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Topic: Pressure gradient force

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	AOS 3 Lecture Screens
		Due to the variation of pressure in the vertical, there is a vertical pressure gradient force acting upward (since pressure is relatively high near the ground and relatively low aloft, and pressure gradient forces point from high to low pressures).
		In the horizontal, we consider all the forces that affect the wind: the (horizontal) pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force.
		When this happens, the Coriolis force turns with it, to stay at a right angle to the wind direction; the pressure gradient force continues to point with the same maginitude and direction, right angle to the isobars and from higher to lower pressure.
	www.atmos.ucla.edu /AS3/scrns/force2/Note04.html (580 words)

	OUP Canada: Unit 09
		The pressure gradient force is a precursor to wind (i.e.
		The Coriolis force is an apparent force caused by the rotation of the Earth; it deflects moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
		The difference in surface pressure over a given distance between two locations is called the pressure gradient; when that pressure gradient exists, it acts as a force that causes air to move (as wind) from the place of higher pressure to that of lower pressure.
	www.oup.com /ca/he/companion/deblij/st_index/st_guide/unit9 (1194 words)

	The Wind
		The forces that affect horizontal and vertical air motions in the atmosphere are i) pressure gradient force, ii) centripetal force, iii) coriolis force, iv) friction, and v) gravity.
		Pressure gradient force is responsible for triggering the initial movement of air, which in turn leads to the development of wind.
		Gradient wind: an un-accelerated, large-scale, and frictionless wind which results from the horizontal pressure gradient force, the coriolis force and the centripetal force.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~tokay/chapter9.html (1536 words)

	7(n) Forces Acting to Create Wind
		Pressure gradient force is the primary force influencing the formation of wind from local to global scales.
		Air under the influence of both the pressure gradient force and Coriolis force tends to move parallel to isobars in conditions where friction is low (1000 meters above the surface of the Earth) and isobars are straight.
		Around a low, the gradient wind consists of the pressure gradient force and centripetal force acting toward the center of rotation, while Coriolis force acts away from the center of the low.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7n.html (2338 words)

	[No title]
		Because the pressure gradient force is not affected by wind speed, it wins the tug of war between itself and Coriolis effect.
		The pressure decreases from the outer isobars toward the center in a cyclone.
		The air moves from a high pressure system to a low, and with the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis effect, the wind is bent around the low flowing towards the center.
	library.thinkquest.org /18424/f_airpres.html (1057 words)

	Pressure Gradient Force: directed from high to low pressure
		The change in pressure measured across a given distance is called a "pressure gradient".
		The pressure gradient results in a net force that is directed from high to low pressure and this force is called the "pressure gradient force".
		The pressure gradient force is responsible for triggering the initial movement of air.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/pgf.rxml (61 words)

	WXWISE Sea Breeze
		As the air rises it generates a pressure gradient, and thus a pressure gradient force, generating the thermal circulation.
		Thus at the surface over land low pressure is developing while over the ocean high pressure is developing, generating a horizontal pressure gradient force at the surface acting from over the ocean towards the land.
		The important concept is that heating (or cooling) of a column of air leads to horizontal differences in pressure, generating a pressure gradient force which causes the air to move and a circulation to develop.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /wxwise/seabrz.html (1208 words)

	Atmospheric Forces
		The vertical pressure gradient force results from molecules in the high pressure near the earth's surface trying to move upward where the pressure is lower.
		In general, the closer the isobars are to one another on a weather map, the greater is the pressure gradient force (be careful to look at the intervals!).
		Air currents, which exist as a response to pressure forces, are "deflected" by the rotation of the earth.
	okfirst.ocs.ou.edu /train/meteorology/Forces.html (1056 words)

	Wind and Pressure
		Air is moving (wind) from the region of high pressure (for example: 600 hPa) at upper levels in the warmer column of air (such as exists near the equator) toward the lower pressure (for example: 400 hPa) at upper levels in the cooler columns of air (such as exists near the polar regions).
		As our parcel of air (under the influence of only the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis Force) moves from the region of high pressure/height toward the region of low pressure/height, it curves to the right (in the northern hemisphere) until eventually it is moving parallel to the isobars/isoheights.
		It is not a new force, rather it is simply showing the effect that the Coriolis force and the friction force have in a direction opposite to the horizontal pressure gradient force.
	www.met.tamu.edu /class/Metr304/WindandPressuredir/Wind-Press-2.html (4390 words)

