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Topic: Pressure flaking

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	Pressure flaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In lithic reduction, pressure flaking is a method of trimming the edge of a stone tool by removing small lithic flakes by pressing on the stone with a sharp instrument rather than striking it with a percussor.
		Usually, the rough piece is held clasped in the flintknapper's hand, with a durable piece of fabric or leather protecting the flintknapper's palm from the sharpness of the flakes removed.
		Pressure flaking also allowed more detailed blades to be created, as it only took off minute flakes, rather than the larger chunks while forming the initial shape of the tool.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pressure_flaking (386 words)

	Lithics Glossary
		Flake Scar A scare that remains on a flaked artifact resulting from the removal of a flake during the manufacture of the artifact.
		Flaking, Flint Creek A characteristic flaking style of the Flint Creek culture which was accomplished by removing regular, deep, elongate, opposing pressure flakes from the blade edges.
		Flaking, Secondary Following the primary flaking, this flaking technique was applied to remove medium-sized pressure or percussion flakes in shaping the blade and basal edges, forming notches or producing serrations.
	members.aol.com /artgumbus/glossary.html (7645 words)

	Zhusahn: A small Neolithic site near Kokshetau, Kazakhstan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Coarse chert, coarse quartzite and agate are absent in the angular debris.
		Pressure flaking on the dorsal face is selective and some of the flake scars are diagonal (a technique typically used to remove prominent blade scar ridges).
		Pressure flaking on the ventral surface is flat, perpendicular to diagonal, and at least one flake removal was an over-shot.
	www.primtech.net /Report.html (4406 words)

	Cattle Today: GRAIN PROCESSING AND ITS EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION
		The degree of flaking and level of gelatinization appear to be influenced by such factors as steaming time, temperature, grain moisture, roller size and tolerance, processing rate, and type and variety of grain.
		Flakes produced from this method may be less brittle and less subject to fragmenting during the mixing and feeding operation than those from steam flaking.
		Under the high pressure, moisture is forced into the kernels, which, when released into the air, swell to several times their original size.
	www.cattletoday.com /archive/1998/December/Cattle_Today1.shtml (1785 words)

	Feed device suitable for use with wood flaking machines - Patent 5070918
		The sliding closer serves moreover, during the flaking of the preceding log sections, as an additional pressure element which, in concert with the opposite wall of the feed trough, is able to immobilize the logs in the immediate vicinity of the cutting rotor.
		Flaking machine 2, which is indicated in rough outline and does not form part of the actual proposed invention, is a so-called knife-ring type flaker.
		Following this step, flaking machine 2 is quickly moved back into its starting position and, after pressure assembly 17 and sliding closer 18 have withdrawn their pressure, flaking chamber 6 is again fed with logs.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5070918.html (4166 words)

	California Knapping
		He gripped a large flaking too near the tip in his right hand as the wooden stick handle rested beneath his forearm, the butt against his ribs, for steadiness and for leverage.
		The flaking tool held in his right was a piece of antler perhaps 7 inches long lashed for around 5-1/2 inches of its length to the side of a 15-inch stick handle.
		According to Ray, the flakes were first knocked from a larger piece with a section of deer antler (piece pictured to the left longitudinally and in cross section).
	www.primitiveways.com /knapping2.html (1635 words)

	OCB Tracker Sept. / Oct. - How To: - Tools For Pressure-Flaking
		Pressure flaking is the process of giving an artifact its finished shape by pressing away unwanted material.
		A pressure tool is used to do this; it is placed on the artifact's edge and is the instrument through which force is applied.
		The flaking tools used by the knapper are almost as important as the choice of lithic materials.
	www.ocbtracker.com /flaking.html (985 words)

	CaliforniaPrehistory.com -- Analysis of the Flaked Stone Assemblage from CA-SLO-762, Cambria, San Luis Obispo County, ...
		Radial break flakes are flakes or artifact fragments purposely broken by force applied by percussion or indirect percussion to the surface of either the dorsal or ventral face of the flake.
		Even so, several studies have suggested that primary flake manufacture from cores and similar flaking activities such as the manufacture of crude cobble tools, was sometimes evidenced by a size curve that had its numerical peak in the next to smallest (1 cm) size class.
		Flake cores were commonly worked with a unidirectional strategy with the ventral flake surface as the striking platform.
	www.californiaprehistory.com /reports01/rep0019.html (10601 words)

	Flakes from Flat Surfaces
		Flakes were removed with pressure using an Ishi stick with a copper tip and another with an antler tip on the 1st test.
		In both cases all of the flakes removed were elliptical in shape and similar to those removed with pressure flaking.
		Some of the flakes were slightly wider than their length which was mainly a result of the edge angle (platform) being nearly 90 degrees.
	www.ele.net /flatface/flatface.htm (1106 words)

