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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Premaxilla
		During the same evolutionary sequence, the premaxillae generally became the principle tooth-bearing element of the upper jaw, while the maxilla developed into a lever, structured so as to protrude the premaxilla and drop the floor of the mouth for suction feeding.
		The sarcopterygian premaxilla appears to be homologous to the actinopterygian bone, although the case is not as clear as it might be.
		It varies among families in the size of its two components, the palatal and nasal branches, and in whether the nasal branches are fused to each other at the midline, or whether they are fused to the adjacent maxillae.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Premaxilla (320 words)

	eMedicine - Rhinoplasty, Premaxillary Augmentation : Article Excerpt by: Samuel M Lam, MD, FACS
		Problem: The premaxilla (also known as the incisive bone, intermaxillary bone, or Goethe bone) is the bony segment of the maxilla that lies between the lateral borders of the lateral maxillary incisors.
		The leptorrhine nose is characterized by a prominent anterior nasal spine and prognathic premaxilla.
		The platyrrhine structure of the typical African nose exhibits retrusion of the premaxilla with an almost absent nasal spine.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/byname/rhinoplasty-premaxillary-augmentation.htm (611 words)

	SICB - 2007 meeting - Abstract Details
		Previous kinematic study of Gambusia (Poecilidae: Cyprinodontiformes) revealed that the premaxilla retracts fully prior to jaw closure and thus does not serve to reduce the distance between the upper and lower jaws, as is seen in most fish with jaw protrusion.
		We examined multiple cyprinodont taxa to assess variation in the mobility of the descending process, identify potential mechanisms that transfer momentum to the premaxilla, and determine the functional consequences of variation (e.g., contribution of the premaxilla to jaw closing).
		Cyprinodont species differed in the contribution of the premaxilla to jaw closure, although there was no difference in the mobility of the descending process of the premaxilla or in the apparent mechanism of momentum transfer.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2007/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=342 (306 words)

	ADW: Premaxillae of bats
		It varies among families in the size of its two components, the palatal and nasal branches, and in whether the nasal branches are fused to each other at the midline, or whether they are fused to the adjacent maxillae.
		The difficulty with using the premaxilla, or characteristics of any of the other bones that make up a bat's skull, is that early in development the cranial bones fuse together and obliterate their sutures.
		Nevertheless, because the premaxilla carries the incisors, and because it is so distinctive in some families, it can usually be recognized and is well worth studying.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /site/topics/mammal_anatomy/premaxillae_of_bats.html (289 words)

	CHARACTER DESCRIPTIONS FOR NSF G
		Premaxillae adjacent to nasal opening (ordered).—Thin dorsoventrally and porous internally (0); pachyostotic, in direction perpendicular to face, and pachyosteosclerotic but nasals and premaxillae equally project dorsally and anteriorly (1); extreme pachyostosis, premaxillae adjacent to nasals project farther outward, anteriorly and dorsally (2) (modified from Moore, 1968).
		Inflection of ascending process of premaxilla.—Gradual with premaxilla in dorsal view smoothly tapering as premaxilla shifts from a horizontal to a mostly vertical position (0); abrupt with an anterior splint of maxilla that emarginates the posterior edge of premaxilla and splits it into a posterolateral plate and posteromedial splint (1).
		Premaxillae adjacent to and at posterior edge of the nasal opening (ordered).—Do not clearly overhang maxillae (0); premaxillae overhang maxillae (1); premaxillae greatly enlarged laterally, region between lateral edge of the right premaxilla and supraoccipital is partially enclosed (2) (Muizon, 1991).
	www.georgiasouthern.edu /~geislerj/NSF.htm (10161 words)

