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	PREMOLAR
		The premolar teeth are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth.
		Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines preceeded by deciduous molars.
		(Review of premolar occlusal outlines: the upper first is hexagonal, the upper second is ovoid, the lower first is diamond, and the lower second is square.) The large buccal cusp dominates the occlusal surface.
	dentistry.uic.edu /Depts/oralb/PREMOLAR.htm (1080 words)

	Premolar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth.
		The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar.
		Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines preceded by deciduous molars.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Premolar (210 words)

	Premolar: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject] and molar[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject] teeth.
		Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal[For more, click on this link] to the canine canine quick summary:
		In primitive mammal[For more facts and a topic of this subject, click this link]s there are four premolars per quadrant.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/premolar.htm (298 words)

	wall
		Relative length of the upper premolar row was calculated by dividing the mean premolar row length by the mean molar row length.
		Premolar row length (PRL) and molar row length (MRL) were measured as the length along the base of the crown on the labial side.
		The dentition of the modern camel is moderately hypsodont, with molarization of premolars three and four, and a leveling of the occlusal surface.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/paleontology/pub/fossil_conference_6/wall.htm (3889 words)

	Definition of premolar - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "premolar" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "premolar" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "premolar" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=premolar (62 words)

	International Association of Equine Dentistry - Articles - 12/19/2002: "BIT SEATS - A DENTAL PROCEDURE FOR ENHANCING ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The rostral surfaces of the second premolars of horses that wear bits are often rounded and smoothed to improve athletic performance "Bit seat" (or "cheek seat") is a term used to denote the rounded and smoothed rostral portion of the second premolar.
		Teeth were examined for molar occlusion and lateral excursion, condition and alignment of incisors, molars and premolars, presence of first premolars (wolf teeth) or their fragments and overly long or sharp canines.
		The rostral portion of the maxillary second premolars are beveled to the gum line, and the mandibular second premolars are rounded to approximately 1/2 their height.
	www.iaeqd.org /articles/00000012.html (1637 words)

	The Effects of First Premolar Extractions on Third Molar Angulations
		The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the inclinations of second and third molars during a two- to 2.5-year period in patients treated orthodontically both with and without premolar extractions.
		The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in maxillary and mandibular third molar angulation relative to the occlusal plane and changes relative to second molar long axis in a group treated with four first premolar extractions and to compare these changes with a nonextraction group.
		All second premolars were fully erupted at the beginning of the treatment period.
	www.arabmedmag.com /issue-15-05-2005/dentistry/main03.htm (2260 words)

	[No title]
		In this exercise we are interested in understanding the relationship between prairie dogs eye lens weight and their premolar gap width (both measurements are used to assign prairie dogs to age classes).
		Calculate the mean, median, mode and standard deviation for both the premolar gap and the eye lens weight.
		To determine whether male and female prairie dogs’ eye lens and premolar gap have a different relationship, repeat the calculations from problem 1(a —c) for male and female prairie dogs separately.
	www.uwyo.edu /dbmcd/popecol/ExcelWrkshp.doc (258 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Maxillary 2nd Premolars continued Mesial marginal ridge is more occlusally placed on all posterior teeth, except on mandibular 1st premolar.
		Mandibular Premolars General: Mandibular 2nd premolar is larger than the mandibular 1st premolar, this is opposite to the maxillary premolars where the maxillary 1st premolar is larger than the maxillary 2nd premolar.
		Mandibular 2nd Premolar 1 or 2 lingual cusps are commonly present, hence the term “bicuspid” is a misnomer when speaking of premolars in general.
	www.dent.ucla.edu /2002/da1019.doc (728 words)

	Whitetail Ageing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Premolars: The first three teeth on each side of the jaw are called premolars.
		While it is possible to determine whether a deer is a fawn by looking at its incisors or front teeth, it is the cheek teeth, specifically those of the lower jaw, that harbor the most reliable clues.
		The third premolar may still have three cusps, or the permanent third premolar may now be in (two cusps).
	www.kerrlake.com /deer/teeth.htm (1005 words)

