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Topic: President of the USSR

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Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

President of the Soviet Union

List of leaders of the Soviet Union

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

Politics of the Soviet Union

Nikolai Podgorny

Supreme Soviet

Vasily Kuznetsov

USSR

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Leonid Brezhnev

Konstantin Chernenko

Nikolay Shvernik

Nikolai Tikhonov

Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

	Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The USSR was created and expanded as a union of Soviet republics formed within the territory of the Russian Empire abolished by the Russian Revolution of 1917 followed by the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.
		A referendum for the preservation of the USSR was held on March 17, 1991, with the majority of the population voting for preservation of the Union in most republics.
		On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev, yielded to the inevitable and resigned as the president of the USSR, declaring the office extinct.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/USSR (6733 words)

	President of the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The President of the Soviet Union was the Head of State of the USSR from March 15, 1990 to December 25, 1991.
		The office had not existed until 1990; previously the head of Soviet state had been the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (Chairman of the All-Union Executive Committee, ВЦИК) from 1922-1938, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1938-1989, then the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet in 1989-90.
		From the mid-1920s on, all effective executive political power was in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the Chairman exercising largely symbolic and figurehead duties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union (752 words)

	The Center for Security Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The USSR president is the head of the Union state exercising supreme executive power...The president is elected by USSR citizens by a majority of votes in the Union as a whole and in the majority of republics.
		The USSR vice president is elected at the same time as the president....
		The Council of the Federation is constituted under the USSR president's leadership and comprises the USSR vice president and the presidents...of the republics, for the purpose of laying down the main avenues of the Union's domestic and foreign policy and coordination the republics' actions.
	www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org /index.jsp?section=papers&code=90-123 (1767 words)

	Boris Yeltsin
		President of the USSR Gorbachev attended the inauguration ceremony (July 10, 1991) and congratulated President Yeltsin.
		President Gorbachev and heads of the Soviet republics were scheduled to sign the Union Treaty on August 20, 1991.
		Yeltsin's new security czar, Alexander Lebed, who had campaigned for president on an anti-crime and anti-corruption platform before accepting his position in the government, told the journalists he was not interested in "the murky case".
	www.cs.indiana.edu /hyplan/dmiguse/Russian/bybio.html (5243 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Putin deplores collapse of USSR
		Russia's President Vladimir Putin has described the collapse of the Soviet Union as "the greatest geopolitical catastrophe" of the 20th century.
		He said the break-up of the USSR in 1991 was "a real drama" which left tens of millions of Russians outside the Russian Federation.
		Critics accuse President Putin of concentrating too much power in the Kremlin, pointing to controversial changes in the way provincial governors and parliamentary deputies are elected.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/4480745.stm (379 words)

	The Jamestown Foundation
		Latvian president Guntis Ulmanis told his compatriots that the call to revive the Soviet Union represented "a dangerous attempt to shake the foundations of peace that have formed in Europe." Ulmanis called for coordinated international action to forestall any subsequent moves by the Duma.
		Belarus president Aleksandr Lukashenko was moved to "regret that the former union cannot be again" and to call for the construction of a "union state with those [ex-Soviet republics] who desire it...
		President Heydar Aliyev of Azerbaijan obliquely exculpated Yeltsin of the Communist accusation that he had scuttled the USSR at Belovezhye.
	www.jamestown.org /publications_details.php?volume_id=3&&issue_id=128 (2135 words)

	Online NewsHour: Eye on Russia -- August 20, 2001
		ACTING PRESIDENT GENNADY YANAYEV, USSR: (speaking through interpreter) We call on all the citizens of the USSR to fulfill their responsibility and to provide the necessary support to the state of emergency committee in its efforts to get the country out of the crisis.
		PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH: I think what he's doing is simply expressing the will of the people there to have these reforms and have democracy, the steps already taken to democracy, strengthened.
		PRESIDENT MIKHAIL GORBACHEV: (speaking through interpreter) There are people who lost their heads, lost all sense of responsibility, you can even call them traitors.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/europe/july-dec01/russia_8-20.html (2657 words)

	Strategic Insights -- Adventures of the Nulcear Briefcase
		The C3 system of the strategic nuclear forces assigns user terminals to the President of the USSR, the Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of General Staff of the USSR; these terminals are connected through the [central] command post.
		The coup against the president of the USSR resulted in a loss of civilian control over the Soviet nuclear arsenal symbolized by the disappearance of the "nuclear briefcase".
		Gorbachev's successors, presidents of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, apparently took note of the adventures of the "nuclear briefcase." The control of the "nuclear briefcase" has become a symbol of political authority.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2004/sep/tsypkinSept04.asp (2354 words)

	Search Results for "USSR"
		...Soviet politician who was president of the USSR from 1965 to 1977, when he was displaced by Leonid Brezhnev....
		...The countries of eastern Europe, especially those that were allied with the USSR in the Warsaw Pact, which was established in 1955 and dissolved in 1991....
		...who was general secretary of the Communist party from 1985-1991 and president of the USSR from 1989-1991, ushering in an era of unprecedented glasnost and perestroika....
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col61&query=USSR (348 words)