	[No title]
		This retraction is correlated with the posterior telescoping of the dorsal facial skeleton, and with the lack of a postorbital constriction (Radinsky 1965).
		The premaxilla does not contact the nasal, and the ascending process of the maxilla is marked by a distinctive trough that terminates posteriorly in a shallow fossa that curls onto the posterodorsal nasals and anterodorsal frontals.
		Although crushed, the flattened medial premaxillary margins of the nasoincisive incisure suggest that the cartilaginous nasal septum was clasped by the premaxillae, or possibly a maxilloturbinate that lined the narial face of the premaxillae (Figure 6).
	palaeo-electronica.org /2005_1/colbert12/facial.htm (1323 words)

	NPWRC :: Key to Skulls of ND Mammals
		basal length of skull — the distance from the anterior border of the foramen magnum to the anterior margin of the premaxilla.
		maxilla —; bone that forms part of the roof of the mouth in which the upper molars, premolars and canines are rooted (found posterior to premaxilla).
		palate — bony plate formed by the palatine bones and palatal branches of the maxilla and premaxilla; separates the nasal passages from the oral cavity.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/mammals/skulls/gloss.htm (807 words)

	Palaeos Bones: Dermal Bones: Facial Series: Premaxilla
		In addition, the premaxillae may become invested externally with keratinous structures forming a beak or bill (rhamphotheca), as in the anomodont synapsids, birds, trilophosaurs and turtles (Fig.
		Most commonly, the premaxillae articulate with the maxillae and nasals, although borders with the frontals, prefrontals and other dermal bones are also possible.
		In fish, the premaxilla is an important element in a number of different arrangements which allow protrusion of the mouth to suck in and envelop prey (see, infra).
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Bones/Dermal/FacialPremaxilla.html (1301 words)

	eMedicine - Craniofacial, Bilateral Cleft Nasal Repair : Article by Lonny L Ross
		Passive appliances maintain the distance between the 2 maxillary segments while external force is applied to the premaxilla to reposition it posteriorly.
		The prolabial incisions are made, and the prolabial flaps are freed from the premaxilla.
		When the prolabium and premaxilla are separated, the portion inferior to the incision is swung out and around so it is in line with the proximal end of this newly created flap.
	www.emedicine.com /plastic/topic167.htm (6085 words)

	[No title]
		The right premaxilla (Mal-6; length = 45 mm; height = 65 mm; Figure 4A-B) with three unerupted teeth and four alveoli was briefly described by Jacobs et al.
		The premaxilla has a dorsal process and a dorsoventral groove ventral to the maxillary process that suggest the presence of a dorsoventral process of the maxilla.
		Anterior teeth in the premaxilla and the dentary are similar in size but broader than more posterior teeth in the maxilla and dentary.
	palaeo-electronica.org /2005_1/gomani27/system.htm (1552 words)

	Lampridiformes
		The premaxilla completely excludes the maxilla from the gape.
		However, the jaws are highly protrusible, with a unique type of protrusible upper jaw.
		The maxilla, instead of being ligamentously attached to the ethmoid and palatine, slides in and out with the highly protractile premaxilla.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Lampridiformes.html (156 words)

	[No title]
		In terms of robustness, the Hyracodon premaxillae is similar to that exhibited by Tayassu tajacu (Figure 1M).
		The premaxillae morphology of Hyracodon is similar to that exhibited by Cervus elaphus, Tayassu tajacu, and Tapirus terrestris.
		This evidence suggests that Hyracodon was a browser of the nuts, fruits, twigs, and tougher vegetation growing on the distal reaches of bushland floodplains present in the region of BADL during the Oligocene.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/paleontology/pub/grd3_3/bad4.htm (2993 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The premaxilla of Majungasaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda), with implications for Gondwanan paleobiogeography
		In the austral winter of 1993, a joint SUNY-Stony Brook/Université d'Antananarivo expedition recovered numerous specimens of fossil vertebrates from Upper Cretaceous terrestrial deposits in the Mahajanga Basin, northwestern Madagascar (Fig.
		It also shares several synapomorphies with the premaxilla of Indosuchus raptorius, a large theropod from the Late Cretaceous of India.
	www.vertpaleo.org /jvp/16-601-605.html (195 words)