	Bipolar Flaking: Variability or Chaos
		Direct percussion, pressure flaking and the like can all be categorized under the single flake type that we learned in Archaeology 101: platform, bulb, bulb scar, concentric rings/ripples, and occasional radii that extend out from the bulb running perpendicular to the rings.
		Regardless of whether the flake is knocked off a 300-lb boulder or it is a pressured flute flake from a Clovis point, the flake will share these ventral qualities because the techniques depend on the same basic kind of conchoidal physics.
		Fundamentally, the biface is wrapped up in the phenomena that occurs during alternate flaking of a single edge: when you remove a flake from an edge, you automatically produce a rough platform structure for a potential flake removal on the opposite side of the edge.
	www.earthmeasure.com /bipolar/index_bipolar.html (2094 words)

	Flint Knapping Tools
		In the case of pressure chipping, the flake of flint is detached by applied pressure or force rather than by the use of a hammerstone or billet.
		Since the bone pressure tool is placed at the exact point where one wants to remove the flake, it provides better control over the flake removal than is possible with a hammerstone or baton.
		The tool became blunted and marred from contact with the flint in use as a pressure applicator, and this should be evident for proper identification of the flaking tool (Figure 28e).
	www.ou.edu /cas/archsur/OKArtifacts/knapping.htm (495 words)

	Jordan: Basic Stone Tools
		Typically pressure flaking was used to remove very small chips (even extremely small ones), and was used, for example, to straighten and sharpen the edge of a blade.
		When pressure flaking was done with such materials as wood, bone, or antler, it was possible for skilled stone knappers to achieve truly excellent control over just how a stone would flake.
		Although obsidian flakes are capable of breaking with a startlingly sharp edge —sharper than steel— they do not retain it the edge as steel does, so stone tools in actual use require constant sharpening, just as stringed instruments require constant tuning and dogs need constant feeding.
	weber.ucsd.edu /~dkjordan/arch/tools.html (1533 words)

	The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist -- Flintknapping
		All flakes typically have a striking platform (A), bulb of percussion (B), eraillure (C), radial fissures (D), ripple marks (E), and negative flake scars on the dorsal side from earlier flake removals (F).
		This combines the accuracy of pressure flaking with the force of percussion flaking.
		Flakes can be used for simple tasks or can be further reduced to make various types of tools.
	www.uiowa.edu /~osa/learn/ancient/flint.htm (981 words)

	Technologies
		Flakes are removed from this original piece of rock with a variety of flintknapping tools.
		Pressure flaking is the last step in the tool making process.
		Very small, thin flakes are carefully removed from around the margins of the tool by applying pressure with an antler tine.
	www.uwlax.edu /mvac/Research/technologies.htm (1631 words)

	PHOENIX OBSIDIAN DESIGNS - Pressure Flintknapping Supplies
		There is a plastic container to hold your flakes, multiple zippered pockets for your arrowheads and first aid supplies, and sleeves for your pressure flakers.
		It includes a box of several types of regular bandages, 2 pressure bandages, a tube of antiseptic ointment, some eye wash, and a bottle of super glue.
		The smaller tarp works for pressure flaking, whereas for any percussion work the larger tarp is suggested.
	www.obsidiandesigns.com /pressure.html (621 words)

	Flintknapping Basics
		Pressure flaking is usually done in the final stages of tool manufacture, by using a pressure flaker made of antler or (more common today) copper.
		Pressure flaking, in essence, involves 'pushing' flakes off of the piece being worked by the application of force to a precise point on the tool edge.
		Flakes love bare feet and they will hide in carpets for weeks waiting for you to walk across them on the way to the bathroom in the middle of the night.
	www.geocities.com /knappersanonymous/howto.html (503 words)

	Lithic Technology Notes
		This involves using a hammer to strike flakes, in a controlled manner, from a core until the desired shape is obtained.
		Pressure flaking is a means of removing small flakes by slow, steady force (pressing them off) using a hard, pointed tool (often a sharpened deer antler tine).
		This is a method used with materials that cannot be reliably flaked in a controlled manner, or to create concave or convex surfaces that cannot be achieved by flaking.
	www.archaeology.hawaii.edu /jlg/lithics/lithics.htm (347 words)

	STONE TOOLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The basic tool kit for flintknapping consists of: A hammerstone for rough removal, an antler tine used as a striking tool for finer removal and for pressure flaking, a heavy piece of leather to protect against sharp fragments, and of course a corestone of suitable material.
		The large flakes are produced by striking the edge of the material with the right amount of force and at the correct angle.
		The blunt end of a tine, might be well suited for heavier duty pressure flaking, or it even be used as a hammer to strike of flakes.
	archaeology.csumb.edu /Flintknapping/page2.html (689 words)

	Sloan Dalton Points
		The most significant trait, other than it is undamaged and its large size, is the very peculiar curved flaking that some people have termed "Z" flaking, although hardly any of the flakes make a true Z shape.
		Just like the "Z" flaked Dalton this is another of those very skillfully made points that no one at the moment is able to duplicate.
		This type of flaking is called "hollow ground" flaking which is a manufacturing technique unique to the Dalton Culture in the United States.
	lithiccastinglab.com /gallery-pages/2001februaryzdalton.htm (711 words)

