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Topic: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

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	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis should be allowed in Germany, study reveals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Current legislation on preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in Germany is out of step with the attitudes of Germans and should be changed, researchers told a news briefing at the 20th annual meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology on Monday 28 June.
		At present PGD is forbidden in Germany, but in one of the first large study of attitudes to PGD amongst the general population and infertile couples in Germany, the researchers found that the majority of Germans think the technique should be permitted.
		This is because prenatal diagnosis carries a risk of miscarriage, and, in addition, if a problem is detected in the foetus, the woman is faced with the difficult decision of terminating the pregnancy or giving birth to a baby with a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis or Down's Syndrome.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=10048 (916 words)

	Reprogenetics: Everything associated with preimplantation genetic diagnosis - PGD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis consists of the biopsy of a single cell per embryo, followed by its genetic diagnosis through different techniques (FISH, PCR, or CGH), and the subsequent replacement to the patient of those embryos classified by genetic diagnosis as normal.
		Genetic counseling of the patient is therefore recommended as part of the informed consent required.
		In addition to genetic counseling we provide brochures for patients and clinics, with detailed protocols for sample preparation and case coordination, and other information to aid in your discussion with patients, including the latest data which may not yet be published.
	www.reprogenetics.com (1529 words)

	Untitled
		Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a technique that can be used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures to test embryos for genetic disorders prior to their transfer to the uterus.
		PGD makes it possible for couples or individuals with serious inherited disorders to decrease the risk of having a child who is affected by the same problem.
		PGD can be considered in couples who have been psychologically traumatized by repeated pregnancy loss due to genetic disorders.
	www.hygeia.org /pgd.htm (404 words)

	Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
		PGD permits the prevention of genetic disorders at the embryonic stage, allowing couples to achieve pregnancies through IVF with reduction or virtual elimination of the risk of certain genetic diseases in their offspring.
		Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is being increasingly used at specialized centers like Genetics and IVF Institute, and more and more patients are choosing this option in association with their IVF or ICSI cycles.
		PGD is especially effective and increasingly used for the many at-risk individuals who wish to prevent HD in their children but do not desire to know their own genetic status with regard to developing HD.
	www.givf.com /pgt_sepv.cfm (943 words)

	eMedicine - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis : Article by JJ Marik, MD
		For PGD, the early embryo is examined after IVF for inherited diseases or to determine the sex of the embryo for sex-related genetic disorders.
		PGD can be used to determine the sex of an embryo in which the specific genetic defect at a molecular level is unknown, highly variable, or unsuitable for testing on single cells.
		Tests should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of the affected parent, to pinpoint the genetic change leading to the condition in question, and to ensure that the currently available technology can identify that genetic change in a polar body or a blastomere biopsy sample from a 6- to 8-cell embryo/blastocyst (see Image 1).
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3520.htm (4516 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
		In medicine and (clinical) genetics preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a method to test embryos for genetic disorders before they are reimplanted in the uterus.
		When a genetic disorder occurs in a family, the parents are usually reluctant to attempt pregnancy again, given the 25-50% chance (dependent on the type of disorder) of recurrence after a previous child has been affected.
		In theory, PGD could be used for sex selection, a very controversial procedure to ensure that offspring is of one particular sex, or selection on the presence or absence of other genetically determined traits.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/PGD (164 words)

	Fertility, Infertility, IVF, PGD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (known as PGD) is a technique which permits analysis of the genetics of an embryo prior to transferring embryos to a woman undergoing in vitro fertilization.
		PGD is very powerful and can be beneficial to any couple (husband and wife) expected to generate more than six embryos.
		So their conclusion, " PGD should be rejected, because it would lead to normal girls being disproportionately discarded" is incorrect because it is based on an incorrect assumption about how couples will use these technologies if given free access to them.
	www.drary.com /pgd.htm (1429 words)

	[No title]
		Genetic counselling (GC) once evolved as the use of health-related information about families uncommonly burdened by some disease in order to estimate and communicate the statistical risk of contracting this disease.
		Genetic testing can be used for different purposes, such as prenatal diagnosis (surrounded by its own peculiar ethical complications (Handyside 1996, Munthe 1996, Munthe 1999, Verlinsky and Kuliev 1998)), or clinical diagnosis of people suffering from some symptoms.
		However, in the future, PGT may also be demanded as a spin-off effect of genetic testing necessary for new pharmaceutical therapies, increased public awareness of genetics and pressure from societal and commercial parties (Draper 1991, Duster 1990, Weir, Lawrence and Fales 1994, Hubbard and Wald 1993, Munthe 1998).
	www.phil.gu.se /munthe/PGT.html (4487 words)