	Receptive Field Properties of Human Periodontal Afferents Responding to Loading of Premolar and Molar Teeth -- Johnsen ...
		A and B: the graphs illustrate the afferents at the 1st premolar (n = 23), the 2nd premolar (n = 13), and the 1st molar (n = 9), respectively.
		Circles and squares indicate that the molar and the 1st premolar is the MST, respectively.
		Schulze C, Spaethe A, and Halata Z. The sensory innervation of the periodontium of the third premolar in Monodelphis domestica.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/3/1478 (6103 words)

	Premolars
		There are two premolars per quadrant and are identified as first and second premolars.
		(Review of premolar occlusal outlines: the upper first is hexagonal, the upper second is ovoid, the lower first is diamond, and the lower second is square.) The large buccal cusp dominates the occlusal surface.
		Root: The mandibular second premolar has a single root that is usually larger than that of the first premolar.
	www.uic.edu /classes/orla/orla312/PREMOLAR.htm (1067 words)

	The Dumble Survey: FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TEXAS 1892. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The conic character of the principal premolars, and their abrupt increase in size anteriorly, the low, almost molariform, character of the third premolar, together with the short blade of the inferior sectorial, constitute strong points of resemblance to the Hyænas.
		In the Loup Fork epoch, the genus Ælurodon was represented by several species, varying from the size of a red fox to that of a grizzly bear, which performed the function of Hyænas in the economy of the fauna, in devouring the carcasses of the numerous large species of Mammalia with which they were contemporary.
		The premolar teeth of the larger species were more robust than in the true dogs, and were useful in breaking bones.
	www.lib.utexas.edu /books/dumble/publications/10/10c053a-print.html (432 words)

	Infections of the 4th Premolar (Carnassial Tooth) in Dogs
		It is the fourth premolar, sometimes referred to as the carnassial tooth (Figure 1).
		In wild canines, it is the main tooth used to break up or crush hard material in their diet such as bones or large pieces of meat.
		An infection of the 4th premolar is a unique dental problem and has outward signs that are often misunderstood by the owner.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1633&articleid=382 (845 words)

	Ape. Apes - Introduction, Genera.
		In passing to these American apes we entirely lose cheek pouches and ischial callosities; while the thumb, even where best developed, is capable of but a very partial opposition to the other fingers, bending almost in the same plane with the latter, so as to be more like a fifth finger than a thumb.
		We also constantly find an additional premolar tooth on each side of each jaw, and that bony tube, the meatus auditorius externus, is wanting.
		These animals are so different from all that have gone before that there is probably almost as much to be said for ranking them as a family by themselves as for considering them, as is here done, but a sub-family.
	www.1902-encyclopedia.com /A/APE/ape-1.html (5740 words)

	The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine
		The maxillary fourth premolar is a tri-rooted tooth with a large distal root and 2 mesial roots (mesiobuccal and mesiopalatal) emanating from a common root trunk.
		The periodontal flap incision begins in the buccal mucosa over the maxillary second premolar and is directed mesially, sloping towards the gingiva at the distal line angle of the canine tooth.
		The etching is performed on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the 1st through 3rd premolars and lingual surface only of the 4th premolar and molars, taking into account the scissor bite of the maxillary and mandibular arcades.
	www.dcavm.org /02jan.htm (11802 words)

	The Orthodontic CYBERjournal : Effects of Premolar Extractions
		Extraction of premolar teeth is often necessary to achieve treatment goals.
		A total of sixteen linear and angular measurements were made from pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 40 Caucasian patients (20 males, 20 females) and 40 African American patients (20 males, 20 females) treated in the Department of Orthodontics at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine.
		Since the other measurements of lower lip to various soft tissue reference lines were reproducible, it appears that an error in redrawing the H line may have contributed to the error in measurement.
	www.oc-j.com /issue4/p0000031.htm (4952 words)

	Lesson G: Maxillary Second Premolar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The facial and lingual heights of contour are positioned as they are in the first premolar: the facial height of contour in the gingival 1/3, the lingual in the middle 1/3.
		From this view this tooth crown looks much like the first premolar; however, a little less of the occlusal surface may be seen as the lingual cusp is almost as long as the buccal cusp.
		The outline, from this view, is more oval and less angular than the first premolar, there is no mesial marginal groove, tho a spillway may be present, and the lingual cusp is not so offset to the mesial as it typically is on the first premolar.
	www.health.ufl.edu /dental/5404C/lesson_g.html (721 words)