	Digimorph - Aepyornis maximus (Elephant bird)
		Sitting at the bottom of the egg is a loose accumulation of bones along with an unknown matrix (possibly travertine derived from the inside of the eggshell).
		A number of bones are easily identifiable from a three-dimensional rendering of the egg’s contents: the tarsometatarsus (a foot bone), the tibiotarsus (a leg bone), the premaxilla (the beak), and one of the vertebrae.
		The skeletal elements of the embryo, including the premaxilla, tibia, tarsometatarsi, and vertebrae, can been seen when the contents of the egg are rendered in three-dimensions with the eggshell digitally removed.
	digimorph.org /specimens/Aepyornis_maximus (996 words)

	Werewolf.com Discussion Boards - View Single Post - Bats Galore!
		It varies among families in the size of its two components, the palatal and nasal branches, and in whether the nasal branches are fused to each other at the midline, or whether they are fused to the adjacent maxillae.
		The difficulty with using the premaxilla, or characteristics of any of the other bones that make up a bat's skull, is that early in development the cranial bones fuse together and obliterate their sutures.
		Nevertheless, because the premaxilla carries the incisors, and because it is so distinctive in some families, it can usually be recognized and is well worth studying.
	www.werewolf.com /vb/showpost.php?p=20808&postcount=80 (265 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Caption = The bony palate and alveolar arch.
		(Premaxilla is not labeled, but region is visible.)
		}} The premaxilla is a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the jaws of many animals, usually bearing teeth, but not always.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=premaxilla (71 words)

	A premaxilla with a supernumerary tooth indicating a developmental region with a variety of dental abnormalities: a repo (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A premaxilla with a supernumerary tooth indicating a developmental region with a variety of dental abnormalities: a repo
		A premaxilla with a supernumerary tooth indicating a developmental region with a variety of dental abnormalities: a report of nine cases.
		The aim of this study was to elucidate whether a premaxilla with a supernumerary tooth has additional dental abnormalities.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/15124780/au:Hansen+L (316 words)

	Glossary
		In the Anguilliformes, the premaxilla is ankylosed to the ethmoid, lateral ethmoid and vomer.
		Premaxilla – A paired bone forming the anterior part of the upper jaw (more information).
		In the Angulliformes, the premaxilla is ankylosed with the vomer, ethmoid and lateral ethmoid.
	hbs.bishopmuseum.org /frc/glossary.html (3392 words)

	New Jersey Plastic Surgery - Facial Plastic Surgery
		It extends down to the premaxilla, so that it is situated on a firm base, thus supporting the lobule.
		Although the premaxilla is not part of the nose, it is the foundation for nasal tip projection.
		In the past, multiple small bits of cartilage and/or bone taken from areas removed during rhinoplasty were placed in the premaxilla through an incision in the floor of the nasal vestibule.
	www.glasgoldgroup.com /AppBioMatFacPlastSurg-06.html (2197 words)

	Phylogeny and Apomorphies of Temnospondyls
		Edopoidea Romer, 1945 (as Edopsoidea): marginally elongate premaxilla (Milner and Sequeira, 1998).
		Archegosauridae Meyer, 1857 : absence of a triangular process of the premaxilla projecting posteriorly, medial to the naris; and a rugose, medial, premaxillary tubercle between the anterior palatal fossae (Yates and Warren, 2000).
		Stereospondyli Frass, 1889: palatine ramus of the pterygoid posteriorly retracted (Fig.
	tolweb.org /notes/?note_id=582 (1016 words)

	Mesozoic Eucynodonts, Vocabulary
		In terms of this project, the premaxilla is the bone at the front of your upper jaw which supports at least some of the upper incisors in mammals, (where present).
		At the side is a maxilla, the main bone of the upper jaw.
		The upper croc snout is composed of the maxillae rather than the phyto fashion for premaxillae.
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/vocab.htm (6692 words)

