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Topic: Premature atrial contraction

	Cardiac arrhythmia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cardiac arrhythmia is a group of conditions in which the muscle contraction of the heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal.
		Atrial fibrillation is the quivering, chaotic motion in the upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria.
		Atrial fibrillation is often due to serious underlying medical conditions, and should be evaluated by a physician.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia (1475 words)

	Atrial Arrhythmias
		An atrial arrhythmia is an abnormality that occurs in one of the two upper chambers of the heart, the left or right atrium.
		Differentiated from atrial fibrillation by its coordinated, regular pattern, atrial flutter is a coordinated rapid beating of the atria.
		Most who experience atrial flutter are 60 years and older and have some heart disorder, such as heart valve problems or a thickening of the heart muscle.
	www.cvaa.cardiologydomain.com /images/uploaded/cvaaga/aa.cfm (1396 words)

	Method and apparatus for detection of premature atrial contraction - US Patent 6745075 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		In a method for identifying and classifying premature atrial contractions, a cardiac lead having multiple electrodes, electrically separated from each other, at its tip is placed in contact with cardiac tissue, so that at least two of the electrodes are simultaneously in contact with the cardiac tissue.
		Premature atrial contraction (PAC) is not an uncommon occurrence and, by itself, usually is not a cause for immediate concern, although its presence over an extended period of time may be an indication that the patient is a likely candidate for atrial tachyarrhythmias in the future.
		A premature atrial beat generates a premature P-wave, which may or may not be conducted to the ventricles.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6745075.html (3955 words)

	ATRIAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Atrial arrhythmias are the result of ectopic stimuli, which in essence means that the stimuli arise from outside the SA node.
		Due to the control of the AV junction, some of the atrial impulses are not allowed to continue to the ventricles; the result being rhythms in which the atrial rates are higher than the ventricular rates.
		In atrial fib though, the atria are quivering chambers which do not contract properly thus, losing the atrial kick, resulting in a decreased cardiac output.
	www.kauaicc.hawaii.edu /nursing/ekg/tutorial/atrial.htm (1470 words)

	Types of Arrhythmias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Atrial fibrillation: In atrial fibrillation/flutter, the electrical activity of the heart is uncoordinated, with electricity traveling about the upper chambers in a chaotic fashion and causing the upper chambers to quiver (a "bag of worms") and contract inefficiently or not at all.
		Atrial fibrillation is common among patients with heart valve disease who require surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve.
		Premature ventricular contraction (PVC): An electrical signal from the ventricles causes an early heartbeat that generally goes unnoticed.
	www.umm.edu /heart/types_arrhy.html (806 words)

	Basic Electrocardiography
		If the premature atrial depolarization wave reaches the AV node before the node has had a chance to repolarize, it may not be conducted, and what may be seen is an abnormal P wave without a subsequent QRS complex.
		These premature atrial depolarization waves may be conducted to ventricular tissue before complete repolarization has occurred, and in such cases, the subsequent ventricular depolarization may take place by an abnormal pathway, generating a wide, bizarre QRS complex.
		Atrial flutter with a ventricular rate of 150 beats per minute is called a two-for-one flutter because of the ratio of the atrial rate (300) to the ventricular rate (150).
	www.sh.lsuhsc.edu /fammed/OutpatientManual/BasicECG.htm (4374 words)

	Rhythms and Arrhytmias
		A premature atrial contraction occurs when an atrial impulse discharges prematurely and, in most cases is conducted in a normal fashion through the AV conducting system to the ventricles.
		Atrial ectopics are very common and are seen in all groups of patients, especially those with rheumatic heart disease, ischaemic heart disease or hyperthyroidism.
		Premature atrial contractions may be a precursor to an atrial tachycardia, indicating atrial irritability.
	www.rcsed.ac.uk /fellows/bcpaterson/rhythms_and_arrhytmias.htm (2852 words)