	Comparison: USA v. USSR - Part 2
		The USSR’s ethnic Europeans, the Russians, were on the verge of becoming a minority.
		The remainder of the USSR epitomized the false ideal of diversity, and was an agglomeration of various ethnicities, nationalities and religions - Asian, Islamic and Pagan.
		As was the case with the USSR and East Germany, one-party governments tend to provide inaccurate economic data.
	members.localnet.com /~obadiah1/usa_ussr2.html (2102 words)

	Michael Gorbachev, President of the USSR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		I welcome here the presence of the President of the United States of America, the Arab delegations and observers, the Israeli delegation, Representatives of the European Community and of the United Nations Secretary-General.
		It was the will of his tory that, without an improvement and then a radical change in Soviet-U.S. relations, we would never have witnessed the profound qualitative changes in the world that now make it possible to speak in terms of an entirely new age, an age of peace in world history.
		Directly after that, just as was agreed between President Bush and myself in September 1990 at our Helsinki meeting on the subject of the Gulf War, vigorous joint efforts began, aimed at achieving a Middle East settlement.
	electronicintifada.net /referencelibrary/keydocuments/doc_page32.shtml (1726 words)

	Archontology.org: History of YANAYEV, Gennady Ivanovich: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		On 27 Dec 1990, President Mikhail Gorbachev nominated Yanayev for the post of Vice-President, but he failed to win the first vote at the Congress of People's Deputies (1,089 for, 583 against).
		Gorbachev refused to nominate another candidate and Yanayev eventually won on the second ballot and became Vice President of the USSR (27 Dec 1990 - 4 Sep 1991).
		While Mikhail Gorbachev was falsely declared ill, Yanayev assumed the duties of President of the USSR.
	www.archontology.org /nations/ussr/ussr_state/yanayev.php (489 words)

	[No title]
		The collapse of the USSR is accounted for in most imperialist accounts and by the crop of counter-revolutionaries in the USSR as stemming mostly from internal forces.
		In analyzing the collapse of the USSR, the basic point is to determine how much significance should be attached to its objective situation, that is, the external threat, as against the subjective one.
		When one considers the reciprocal relationship between the external, international situation of the USSR and the internal, domestic process, it is quite unrealistic and not at all in conformity with reality to try and compartmentalize them.
	history.eserver.org /collapse-of-ussr.txt (5495 words)

	Ex-Soviet president endorses Putin's consensus politics
		BBC Monitoring Ex-Soviet president endorses Putin's consensus politics Source: Ekho Moskvy radio, Moscow, in Russian 1006 gmt 2 May 02 The former president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, has praised Russian President Vladimir Putin for gearing his policies to the widest possible spectrum of people and "breaking away from the influence of families, groups, clans".
		So, what the president said about this, that we need clear and succinct legislation, is, I think, a very important step on his part.
		We consider he is steadily unfolding policies geared to the majority in Russia and breaking away from the influence of families, groups, clans and so on - although, I have to say, this process is not complete and, through inertia, we are still losing a lot.
	mailman.lbo-talk.org /2002/2002-May/011109.html (1562 words)

	Unique Facts about Asia: USSR
		The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), also called the Soviet Union, was a state in much of the northern region of Eurasia that existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991.
		The USSR is generally considered to be the successor of the Russian Empire, whose last monarch, Tsar Nicholas II, ruled until 1917.
		On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR and turned the powers of his office over to Boris Yeltsin.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Asiaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-Asia6.htm (1300 words)

	Russia, Women's Rights, Gorbachev on Legislative Quotas for Women
		Ex-president of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev voiced this view speaking in Moscow on Friday at the conference Women and Elections timed to the 70th anniversary of Raisa Gorbacheva's birthday.
		The ex-president of the USSR also stressed that "a cardinal turn must occur also in the consciousness of women themselves".
		The address of the participants in the conference to the president of Russia, to parliament and to public organisations contains a call for taking a decision on introduction of such quotas in the legislation on elections.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/6018-6.cfm (284 words)

	Soviet Collapse, USSR Breakup, 1991
		The rest of the winter, into 1991, was lived in an atmosphere of escalating tension as the leader of the Russian republic, Boris Yeltsin, increased his rhetoric against central Soviet institutions amid discussions of a new union treaty to loosen the bonds of the USSR.
		Despite the conciliatory language, six of the USSR's 15 republics chose to ignore a referendum on the issue.
		Within days, the USSR's republics would declare their independence, and by December, the USSR would formally cease to exist.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/5599-3.cfm (2097 words)

	Russian Government Changes
		Since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, Russia has been wracked by economic misfortune and political instability.
		Gorbachev resigns his position as president of the USSR, signifying the demise of the Soviet Union.
		Nationalists are well-represented in the newly elected Duma (the lower house of parliament).
	www.factmonster.com /spot/russiatimeline1.html (457 words)