	Wide Smiles Gallery: Ashlie
		She has partial upper lips on both sides and a little tiny piece of lip on her premaxilla that formed as a ball outside her mouth.
		Her PS wanted to do something to move the premaxilla into better alignment for surgery, so he and her oral surgeon designed a "bonnet" for her to wear.
		The retainer has elastic on either side of it and we created tension to move it by pulling the elastic tighter on the right side to get it to move more towards the center of her mouth.
	www.widesmiles.org /gallery/ashlie (516 words)

	Tanzanian Mammal Skull Key (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The premaxilla does not project laterally at the front end of the bone.
		The dorsal branch of the premaxilla is broad relative to its length.
		The dorsal branch of the premaxilla is slender relative to its length.
	www.fieldmuseum.org /tanzania/SkullKey.asp?catalog=1&setion=28&key=7 (64 words)

	The World Craniofacial Foundation: Dedicated to helping children and familes who experience deformities of the head ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Depending on the position of the premaxilla, it may require surgical-orthodontic treatment and bilateral bone grafting at a later age.
		The middle portion of the lip, called the prolabium, and the middle portion of the bone, called the premaxilla, are separated on both sides and may protrude forward.
		Occasionally, surgical repositioning of the premaxilla may be needed together with bilateral bone grafting.
	www.worldcf.org /bilateral_clefts.cfm (971 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		On examination all had median cleft lip with rudimentary prolabium, poorly defined or absent cupids bow, absent upper labial frenulum, flattened nose with widening of nostril, absent nasal spine, deficiency of columella, nasal septal cartilage and vomer.
		Premaxilla was absent in one patient and rudimentary in the remaining two patients.
		The second type is hypoteloristic type or median pseudocleft with absent premaxilla, prolabium, columella, cleft palate, hypotelorism and holoprosencephaly.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?pl03028 (2324 words)

	Cleft Booklet Chapter Two - Plastic Surgery (from CLAPA Ireland) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The appearance of the protruding premaxilla is very worrying to the lay person who cannot see how the defect can possibly be rectified.
		The premaxilla in a baby with cleft palate is rotated forward because the gums are divided or cleft and the normal restraining action of the muscle in the lip is broken.
		The emphasis is on the muscle repair at the time so that the premaxilla is gently moved back into position by the repaired lip.
	www.cleft.ie /publications/clapa_booklet/surgery.htm (1075 words)

	All About Archaeopteryx
		The bill is produced via the process of 'cornification' which involves the mucus layer of the epidermis (Romanoff 1960) and thus its formation is independant of jaw bone formation.
		In birds the nares are reduced and removed posteriorly (closer to the eyes) due to the increase in size of the premaxilla.
		In birds the premaxilla bone is connected to the, jugal bone; the jugal bone is connected to the, lacrimal bone.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/archaeopteryx/info.html (9633 words)

	PREMAXILLA
		A bone on either side of the middle line between the nose and mouth, forming the anterior part of each half of the upper jawbone; the intermaxilla.
		English words defined with "PREMAXILLA": Intermaxilla ♦ Praemaxilla, Premaxillae, Premaxillary.
		"PREMAXILLA" is used about 16 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
	www.websters-dictionary-online.org /definition/english/Pr/Premaxilla.html (332 words)

	IngentaConnect A re-evaluation of the premaxillary bone in humans (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We also focused on the relation of the developing premaxilla to the forming nasal septum moving from ventral to dorsal and the intercalation of the vomer.
		Furthermore, the significance of the premaxillary anlage for the closure of the palatine was documented by a synopsis made from a stage 16, 10.2 mm GL embryo to a 49 mm GL fetus.
		Finally the growth of the premaxilla is closely related to the development of the human face.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/klu/429/2004/00000207/00000006/art00001 (586 words)

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