	The 18-23-week scan - Chapter 4.20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Premature atrial contractions are spaced closer to the previous contraction than normally and may be transmitted to the ventricle or blocked.
		Premature ventricular contractions are often followed by a compensatory pause due to the refractory state of the conduction system; the next conducted impulse arrives at twice the normal interval, and the continuity of the rhythm is not broken.
		Premature atrial contractions are usually followed by a non-compensatory pause; when the regular rhythm resumes, it is not synchronous with the rhythm before the extrasystole.
	www.fetalmedicine.com /18-23scanbook/Chapter4/chap04-20.htm (260 words)

	Heart Care Associates:Arrhythmia
		Atrial flutter is a regular rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) resulting from abnormal circuit in the right atrium (upper chamber).
		Atrial fibrillation is the commonest form of rapid heart rhythm in hospitalized patients in which the heart beats rapidly and irregularly due to the cardiac impulse originating from several abnormal pacemakers in the atria (upper chambers).
		While atrial fibrillation can occur in some people without apparent heart disease, it is usually seen in the presence of hypertension (high blood pressure), coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, or thyroid gland disease.
	www.heartcareassociates.info /whatarrhythmia.asp (843 words)

	Texas Arrhythmia Institute - Premature Beats - www.txai.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Premature beats (contractions) are beats that occur earlier than expected and briefly interrupt the normal heart rhythm.
		Premature beats often cause a sensation of a "skipped beat" or "flip-flop." What are really felt are not the premature beats themselves but rather the forceful beat that follows the pause after the premature beat.
		The most common form of premature beat seen in daily practice is a premature contraction originating in the ventricle (PVC =premature ventricular contraction).
	www.txai.org /edu/irregular/premature_beats.htm (480 words)

	Glossary of Heart-Related Terms, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
		Refers to a congenital heart defect involving an opening low in the atrial septum, an opening high in the ventricular septum, and abnormal development of the mitral and/or tricuspid valves.
		An opening in the atrial septum (wall between the right and left atria) that is present in all infants, but which usually closes shortly after birth.
		A condition in which the ventricles contract in rapid and unsynchronized rhythms and cannot pump blood into the body.
	www.cincinnatichildrens.org /health/heart-encyclopedia/glossary.htm (3696 words)

	A-Fib 101 [From the Atrial Fibrillation Page] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Adrenergic AF is another type of neurogenic atrial fibrillation that occurs as a result of excessive adrenaline that comes from stimulation of the sympathetic portion ("fight or flight"response) of the nervous system.
		Atrial defibrillators are about the size of a conventional pacemaker and consist of a small battery pack, a generator, and three leads.
		The Maze procedure is a surgical intervention that cures atrial fibrillation (AF) by interrupting the circular electrical patterns or wavelets that are responsible for this arrhythmia.
	members.aol.com /mazern/afib101.htm (3499 words)

	Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal - Oudijk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Premature atrial contractions (PAC’s) do not qualify as a form of fetal tachycardia, and are associated with good outcome.
		It is defined as an atrial rate ranging from 250 up to 500 bpm with a fixed or variable AV block, as the AV-node is not able to conduct every contraction of the atrium which results in a 2:1 or 3:1 conduction to the ventricles.
		Flutter contractions of the atrium are indicated by the small arrows; atrioventricular conduction is 2:1 and ventricular contractions are indicated by the large arrows.
	www.ipej.org /0403/oudijk.htm (2272 words)

	Theses from Uppsala University : 1488 - Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
		Catecholamines and neuropeptides (reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic activity), atrial peptides and echocardiographically assessed atrial arias were obtained pre- and postoperatively.
		The observed postoperative atrial dilatation and autonomic imbalance, indicated by HRV and neuropeptide levels, may further favour the development of AF.
		The observation that a majority of postoperative AF was initiated by a premature atrial contraction supports our hypothesis that latent atrial foci may be a major trigger mechanism of postoperative AF.
	publications.uu.se /theses/abstract.xsql?isbn=91-554-5151-9 (397 words)

