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Topic: Prenasalized stop

	Stop consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.
		The term plosive is reserved for oral (non-nasal) stops: that is, stops with a release burst.
		Nasal stops are acoustically sonorants, as they have a non-turbulent airflow and are nearly always voiced, but they are articulatorily obstruents, as there is complete blockage of the oral cavity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stop_consonant (1029 words)

	Stop consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Note that the terms prenasalization and postnasalization are normally only used in languages where these sounds are not analyzed into sequences of plosive and nasal stop.
		In languages where stops are only distinguished by length, the long stops may last up to three times as long as the short stops.
		Here are some of the oral stops (plosives) and their symbols in the IPA.) See also the nasal stops.
	www.objectsspace.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Stop_consonant (1083 words)

	Stop consonant: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A stop, plosive or occlusive is a consonant (consonant: A speech sound that is not a vowel) sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.
		In affricate (affricate: A composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as `ch' in `chair' and `j' in `joy')) stops, the release simultaneously is a fricative (fricative: A continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract).
		glottal stop (glottal stop: A stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis; as in the sudden onset of a vowel)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/stop_consonant (1283 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Template:Manner of articulation A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract.
		Stop consonant A stop is a consonant sound produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract by the lips or tongue.
		A stop is an incorrect name for the punctuation mark correctly known as a full stop or a period: "." A stop consonant in phonology or linguistics Any of the characteristic sounds available from a pipe organ...
	stop_consonant.iqexpand.com (865 words)

	Stop consonant - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		Nasal stops are pronounced with a lowered velum, allowing the air to escape through the nose during the production of the stop; oral stops with a raised velum that shuts the nasal cavity.
		A prenasalized stop begins with a lowered velum that raises during the second phase of the stop articulation.
		A postnasalized stop begins with a raised velum that lowers during the second phase of the stop articulation.
	www.indopedia.org /Plosive.html (606 words)

	Affricate consonant - Open Encyclopedia
		Affricate consonants begin like stops (most often an alveolar, such as [t] or [d]), but release as a fricative such as [s] or [z] (or, in a couple of languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel.
		The difference is that in the stop-fricative sequence, the stop has a release of its own before the fricative starts, but in the affricate, the fricative element is the release.
		In English, [ts] and [dz] (as in nuts and nods) are considered to be sequences of a stop phoneme and a fricative phoneme even though they are phonetically affricates, because they may have a morpheme boundary in them (e.g.
	www.openencyclopedia.net /index.php/Affricate_consonant (899 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A prenasalized stop begins with a lowered velum that raises during the second phase of the stop articulation (e.g.
		Note that the terms prenasalization and postnasalization are normally only used in languages where these sounds are not analyzed into sequences of stop and nasal.
		There are a series of stops in Korean which are commonly misidentified as ejectives but which are produced using "stiff voice", meaning there is increased contraction of the glottis than for normal production of voiceless stops.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Plosive_consonant.html (612 words)

	Afaka script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Final consonants (the nasal [n]) are not written, but long vowels are, by adding a vowel letter.
		Prenasalized and voiced consonants are written the same, and syllables with the vowels [u] and [o] are seldom distinguished (they are in the cases of [o]/[u], [po]/[pu], and [to]/[tu], but not after the consonants [b, d, dy, f, g, l, m, n, s]).
		Thus the Afaka form of Ndyuka could be read instead as Joka.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Afaka_script (435 words)

	[No title]
		Affricates: a stop released into the hormoganic fricative within one and the same syllable and one and the same morpheme.
		Lateral plosion: a sequence of sounds involving a stop released or \lquote ploded\rquote (laterally rather than centrally) into a homorganic lateral approximant.
		Prenasalized stop: a homorganic sequences involving a nasal followed by a stop occurring at the beginning of a syllable and functioning as a unit in a language; e.g.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/ratree/lin3201/Coarticulation.rtf (582 words)