	Gap in Bat Tooth Row
		Premolars are the teeth with points, just behind the canine.
		Pretty impressively large premolar, clearly at least 1/2 as long as the canine and in contact with the canine.
		So with your naked eye, although you might be able to say the tooth behind the canine is 1/2 as long as the canine, there does appear to be a gap.
	www.hastingsreserve.org /Mammals/Bats/ToothGap.html (281 words)

	Lesson H: Mandibular Premolars. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the case of the second premolar, the proximal heights of contour are considered to be at the junction of the occlusal and middle 1/3.
		The buccal cusp tip of the mandibular first premolar is offset slightly to the mesial whereas the buccal cusp tip of the second premolar is usually centered.
		Notice a particular difference in the position of the buccal cusp when comparing the mandibular first and second premolars; on the first premolar the cusp is positioned centered over the long axis buccolingually while on the second premolar the cusp is positioned buccal of the center of the long axis.
	www.health.ufl.edu /dental/5404C/lesson_h.html (1310 words)

	How to Age Michigan Deer
		Thus, the premolars which remain are the second, third and fourth.
		Slight wear consisting of a small thin dentine line is present on the last cusp of the third molar.
		Presence or absence of incisors not a valid criterion of this age group, since know-age specimens and several deer known to be older all retained incisor teeth in good condition.
	www.michigan.gov /dnr/0,1607,7-153-10363_10856_10905-32296--,00.html (409 words)

	First or Second Premolar Extraction Effectson Facial Vertical Dimension
		According to the “wedge effect” concept, it is hypothesized that P2 extraction permits the molar to move more mesially than P1 extraction, resulting in a greater decrease of the FVD by reducing the wedge effect.
		In these patients premolar extraction decisions could be based on other criteria, such as incisor retraction, area of crowding, tooth sizes, and condition of teeth, rather than on a desire to change FVD.
		The effect of maxillary first premolar extraction and incisor retraction on mandibular position: testing the central dogma of “functional orthodontics.”.
	www.arabmedmag.com /issue-31-03-2005/dentistry/main02.htm (2709 words)

	Cuspal Movement in Premolar Teeth Restored with Different Filling Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The aim of this study was to investigate which factor, shrinkage, contraction stress, or the Young's modulus, is predominant in the cuspal movement in extracted premolars with an MOD restoration.
		The MOD preparation in the upper premolar was restored in bulk with one of the composites and Clearfil SE Bond (Kurarary) as the adhesive system.
		Conclusion: Cuspal movement in a premolar with an MOD restoration is mainly due to shrinkage of composite.
	iadr.confex.com /iadr/eur05/techprogram/abstract_67832.htm (342 words)

	Premolar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		I frankly hadn't the foggiest notion it could be a tooth because there was no evidence whatsoever of the presence of enamel or dentine.
		But Krogman adamantly insisted it was a premolar, pointing to a pair of cusps.
		A few weeks later I casually asked Krogman what type of testing should be done on this intriguing specimen and, after giving it a few moments' thought, he strongly recommended an infra-red scan.
	www.enigmas.org /aef/lib/paleo/premolar.shtml (278 words)

	Dental Explorations, Professional Resources For Dentists: Hydraulic and Hydrophobic Impressions Part 1
		Because of the extent of the carious enamel, the patient was advised to have the Maryland bridge removed, allowing the full extent of the caries to be identified and excavated.
		Conservative inlay retainer preparations on the mesial of the first molar and the distal of the first premolar was suggested.
		The same basic guidelines used for the MODL onlay preparation on the first premolar were followed with the MODL onlay preparation on the first molar.
	www.dentalexplorations.com /articles/6-1.html (1189 words)

	Premolar Stock Illustration and Clipart. 13 Premolar illustrations and drawings available to search from over 15 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Buccal surface of the lower right 1st premolar.
		Lingual surface of the upper right 1st premolar.
		Lingual surface of the lower right 1st premolar.
	www.fotosearch.com /illustration/premolar.html (195 words)

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