	Glossary
		Atrial arrhythmia is characterized rapid atrial rhythm due to multiple reentrant "wavelets" travelling throughout the atria, causing the upper chambers to contract in a chaotic manner (fibrillate).
		Atrial flutter is a rapid atrial rhythm, usually at about 300 bpm, characterized by a 'sawtooth' waveform.
		The electrical impulse produce the muscular contraction of that heart that is responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /cardiophysio/Glossary/glossarymain.htm (4961 words)

	premature atrial contraction
		In Reply to: premature atrial contraction posted by melvin todd on August 25, 1997 at 16:30:58:
		Firstly, premature atrial contraction is not a condition nor a diagnosis;
		Your exercise should not be altered by premature beats and you should not
	www.medhelp.org /forums/cardio/archive/83.html (397 words)

	PREMATURE ATRIAL CONTRACTIONS
		As the name suggests, premature atrial contractions (PACs) are contractions in the atria of the heart that occur too early in the rhythm sequence.
		PACs are found more frequently among persons with heart disease such as ischemia (decreased blood flow to the heart muscle) or congestive heart failure (decreased pumping efficiency of the heart).
		PACs may be controlled with anti-arrhythmic medications, but the main goal is to manage evident heart or lung disease.
	www.apma-nc.com /PatientEducation/premature_atrial_contractions.htm (371 words)

	NurseWeek \| HealthWeek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		A premature atrial contraction (PAC) is an impulse that arises in the atria and interrupts the dominant rhythm.
		The premature beat is followed by a pause as the heart resets itself and returns to the dominant rhythm.
		PACs arise in the atria, and because of this, they are preceded by a P wave.
	www.cyberchalk.com /nurse/courses/nurseweek/nw1120/c3/p9.htm (166 words)

	NurseWeek \| HealthWeek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Atrial flutter is another dysrhythmia that originates in the atria and can produce a rapid ventricular response.
		It is not the sinus node that is firing causing atrial flutter.
		In fact, one of the primary predisposing reasons for the appearance of atrial flutter is that the sinus node itself is depressed, whether from ischemia or drug toxicity.
	nurse.cyberchalk.com /nurse/courses/nurseweek/nw1120/c3/p7.htm (407 words)

	Arrhythmias Originating in the Atria
		Premature beats or extra beats most often cause irregular heart rhythms.
		Premature beats are very common in normal children and teenagers — most people have them at some time.
		Occasionally premature beats may be caused by disease or injury to the heart.
	www.americanheart.org /presenter.jhtml?identifier=10 (576 words)

	eMedicine - Atrial Tachycardia : Article by Li Zhou, MD
		Atrial tachycardia is defined as a supraventricular tachycardia that does not require the atrioventricular (AV) junction, accessory pathways, or ventricular tissue for initiation and maintenance of the tachycardia.
		The first is focal atrial tachycardia, which arises from a localized area in the atria and has an anatomic preference for the crista terminalis, pulmonary veins, ostium of the coronary sinus, and atrial septum.
		The atrial tachycardia that manifests during exercise, acute illness with excessive catecholamine release, alcohol ingestion, hypoxia, metabolic disturbance, or with drug use (eg, caffeine, albuterol, theophylline, cocaine) is associated with automaticity or triggered activity.
	www.emedicine.com /MED/topic188.htm (6128 words)

	Atrial Premature Beats: Abnormal Heart Rhythms: Merck Manual Home Edition
		An atrial premature beat (atrial ectopic beat, premature atrial contraction) is an extra heartbeat caused by electrical activation of the atria from an abnormal site before a normal heartbeat would occur.
		Atrial premature beats are common among people who have lung disorders and are more common among older people than among younger people.
		Atrial premature beats may be detected during a physical examination and are confirmed by electrocardiography (ECG).
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec03/ch027/ch027b.html (154 words)

