Britain.
	www.csp.org /chrestomathy/exploring_prehistoric.html (525 words)

	History of England, The Prehistoric Period
		The two groups seem to have blended together to produce the cult in Southern England that we call the 'Wessex Culture.' They were responsible for the enormous earthwork called Silbury Hill, the largest manmade mound in prehistoric Europe.
		Stonehenge, in the same general area as Silbury and Avebury, is perhaps the most famous, certainly the most visited and photographed of all the prehistoric monuments in Britain.
		We can only guess at the amount of labor involved in its construction, at the enormous complexity of the task which included transporting the inner blue-stones from the Preseli Hills in Wales and erecting of the great lintelled circle and horseshoe of large sarsen stones, shaped and dressed.
	www.britannia.com /history/narprehist.html (1481 words)

	The Prehistoric Society - Book Review
		In an auto-critique of her Balkan Neolithic research, Ruth Tringham once famously confessed that, when she thought about the people she studied, all she could picture was: ‘a lot of faceless blobs’ (Tringham 1991: 94).
		Here, in Northern Europe, we have a few people buried in these earthen long barrows and we have a sense of a multiplicity of other social practices while the mound was heaped over these (presumably special) individuals.
		Constandse-Westermann, Trinette, and Raymond Newell, 1988 Patterns of extraterritorial ornaments dispersion: an approach to the measurement of Mesolithic exogamy.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /prehistoric/reviews/05_09_midgley.htm (1572 words)

	Sherratt, A.: Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe: Changing Perspectives.
		Over the past twenty-five years Andrew Sherratt has reinterpreted the growing mass of information about the economic foundations of prehistoric Europe using concepts drawn from history and the social sciences.
		Written by the archaeologist and prehistorian in the first twenty years of his career, these articles not only represent Sherratt's most important work but also offer his interpretation of this work and of general developments in his field.
		This volume covers, for example, his studies of farming, subsistence, and prehistoric demography, and his search for a more sophisticated way of dealing with value and exchange.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /titles/6240.html (294 words)

	Archaeology Bookstore: Search Results
		Examples of human sacrifice in Iron Age and Roman Europe are examined by the author with passages from classical literature and an abundance of archaeological evidence for apparent sacrificial activity.
		The author looks at prehistoric Europe and argues that the people of the Atlantic Rim all share a cultural identity shaped by the Atlantic Ocean.
		The story of the operation to save "Seahenge," a circle of prehistoric timbers found projecting from the sands of a Norfolk, England, beach, and of archaeologist Francis Pryor's excavations, which have revealed numerous details of daily life in Bronze Age Britain.
	www.archaeology.org /cgi-bin/books.pl?category=europe&page=2 (344 words)

	Krisostomus -- Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This book examines farming, craft production and the occupation of houses, which were all ritualized in prehistoric Europe.
		Richard Bradley contends that for much of the prehistoric period, ritual was not a distinct sphere of activity.
		With extensive illustrated case-studies, this book examines farming, craft production and the occupation of houses, all of which were ritualized in prehistoric Europe.
	www.kriso.ee /cgi-bin/shop/510000000082252.html (375 words)

	Peter Bogucki
		Since 1976 he has studied early farming societies in Europe (ca.
		Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. 1000: An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World (edited with Pam J. Crabtree, for Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004),
		Europe, before A.D. 1 in western Europe and before A.D. 1000 in eastern Europe, and particularly before 2000 B.C. All inquiries about recent European, world, and Polish history, society, culture, and other topics (e.g.
	www.princeton.edu /~bogucki/index.html (434 words)

	Cannabis
		The evidence for the use of hemp in prehistoric Europe has already been mentioned and there is no shortage of early historical references to its use throughout European history.
		In England, as elsewhere in Europe, hemp was indispensable as a fibre plant; its use permeated all spheres of life.
		Dances involving hemp were also common in eastern Europe, sometimes in connection with magically aiding the hemp crop to grow and sometimes as part of marriage feasts and other wedding celebrations.
	www.cannabis.net /hist (4431 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Places in Time: Exploring Prehistoric Europe: Books: Christopher Scarre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Part travel guide, part survey of Europe's prehistory, Exploring Prehistoric Europe delves into fifteen of the most famous, most important, and most exciting archaeological sites in Europe.
		Perhaps equally important, Scarre has selected the sites with accessibility in mind-all can be easily reached by the modern tourist-and he also highlights local museums and visitor centers where further artifacts and information can be found.
		Beautifully illustrated with maps and full-color photographs, Exploring Prehistoric Europe makes the perfect companion for the historically minded traveler-or the reader who wants to curl up at home and wander at leisure through the distant past.
	amazon.co.uk /Places-Time-Exploring-Prehistoric-Europe/dp/0195103238 (806 words)

	Bettina Arnold -- Curriculum Vitae
		1988 Slavery in late prehistoric Europe: Recovering the evidence for social structure in Iron Age society.
		Invited Speaker, Anthropology of Europe Workshop, University of Chicago June 5, 1998: Heroes and Hero Incubators: The cultural construction of gender and the Volk in Nazi Germany.
		SAA Annual Meeting, Toronto May 1987: Slavery in late prehistoric Europe: Recovering the evidence for social structure in Iron Age society.
	www.uwm.edu /~barnold/resume.html (4290 words)

	Lamson Library
		Prehistoric Art : The Symbolic Journey Of Humankind
		Prehistoric Art And Ancient Art Of The Near East; Adapted By Ariane Ruskin.
		Larousse Encyclopedia Of Prehistoric And Ancient Art; Art And Mankind
	www.plymouth.edu /library/opac/subjkey/art,+prehistoric (77 words)

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