	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis - The Doctors Lounge(TM) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Typically one or both partners have been genetically screened and found to be a carrier for a inheritable genetic disorder.
		The technique of preimplantation genetic diagnosis involves the removal of eggs from the woman and fertilization within the lab using standard IVF (invitro fertilization) techniques to create embryos.
		Preimplantation genetic diagnosis also takes us back to the question of whether the destruction of an embryo is equivalent to the murder of a human.
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /fertilounge/articles/pgd/index.htm (531 words)

	Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Various genetic variations (called alleles) have a penetrance factor, which is a measure of their effectiveness or power.
		But other genetically determined conditions have a much lower penetrance: left handedness is only about 15%; the gene(s) that cause homosexuality have a penetrance factor that is about 67% -- between that for Huntington's and left-handedness.
		IVF and PGD procedures assured that their second child would be disease free and would be a compatible donor to their sister.
	www.religioustolerance.org /abo_pgd.htm (2681 words)

	Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
		We were the first IVF clinic in the greater Seattle area to offer this exciting new service to couples at high risk of producing genetically abnormal infants, and older IVF patients whose eggs and hence embryos may be genetically abnormal, leading to failure of implantation or early miscarriage, i.e.
		The biopsy identifies genetically abnormal embryos in couples that are both carriers of deleterious recessive genetic disorders or in cases of one partner affected by a serious genetic disease.
		One common technique is to genetically sex the embryo as certain genetic disorders such as hemophilia A and muscular dystrophy are X linked.
	www.seattleivf.com /pgd.html (689 words)

	PGD at IRMS - IVF and infertility clinic of New Jersey, NJ and New York, NY.
		Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a state-of-the-art procedure used in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF).
		Jacques Cohen, Scientific Director, the PGD team at the Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science at Saint Barnabas (IRMS) is a world leader in both research and clinical application of this technique.
		PGD can help prevent these adverse outcomes by identifying affected embryos as they are developing in the laboratory and before they are transferred during IVF.
	www.sbivf.com /pgd.htm (295 words)

	Welcome to the Genetics & Public Policy Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Genetics and Public Policy Center operates under the principle that, in a democratic system of government, the voice of the public is critical in making sound public policy decisions.
		The Genetic Town Halls address the criticism that both quantitative and qualitative opinion research, especially in the area of science policy, ask individuals to comment on issues involving complex technologies which they may have had little opportunity to consider in depth.
		These subgroups include individuals with a known genetic disease, parents of children with genetic disease, persons with personal experience using PGD, genetic counselors, general health care providers and PGD providers.
	www.dnapolicy.org /research (940 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Q&A: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
		Preimplantation genetic diagnosis, or PGD, was first introduced in 1990 as an experimental procedure.
		It involves removing a cell from an embryo at the eight-cell stage of development, when it is around three-days old, and testing it for genetic disorders so that an unaffected embryo can be implanted into the mother's womb.
		If licensed, PGD could also be used to screen for things such as retinoblastoma - a very rare form of eye cancer.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/3970919.stm (345 words)

	pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
		This technique is referred to as preimplantation genetic diagnosis and would obviate the need for screening during a pregnancy and hence prevent the physical and psychological trauma associated with possible termination.
		Research towards developing techniques for early genetic diagnosis in humans were initiated in the UK in the late 1980s (Handyside et al, 89, Lancet.347.
		Therefore the possibility of obtaining an accurate diagnosis has to be confirmed by laboratory experiments prior to the clinical application of this technique for a given disease.
	www.hygeia.org /poems5.htm (753 words)

	Genetics and Society: Technologies: Other: PGD
		PGD allows couples at risk of passing on a serious genetic disease to have a child that is fully genetically related to them and that does not carry genes for the disease.
		Preimplantation diagnosis and selection is also controversial because it can be considered a eugenic technology.
		Thus, PGD provides an alternative to germline modification as a way to prevent the births of children with serious genetic diseases, most of which are single-gene disorders, but does not open the door to escalating and species-altering applications.
	www.genetics-and-society.org /technologies/other/pgd.html (808 words)

	Extending preimplantation genetic diagnosis: medical and non-medical uses -- Robertson 29 (4): 213 -- Journal of ...
		PGD to ensure that their next child is free of disease and a
		Preimplantation diagnosis for early-onset alzheimer’s disease caused by V717L mutation.
		Ethics of preimplantation diagnosis for a woman destined to develop early-onset alzheimer disease.
	jme.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/29/4/213 (3381 words)