	Flintknapping Terminology and Terms
		The process of polishing the edge of a preform's platform to strengthen the it in preparation for flake removal by percussion or pressure flaking.
		The purpose of this flake was to create a concaved channel to aid in the special hafting technique of Paleo era points.
		Raking is the action of carefully dragging a course abrader or other device to remove "micro" flakes from the edge of a biface or preform to change it's shape or give support to an edge before actual abrading is done prior to percussion or pressure work.
	www.flintknappingtools.com /terms.html (638 words)

	Arkansas Post National Memorial - The Founding of Arkansas Post (Chapter Two)
		Flakes were knocked off a stone with another stone, bone or wood.
		An edge would be applied by pressure flaking or removing small flakes with a pointed implement, either of antler or bone.
		On one side, sometimes both, a long flake was removed from the base towards the tip after the other chipping was completed.
	www.nps.gov /arpo/found/chap2.htm (499 words)

	Here's how to make an arrowhead by flintknapping
		Flakes are removed by striking the edge of the core with a sharp, forceful blow, in what is called percussion flaking.
		Indirect percussion flaking is a process where some device holds the core or flake being worked, leaving both hands free to drive off flakes with greater force or precision.
		Another method of flake removal is pressure flaking.
	www.farmersmarketonline.com /howto21.htm (681 words)

	WLU Film & Video Collection - V0166
		An obsidian Angostura projectile point is used to demonstrate the introductory concepts employed in pressure flaking.
		Pressure flaking is the process used to finish an artifact after it has been roughly shaped by percussion flaking.
		The object is held in the hand while the whole body is used to apply pressure to the billet.
	info.wlu.ca /mtr/MediaCollection/P/v166.shtml (109 words)

	Pressure Flakers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pressure flakers can take a variety of forms, depending on what you have available and what you want to do with it.
		These two (antler and copper) are used for general purpose pressure flaking.
		Dowelling with a piece of coat-hanger wire in the end, filed to a chisel-shape works well for this purpose, as do copper flakers which have had the end pounded flat, like a screwdriver head.
	www.geocities.com /knappersanonymous/ptools.html (195 words)

	THE EXTRAORDINARY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Over the years, flintknappers and collectors have talked about this point's superior pressure flaking and have turned it into a legend of sorts.
		The most significant trait, other than the fact that it is undamaged and its large size, is the very peculiar curved flaking that some people have termed "Z" flaking, although hardly any of the flakes make a true Z-shape.
		Many people seem to agree that this "Z" Flaked Dalton may be one of the most skillfully made Dalton points to have ever surfaced in many years.
	www.thegirs.com /dalton.htm (359 words)

	Flint Knapping
		Flint knapping is a reduction process because flakes of stone are broken off the of the original piece of stone.
		Pressure flaking is achieved by placing a pointed tool, such as an antler tine or copper-tipped pressure flaker, on the edge of the stone, and applying an inward pressure to the tool.
		Pressure flaking shapes and refines the projectile point.
	www.msu.edu /~doneycar/flint.html (267 words)

	Lithic technologies
		The shape and size of the flake will vary according to the properties of the stones used, and the techniques used by the maker.
		Blades frequently are the basis for a range of other tool types through the use of pressure flaking and retouching, for example, spear points.
		Use may also be determined by the analysis of organic (or inorganic) residues that survive on the tools, such as those which are retained on the edge of a flake, or the grinding surface of a quern or mortar.
	www.dacc.edu /~thynes/Lecture7a.htm (954 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Thin broad flakes are removed from the basal edge and hafting area, but it is not fluted.
		The face of the blade has large random flake scars and the edges are thinned with small narrow flakes.
		The edges are retouched with pressure flaking and the base and notches are ground smooth.
	www.warren-wilson.edu /~arch/racheltypedescriptions.html (2813 words)

	"Making Flint Tools"
		Variously shaped flakes may be struck off fine-grained rocks by varying the angle and force of the blow and using different hammers.
		Using a pointed implement of wood, bone or stone, the artisan forces a flat flake from the lower surface of the tool by pressing against the edge in a slightly downward movement.
		The levallois point is begun in exactly the same way, except that in the second stage, instead of chipping the top surface, the maker drives off two large parallel flakes (middle), leaving a ridge down the center.
	donsmaps.com /makingflinttools.html (756 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		All stages of manufacture from the simple platform edge trimming on a flake to perverse fractures while notching are present, as well as typical examples of flaking errors (Figure 8).
		The small flakes were clearly the remnants of the flakes removed during the points shaping, and most are percussion flakes.
		It is also apparent that the flaking had been done on a piece of leather or mat and the products carefully discarded in a tight cluster in a partly filled room, or possibly on the roof.
	www.primtech.net /iam/article.html (1669 words)

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