	President of Russia \| (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court administers the oath to the new President and then to the Vice President.
		It started on March 14, 1990, when the third Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR selected Mikhail Gorbachev as the President of the USSR.
		Boris N. Yeltsin, the first President of Russia, at that time still the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was elected by popular vote on June 12, 1991, and officially took office on July 10 at the Congress of People’s Deputies.
	www.kremlin.ru /eng/print/inauguration.shtml (424 words)

	The Center for Security Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Such elections should be held at once for both the office of President of the USSR and for the Congress of Peoples Deputies and the Supreme Soviet.
		The first task of such an judiciary would be to conduct -- perhaps in parallel with a parliamentary inquiry -- an independent investigation of the possibility that Gorbachev himself was a participant in, as well as the principal beneficiary of, the abortive coup.
		The law that is supposed to codify the right of free emigration and movement within the USSR should be modified to go into effect immediately, not on 1 January 1993.
	www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org /index.jsp?section=papers&code=91-D_84 (840 words)

	Glossary * Perestroika: A Marxist Critique [Sam Marcy]
		Early in the USSR, the conditions of underdevelopment and isolation contributed to the development of a privileged and parasitic bureaucracy which stifled the revolutionary initiative of the masses.
		Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931-): Elected General Secretary of the CPSU March 1985; became President of the USSR in September 1988.
		As president of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies, led the October Revolution together with Lenin.
	www.workers.org /marcy/perestroika/glossary.html (2502 words)

	Sidney and Beatrice Webb: Is Stalin a Dictator?
		He is not, and has never been, President of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Union Congress of Soviets-a place long held by Sverdlov and now by Kalinin, who is commonly treated as the President of the USSR.
		He is not (as Lenin was) the President of the Sovnarkom of the RSFSR, the dominant member of the Federation or of the USSR itself, the place now held by Molotov, who may be taken to correspond to the Prime Minister of a parliamentary democracy.
		The plain truth is that, surveying the administration of the USSR during the past decade, under the alleged dictatorship of Stalin, the principal decisions have manifested neither the promptitude nor the timeliness, nor yet the fearless obstinacy that have often been claimed as the merits of a dictatorship.
	www.mltranslations.org /Russia/webb1.htm (3342 words)

	Organise: Article / What was the USSR? Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		While the USSR existed in opposition - however false - to free market capitalism, and while social democracy in the West continued to advance, it was possible to assume that history was on the side of socialism.
		Furthermore, despite all its faults, it was the USSR who could be seen to be the champion the millions of oppressed people of the Third World with its backing for the various national liberation movements in their struggles against the old imperialist and colonial powers and the new rapacious imperialism of the multinationals.
		In this view there were only two camps: the USSR and the Eastern bloc, which stood behind the working class and the oppressed people of the world, versus the USA and the Western powers who stood behind the bourgeoisie and the propertied classes.
	flag.blackened.net /infohub/organise/content.php?article.179 (8831 words)

	Lettonie (115) Appeal to the President of the USSR 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Lettonie (115) Appeal to the President of the USSR 1991
		However, the first round of meetings between the delegation of the USSR which you appointed, and the delegations of the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Lithuania raises certain concerns.
		Thus, at the meeting with the delegation of the Republic of Lithuania the Soviet side refused to document a provision renouncing the use of force.
	www.letton.ch /lvx_ap12.htm (266 words)

	Lettonie (125) Memorandum to USSR President Gorbachev 1990
		Lettonie (125) Memorandum to USSR President Gorbachev 1990
		Regardless of the recent constitutionally guaranteed multi-party system in Latvia and in the USSR, separate subdivisions of the Soviet Armed Forces and divisions of the Soviet Special Force Militia from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs act as mercenaries of the Communist Party of Latvia.
		The presence of any USSR armed military units on the territory of the Republic of Latvia is a threat to Latvia's security and to its population.
	www.letton.ch /lvx_ap9.htm (620 words)

	Workers World [Sam Marcy]: Yeltsin's trip to Germany (Dec. 5, 1991)
		What has been happening in the USSR is not so much the devolution of power from the central government to the various republics, but the disintegration of the USSR as a whole.
		Be that as it may, the USSR still exists as a "juridical entity," according to historian and deputy Roy Medvedev.
		Whether the existence of the USSR as a juridical entity still has considerable significance at this time depends on the outcome of the struggle between these elements and the broad mass of the working class,the latter are showing more readiness and willingness to combat the growing threat of full-scale bourgeois counterrevolution.
	www.workers.org /marcy/cd/sam91/1991html/s911205.htm (1872 words)

	President of the RF
		Yel'tsin, as Russian Federation President assumed the office of Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the
		he was inaugurated as the president of the
		Assistant to the President--- SHAPOSHNIKOV, Yevgeniy Ivanovich, Mar Avn (Interfax 1721 GMT
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/fbis/PresidentofRF.html (1750 words)

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