	Stop consonant: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Stops may be made with more than one airstream mechanism[follow this hyperlink for a summary of this topic], Exception Handler: No article summary found.
		Some languages have stops made with other mechanisms too: these are called ejective[follow this hyperlink for a summary of this topic], Exception Handler: No article summary found.
		glottal stop (A stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis; as in the sudden onset of a vowel)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/stop_consonant (2058 words)

	The Shwah Language: Sounds and Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Sometimes, the stop is released gradually, and the sound is an affricate.
		Fricatives, plosives, nasals, and prenasals are further distinguished by position of articulation, of which Shwah recognizes four: front consonants at the lips (labial or bilabial), central consonants at the teeth (dental or alveolar), back consonants at the palate (palatal or velar), and deep consonants at the glottis (glottal).
		When the null vowel follows a prenasal, the prenasal is pronounced with the aspirated form of the plosive.
	www.shwah.net /shwah1.htm (5088 words)

	STOP CONSONANT FACTS AND INFORMATION
		However, colloquial Samoan lacks the dentals t and n, and the northern Iroquoian languages lack the labials p and m.
		Aspirated stops have a voice onset time greater than zero, so that there is a period of voiceless airflow (a phonetic) before the onset of the vowel.
		(glottal stop, not as a phoneme in most dialects)
	www.witwib.com /stop_consonant (984 words)

	This paper is an investigation of why languages develop consonant mutations
		With either voiceless stops or voiced fricatives, the outputs of the /N-/ prefixation are identical; the prefixal nasal is fused with the root-initial consonants, emerging as prenasalized voiced stops.
		Unlike affixation to roots with voiceless stops or voiced fricatives, the prefixation of /N-/ to roots with initial voiceless fricatives does not yield a prenasalized voiced stop.
		In order for a voiceless stop to become a voiced stop, it must violate Ident (voi), while a fricative must incur a violation of Ident (cont) to emerge as a stop.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /Events/PLC/plc26/44.htm (915 words)

	Labial-alveolar Consonant Encyclopedia Article @ TellyBabies.com (Telly Babies) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Something similar is found with the labialized alveolar stops in several Northwest and Northeast Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz and Lak.
		Although the double stop articulation may be more common, they are generally considered to be essentially labialized alveolars because the labial contact is light, and moreover the contact is between the inner surfaces of the lips, which are protruded as they are for [w].
		This is quite different from the normal contact for [p] in these languages.
	www.tellybabies.com /encyclopedia/Labial-alveolar_consonant (302 words)

	Stop Consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Searching for Stop consonant information can be tough.
		We have compiled many new Stop consonant resources to help you find the Stop consonant your looking for.
		While looking at my Stop consonant site be sure to check out some of the special areas to find even more great Stop consonant information.
	teenbig.topstori.info /Consonant/Stop_consonant (1085 words)

	Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics - Annual Report 98 - Chapter 11
		Only one prenasalized stop is tolerated per word in Ganda, further instances dissimilate.
		Walsh Dickey carried out a number of analyses of the airflow data, which included oral stops, nasal stops, prenasalized stops, and an unusual sound, previously described as 'nasal plosion' or a 'post-nasalized stop'.
		The timing and airflow patterns observed in prenasalized stops gave empirical support to the claim that these are indeed single segments and not consonant clusters.
	www.mpi.nl /world/anrep/98/anrep-98-11.html (3174 words)

	Solution to Last Month's Mystery Spectrogram - Rob Hagiwara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Note the obvious VOT in spite of the stop being voiced for most of its duration.
		If you went prenasalized stop, well, okay, but I'd expect some nasalization on the vowel preceding, and, well, just more resonance.
		There's a little glotallization or breathiness moving into this stop, I'm sure because there's a major prosodic boundary following this word (I mean, this word is at the right edge of a fairly major prosodic constituent).
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~robh/archives/arc0209.html (2651 words)