	Specific Humidity
		Pressure is the force per unit area that air molecules exert on all surfaces with which they are in contact.
		The vertical pressure gradient force is nearly balanced by the downward force of gravity.
		On a weather map at a constant pressure level, the geostrophic and gradient winds are blowing parallel to the contours of constant height, with low height on the left in the Northern Hemisiphere.
	www.atmo.ttu.edu /leary/notes3.html (2278 words)

	AOS 3 Lecture Screens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The difference in pressure also means there will be different forces acting on a point between the two measurement points, each force proportional to the pressure on each side.
		PGF is computed as the pressure difference divided by the distance between the two points used for the measurement.
		On pressure charts, the isobars or height contours are drawn in known, regular intervals of pressure or height between each line (usually 4 mb or 60 m, depending on the type of contour line).
	www.atmos.ucla.edu /AS3/scrns/force2/Note01.html (213 words)

	Atmospheric Force Balances
		The magnitude of the coriolis force is proportional to the speed of the wind.
		Coriolis force acts on all parcels that are in motion that are not at the equator.
		The frictional force is dependent on the roughness of the surface, the height above the surface, and the speed of the wind.
	www.aos.wisc.edu /~aalopez/aos101/wk11.html (851 words)

	Geology 150 - Climate Changes
		In the upper atmosphere, where friction is negligible, the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force balance to produce a geostrophic wind.
		These forces are important in the "boundary layer", the region near the surface that is affected by surface friction.
		As a result of friction, the balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force is disrupted.
	earth.usc.edu /~geol150/weather/winds.html (739 words)

	babaykio1
		Therefore, the upper level pressure is highest at the Rocky (the warmest region) and lowest at the Gulf (the coolest region).
		In short, by the pressure gradient forcing, the upper level pressure inequality is creating another pressure inequality on the surface, Low at the Rocky and High at the Gulf.
		The upper level air moves southeastward due to the pressure gradient force to the Rocky, where air pressure is the lowest.
	cc.usu.edu /~khatt/wind.htm (1435 words)

	Pressure Gradient Force
		Pressure gradient force is the force that moves air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
		The water is held in the bucket by centrifugal force tending to pull it outward.
		The centripetal force, the force holding the bucket and water to the center, is your arm swinging the bucket.
	www.tpub.com /weather2/3-8.htm (843 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5
		Pressure gradient force – the greater the pressure gradient the stronger the wind.
		Away from earth’s surface we can ignore friction; now we have pressure gradient, Coriolis, and centrifugal: in absence of curvature, there is no centrifugal force, and we are left with the pressure gradient and Coriolis forces to balance each other.
		Hydrostatic balance – In the vertical we have a balance between the vertical pressure gradient and the force gravity exerts on the air.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /MET/Faculty/businger/notes/wind.html (467 words)

	Atmcirculation.html
		The larger the pressure gradient the greater is the force applied to the air.
		Therefore, the greater the force, the greater is the speed of the wind.
		Where the the pressure gradient force is balanced by the Coriolis Force the winds flow along parallel to the isobars.
	earth.usc.edu /~stott/Catalina/Aircirc.html (578 words)

	Air Pressure and the Wind
		This force is due to the cumulative affect of molecular collisions with a surface.
		Pressure falls are associated with worsening weather, and pressure rises tend to be associated with improving weather.
		Force: is defined as an agent that causes a resting (non-accelerating) object to move, or alters it’s movement.
	www.missouri.edu /~lupoa/atms10509.htm (1995 words)

	Air pressure and wind
		Wind results from a horizontal difference in air pressure and since the sun heats different parts of the Earth differently, causing pressure differences, the Sun is the driving force for most winds.
		If the PGF forces winds from high to low pressure and the Co deflects the winds, there may come a time when the winds are deflected 90° from their initial direction, directly toward the low pressure system.
		Because the tilt increases with height, the horizontal PGF increases with height.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~jpstimac/1400/pressure_wind.html (1920 words)