	Method and apparatus for detection of premature atrial contraction page
		In a method for identifying and classifying premature atrial contractions, a cardiac Iead hаving manifold eIectrodes, eIectricaIIy sepаrаted frоm every supplementary, at its tiр is located in contact with cardiac tissue, so thаt least twо of the eIectrodes аre at the sаme time in contact with the cardiac tissue.
		Dependent оn this propagation direction, the depolarization wave is classified as representing a normal sinus beat оr a premature atrial contraction.
		Door verdere analyse, is de voorbarige atrial samentrekking, als heden, geclassificeerd zoals voortkomend of uit het juiste atrium of het linkeratrium.
	www.patentalert.com /docs/001/z00114921.shtml (301 words)

	Tachycardia - Page 3 - HeartCenterOnline:
		Atrial tachycardias may be focal (arising from only one place in one of the atria) or multifocal (arising from many different places in the atria).
		Also known as premature supraventricular contractions, PACs are harmless irregular heart rhythms that generally do not need to be treated.
		Approximately 15 percent of strokes are a direct result of atrial fibrillation.
	heart.healthcentersonline.com /arrhythmia/tachycardia3.cfm (767 words)

	Do YOU want to last longer during sex
		Premature ejaculation also stops many single men seeking their ideal partner as it knocks their confidence.
		The number 1 cause of premature ejaculation is an uncontrollable and overwhelming urge to ejaculate, produced from over-stimulation by your lover.
		Premature ejaculation happens when this point is reached before you are fully aroused.
	www.cureprematureejaculation.com (5256 words)

	Patient Education \| Premature Heartbeats
		A premature heartbeat comes too soon and interrupts the regular rhythm of the heart.
		Premature beats may originate in the atrium, called a premature atrial contraction or PAC, or in the ventricles, called a premature ventricular contraction or PVC.
		Although premature beats are more common in people with heart disease, almost everyone has experienced a skipped beat once in a while, which may be due to smoking, fatigue, alcohol, caffeine and other stimulants, or may have no apparent cause.
	www.ucsfhealth.org /adult/edu/prematureHearts.html (192 words)

	Quiz: Arrhythmias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		While atrial fibrillation can occur in an otherwise healthy individual, it is much more common in the elderly with problems such as an enlarged atrium due to valve or other problems.
		Observe that a premature contraction occurring in the atria resets the SA node, which does not occur with a premature ventricular contraction.
		As with ventricular premature contractions, these can occur in healthy or diseased hearts.
	courses.washington.edu /conj/ecg/ecg.htm (445 words)

	Atrial ectopic beats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Atrial ectopic beats (AEB) refers to a contraction of the upper heart chamber which occurs before it would be expected.
		Atrial ectopic beats are also known as premature atrial beats, premature atrial complex (PAC), or atrial extrasystole.
		The first wave is called P, the second is called QRS, and the last is T. An atrial ectopic beat will show up on the ECG as a P wave that occurs closer than usual to the preceding T wave.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/atrial_ectopic_beats.jsp (512 words)

	Cardiac services - Specialty programs, Institute for Cardiac Rhythms, Glossary of cardiac rhythm terminology
		Most palpitations involve premature beats even when felt as skipped beats because the heart has little time to fill and the force of the beat is diminished.
		Extra or early beats from the atria are called atrial premature beats (APB), premature atrial beats (PAB), or premature atrial contraction (PAC).
		In some patients with WPW, atrial fibrillation can be particularly dangerous because the AV Node or filter is bypassed and the excessively rapid rates of atrial fibrillation can cause ventricular fibrillation (VF).
	www.aurorahealthcare.org /services/cardiac/dealing-with-heart-prob/cardiac-rhyhms/glossary.asp (1353 words)

	Department Of Medicine
		The heart's rhythmic contractions depend on an electrical system which conducts electrical impulses throughout the heart.
		The impulse spreads through the atria, causing a contraction and squeezing blood into the ventricles.
		Through a specialized muscle fiber system, the impulse is distributed throughout both ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood.
	cardiology.ucsf.edu /ep/debris/arrhythmias.htm (855 words)

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