	LINGUIST List 4.1099: Internal/external evidence
		At the Linguistic Institute last summer, Donca Steriade, during a talk at the Phonology Workshop, made the claim that a word in an African language (don't remember which) had an (intervocalic) prenasalized stop.
		An audience member questioned her claim, suggesting that it might be a sequence of nasal stop + oral stop.
		Basically, it says: the probability of a hypothesis given a piece of evidence increases to the extent that the ev.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/4/4-1099.html (846 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.600: Affricates
		As to the phonetic difference, although I have not done any instrumental work, I would be very surprised if it was not durational differences, at least of the frication part (probably closure too when it's possible to tell) -- considerably longer for [t+S].
		At which point, the Zulu speaker noted, equally spontaneously, that the next example, a (Swahili) prenasalized stop ([ndizi] `banana'), was NOT a sequence of two segments, at least in Zulu (despite the biliteral orthography!).
		SOME people, whether for phonetic reasons or phonological ones, apparently have no trouble deciding whether or not they are dealing with a sequence of segments.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/6/6-600.html (601 words)

	I
		apo: first, the [-voice] [-nasal] stop /p/ in the verb corresponds to a prenasalized stop which is [+voice] [+nasal] in the affix; second, the affix lacks the initial vowel /a/ of the verb, reducing it to one syllable; and third, the affix, unlike the verb, is incapable of receiving primary stress.
		The immediately preceding vowel is nasalized, either as an underlying feature or through the conditioning of a preceding nasal consonant, and this feature spreads to the unvoiced stop to its immediate right.
		In his account, prenasalized stops like /mb/ were originally voiceless stops preceding a nasalized vowel.
	hamminkj.cafeprogressive.com /gni_talk.htm (3657 words)

	Njaama Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		When prenasalized consonants occur intervocalically, the previous vowel becomes nasalized, and the prenasalized stop becomes a regular, voiceless stop.
		Second, /l/ becomes [w] when it occurs before a prenasalized consonant (and also has a tendency to undergo a similar change before other nasal consonants).
		Additionally, when an /s/ follows a coda nasal (even if the segment itself isn't there), an epenthetic stop is inserted in between the nasal and the fricative.
	dedalvs.free.fr /njaama/phonology.html (1384 words)

	Linguistics
		Specify for each column what the phonetic character of the allophone is. Describe the allophones of /t/ in English and specify their distribution.
		Fijian is an example of a language with prenasalized stops in its phonological inventory.
		A voiced consonant becomes nasal after a nasal stop.
	www.mta.ca /faculty/arts/linguistics/exercises (624 words)

	SSILA 2004 Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In addition, n>nd at the beginning of a stem (Holton 2000, 57), while the reflex of n is purely sonorant elsewhere.
		Featural contrasts are thus preserved (voicing and nasalization parsed in the case of the proto-nasal, voicing and lowered frication intensity in the fricatives) while effects of fortition are also displayed (obstruency in the prenasalized stop, voicelessness in the fricatives).
		The development of a contour segment seems to fulfill the same function in both cases, although the consonant sets and their featural distinctions differ, as well as the phonetic expression of fortition.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/meetings/SSILA04/abstracts/tuttle.htm (248 words)

	Lyaib Pronunciation - UniLang Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A word may start with a prenasalized stop: mb (MB), nd (ND), ɲɟ (NGY) or ɴɢ (NGH).
		A word may end with a stop or a fricative, except h (H).
		The first syllable in a word is stressed, unless it is a prefix (cf.
	home.unilang.org /main/wiki2/index.php/Lyaib_Pronunciation (95 words)

	stop consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Most languages have at least, t,,">, [m">n, [m (though the latter two aren't considered stops by all).
		, [k">t, [k (voiceless), [g">d, [g (voiced), [ŋ">n, [ŋ (nasal, and not considered stops by all) ʔ (glottal stop, though not as a phoneme in most dialects)
		it uses material from the wikipedia article "stop consonant"
	www.33beat.com /stop_consonant.html (1025 words)

	24.901J, 5th assignment (McCarthy article) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The prenasalized stop, (I've written in "Nd"), is assumed to have a sequence of values of [nasal]: first minus, then plus.
		This is just like a contour tone (sequence of tones associated to a single tone-bearing unit).
		95 “Double stops” are stops that take place simultaneously (or close to it) at two places of articulation.
	www.linguistics.ucla.edu /people/zuraw/901J/HW5McCarthy.html (1016 words)

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