	Pressure gradient force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pressure gradient force is the force that is usually responsible for accelerating a parcel of air from a high atmospheric pressure region to a low pressure region, resulting in wind.
		The pressure gradient force, however, is not the only force that acts on a moving parcel of air — if it were, then low and high pressure regions would eventually disappear.
		In large-scale atmospheric flows, the coriolis force generally balances the pressure gradient force, producing winds blowing largely along the isobars; however, near the surface the friction term is also important, generally giving a resulting net wind direction diagonal to the isobars (with a component blowing towards the low pressure center).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pressure_gradient_force (225 words)

	3 Pressure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pressure is defined as force across a unit area, for example as pounds per square inch.
		Pressure is higher to the South (bottom) and therefore the chosen pressure is found at a higher altitude to the South.
		The Centrifugal Force increases with the square of wind velocity and is directed away from the center of curvature.
	www.casdn.neu.edu /~geology/department/staff/naylor/geo1158/part3.htm (1372 words)

	Wind
		The the pressure differences and the distance between the cities the strength of the wind.
		Coriolis force: The Coriolis force causes the wind from its path.
		In the space below, draw how a high and low pressure cell would look in the plan view (as it would appear on a map) and cross section (if you were looking at it from the side) for both the northern and southern hemispheres.
	www.cst.cmich.edu /users/Franc1M/esc105/lectures/wind1.htm (940 words)

	Coriolis Force, Rossby Waves, and Global Circulation
		The pressure gradient force is always directed from higher pressure toward lower pressure and it is the pressure gradient force that causes the air to move.
		Steep pressure gradients (tightly packed isobars) produce strong pressure gradient forces and high winds; gentle pressure gradients (widely spaced) isobars) produce weak pressure gradients forces and light winds.
		Once the wind starts to blow, the Coriolis force causes it to bend to the right of its intended path in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of its intended path in the Southern Hemisphere.
	www.geo.utexas.edu /courses/302c/coriolis_force.htm (741 words)

	Gradient flow
		The gradient wind is very much like the geostrophic wind, in that it is a frictionless wind which allows for flow that is parallel to the height contours.
		The one difference between the geostrophic wind and the gradient wind is that the gradient wind includes the centrifugal force, thereby allowing curvature in the flow field.
		In the cases of the normal high and normal low, the flow is baric, meaning that the coriolis force and the pressure gradient force are in opposite directions of one another.
	vortex.plymouth.edu /winds/webpage/gradient.html (495 words)

	MET 1010 - Comments and Questions on Chapter 9
		The strength of the coriolis force is proportional to sin(latitude) and the wind speed.
		A steep pressure gradient, which shows up on a surface or upper-level chart as closely spaced pressure or height lines, implies a relatively strong pressure gradient force and a correspondingly strong wind.
		Assuming the pressure gradient stays constant, the only way the air can continue to follow the isobars is for its speed to ___.
	www.phys.ufl.edu /~peterson/chap9/chap9.html (1104 words)

	4.2.3.2 Horizontal pressure gradient (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This gradient arises from spatial gradients in the pressure at the ocean surface (the barotropic pressure gradient) and pressure interior to the ocean (the baroclinic pressure gradient).
		Baroclinic pressure gradients arise from density gradients as determined through the hydrostatic relation.
		The steady state balance of the Coriolis force and the total pressure gradient force forms the geostrophic balance.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~smg/MOM/web/guide_parent/s2node9.html (102 words)

	Lecture: Pressure as an Element of Weather, Dr. Rodrigue
		The change in pressure as shown by isobar spacing is called the "pressure gradient." Wind will flow down the pressure gradient from high to low, sort of the way water will flow down an elevation gradient from high country to lowland.
		The pressure gradient force (the pressure difference divided by the distance between the high and low) determines its speed of flow from the high to the low and the direction for which it aims.
		Centrifugal force acts against the pressure gradient force but it is in dynamic balance with it: if it weakens, the pressure gradient force strengths and vice-versa.
	www.csulb.edu /~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/pressure.html (6201 words)

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