	42 percent of all embryos created in fertility clinics have genetic defects
		Fertility clinics are aware of the fact that older women have genetically deficient eggs, but had assumed that these genetic defects would not be found in eggs donated by younger and reproductively healthy women.
		However, these new findings point to the fact that more than 42 percent of all eggs donated by all women irrespective of their age and reproductive health carry genetic defects that is serious enough to prevent the embryo from maturing into a fetus.
		He used a pioneering technique called the preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to screen 289 embryos that were created from relatively healthy egg donors.
	www.earthtimes.org /articles/show/4294.html (477 words)

	Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
		Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) may be used to obtain cells for genetic analysis from embryos created by in vitro fertilization (IVF).GIVF offers PGD for gender selection for the purpose of family balancing for couples that meet qualifying criteria.
		Accuracy in diagnosis of the gender of the embryo is currently > 95%.
		If you are interested in PGD for family balancing, you may arrange a consultation, either in person or by telephone, by contacting us at 800-552-4363 or 703-698-7355 or by sending e-mail to givf@givf.com
	www.givf.com /gender_selection.cfm (291 words)

	Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in clinical practice -- Kanavakis and Traeger-Synodinos 39 (1): 6 -- Journal of ...
		PGD has already proved to be a valuable and worthwhile procedure.
		Human preimplantation development in vitro is not adversely affected by biopsy at the 8-cell stage.
		Multiplex PCR of polymorphic markers flanking the CFTR gene: a general approach for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/39/1/6 (4518 words)

	Ethics of using preimplantation genetic diagnosis to select a stem cell donor for an existing person -- Boyle and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A common objection to using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to choose an embryo that may produce a child who would provide stem cells for an existing person is that children conceived for the benefit of their siblings are not valued in their own right
		PGD should not be used for trait selection or such that it could give rise to eugenic outcomes
		Preimplantation diagnosis for p53 tumour suppressor gene mutations.
	bmj.com /cgi/content/full/323/7323/1240 (2630 words)

	The minisequencing method: an alternative strategy for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of single gene disorders -- ...
		of non-transferred embryos and by prenatal diagnosis of the
		Findlay, I., Ray, P., Quirke, P., Rutherford, A. and Lilford, R. (1995) Allelic drop-out and preferential amplification in single cells and human blastomeres: implications for preimplantation diagnosis of sex and cystic fibrosis.
		Strom, M.C., Rechitsky, S., Wolf, G., Cieslak, J., Kuliev, A. and Verlinsky, Y. (1998) Preimplantation diagnosis of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosum using two simultaneous single cell assays for a point mutation in the rhodopsin gene.
	molehr.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/9/7/399 (6580 words)

	OHSU Infertility Lab - Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis - combines the existing technology of IVF and ...
		Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is now available as a clinical service to patients participating in the OHSU In vitro Fertilization (IVF) Program.
		PGD combines the existing technology of IVF and micromanipulation (ICSI, embryo biopsy) with molecular genetic techniques used in clinical practice and allows the selection of normal embryos for transfer thereby reducing the possibility of establishing an abnormal pregnancy.
		In addition, PGD may prove useful in the investigation of unexplained IVF failures in young patients.
	www.fertilityoregon.com /lab/pre_implantation.htm (546 words)

	Pre-Implantation Testing [12]
		This was very exciting news for families where the genetic condition is passed on through the X chromosome affecting boys and usually sparing the girls.
		For genetic conditions where the chromosome location of the gene is known, or more specifically, if the gene sequence (code) has been identified, the potential for PGT exists.
		The accuracy of the preimplantation genetic diagnosis is highly dependent on the sensitivity of the gene analysis procedure available for the specific genetic condition.
	www.vhl.org /newsletter/vhl1998/98aopgt.htm (1609 words)

	Successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Fanconi anemia from an unaffected HLA-genotype-identical sibling ...
		with IVF and dual PGD is estimated at $15 000 to 20 000, with
		PGD is a therapeutic use of IVF and should be covered.
		Genetic analysis of DNA from single human oocytes: a model for preimplantation diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/103/3/1147 (3604 words)

	ScienceDaily: First Birth Using Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis To Save Baby From Rhesus Blood Disease
		January 20, 2005 -- Australian researchers announced that they have used pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to avoid a couple having a baby suffering from rhesus factor[1] disease -- the potentially fatal condition caused by incompatibility between a baby's blood and that of its mother.
		Dr Seeho said that PGD has mainly been used since its introduction in 1990 to detect single gene diseases such as cystic fibrosis, or to screen for chromosomal disorders.
		He envisaged that PGD for Rh disease would be most likely to be used in future by couples where there had been a previous severely affected pregnancy involving, for example, a stillbirth, or where the fetus had needed an intravascular transfusion.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/01/050125083804.htm (1418 words)

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