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Topic: Presynaptic

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Synapse

Neurotransmitter

Current (electricity)

	Lambert-Eaton-Syndrome
		The primary physiological disorder in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a reduced release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the nerve terminals into the synaptic gap.
		This presynaptic disorder is caused by autoantibodies against a membrane protein of the nerve cell, the voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC).
		A transient depolarization of the presynaptic membrane causes the opening of the voltage-gated calcium channels, which allows the local influx of calcium ions into the nerve terminal.
	www.dld-diagnostika.de /diseases/lambert-eaton/lambert-eaton_e.htm (1239 words)

	Endogenous regulators of G protein signaling proteins regulate presynaptic inhibition at rat hippocampal synapses -- ...
		Percent presynaptic inhibition was calculated as the difference between peak EPSC amplitudes under control conditions and in the presence of the drug divided by the control EPSC amplitude, multiplied by 100.
		neurons, adenosine-induced presynaptic inhibition was 59 ± 6%,
		that the onset of adenosine-induced presynaptic inhibition was
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/23/12810 (4026 words)

	Proteins involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking -- Augustine et al. 520 (1): 33 -- The Journal of Physiology Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		By analogy, perturbation of a presynaptic protein should block the reaction in which this protein participates, causing a loss of downstream trafficking intermediates and a parallel accumulation of upstream reactants.
		Synaptic vesicles within the interior of the presynaptic terminal are too far away from the plasma membrane to participate immediately in neurotransmitter release during an action potential.
		Because depression is thought to reflect the balance between depletion of the releasable vesicle pool and mobilization from the reserve pool, the fact that domain E peptide enhances depression while reducing transmitter release indicates that it attenuates the supply of vesicles from the reserve pool.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/520/1/33 (6317 words)

	Novel Mechanism for Presynaptic Inhibition: GABAA Receptors Affect the Release Machinery -- Parnas et al. 84 (3): 1240 ...
		Dudel J. Presynaptic inhibition of the excitatory nerve terminal in the neuromuscular junction of the crayfish.
		Dudel J. The mechanism of presynaptic inhibition at the crayfish neuromuscular junction.
		Slutsky I, Parnas H, and Parnas I. Presynaptic effects of muscarine on ACh release at the frog neuromuscular junction.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/84/3/1240 (4118 words)

	Regulation of presynaptic phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate by neuronal activity -- Micheva et al. 154 (2): 355 -- ...
		Presynaptic boutons, which increased their GFP fluorescence, are labeled with asterisks.
		The presynaptic boutons in H were chosen because they do not show the increase in cytoplasmic GFP intensity, which makes it easier to observe the changes specific to the plasma membrane.
		presynaptic boutons, and not on the plasma membrane.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/154/2/355 (8661 words)

	A combination of three distinct trafficking signals mediates axonal targeting and presynaptic clustering of GAD65 -- ...
		The signals for targeting of GAD65 to presynaptic clusters reside in aa 1–72 and palmitoylation of cysteines 30 and 45 is critical for this process.
		synaptophysin to presynaptic clusters, trafficking of the 24–60GAD65–GFP
		trafficking of palmitoylated GAD65 to presynaptic clusters is
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/158/7/1229 (5082 words)

	10.1 Synaptic Plasticity
		A neuron is impaled by an intracellular electrode to record the membrane potential while presynaptic fibers are stimulated by means of a second extracellular electrode.
		The synapse is strengthened if the presynaptic spike occurs shortly before the postsynaptic neuron fires, but the synapse is weakened if the sequence of spikes is reversed; cf.
		This observation is indeed in agreement with Hebb's postulate because presynaptic neurons that are active slightly before the postsynaptic neuron are those which `take part in firing it' whereas those that fire later obviously did not contribute to the postsynaptic action potential.
	diwww.epfl.ch /~gerstner/SPNM/node71.html (1407 words)

	Study of the Inhibitor of the Crayfish Neuromuscular Junction by Presynaptic Voltage Control -- Vyshedskiy and Lin 77 ...
		of the presynaptic branch of the crayfish inhibitor.
		Placement of presynaptic voltage electrodes in the primary branch (1st column) invariably failed to control potentials in terminal branches regardless of the positions of the muscle fibers we studied.
		Presynaptic voltage control offers a large degree of freedom in the waveform of the presynaptic pulse.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/1/103 (7118 words)

	MPI EM /Munc 13s
		These so called active zones are electron dense regions of the presynaptic plasma membrane at which the final steps of synaptic vesicle exocytosis take place with extreme spatial and temporal accuracy.
		Typically, a presynaptic bouton contains hundreds of vesicles that cluster in close proximity of the active zone.
		Our main research efforts with respect to presynaptic acive zone function continue to focus on Munc13s, which are synaptic vesicle priming proteins of active zones (Augustin et al., 1999a, 1999b, 2001; Ashery et al., 2000; Schmitz et al., 2001).
	www.em.mpg.de /site/index.php?id=105 (2306 words)

	Differential Desensitization of Responses Mediated by Presynaptic and Postsynaptic A1 Adenosine Receptors -- ...
		Presynaptic adenosine responses desensitize and recover from desensitization over the course of days, whereas postsynaptic adenosine responses desensitize and recover from desensitization over the course of hours.
		Presynaptic inhibition was indicated by the decrease in EPSC amplitude evoked in the same cells.
		The overlap of presynaptic and postsynaptic concentration-response curves suggests that a decrease in receptor availability sufficient to produce a large decrease in the maximal postsynaptic response would produce a substantial decrease in the maximal presynaptic response.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/4/1248 (5627 words)

	Presynaptic Trafficking of Synaptotagmin I Is Regulated by Protein Palmitoylation -- Kang et al. 279 (48): 50524 -- ...
		Presynaptic Trafficking of Synaptotagmin I Is Regulated by Protein Palmitoylation -- Kang et al.
		Palmitoylation regulates presynaptic targeting of synaptotagmin I., five cysteines at the boundary between the cytoplasmic tail and the transmembrane domain of synaptotagmin I are required for palmitoylation.
		E, the axonal puncta of SYT I NT co-localized with the presynaptic marker synaptophysin (arrowheads).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/48/50524 (5637 words)

	Thomas C. Sudhof
		During synaptic transmission at synapses, a presynaptic neuron releases a chemical signal (the neurotransmitter) that is recognized by the postsynaptic neuron.
		Of the many forms of presynaptic plasticity, presynaptic long-term potentiation induced by activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is particularly interesting because it produces a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength.
		Several facts—for example, the critical role of the presynaptic protein a-synuclein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, or the transport of the cell-surface protein APP (the amyloid-b precursor protein that is critical for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease) into presynaptic nerve terminals—point to a presynaptic dysfunction in at least some neurodegenerative disorders.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/sudhof.html (1413 words)

	Distinct Roles of Kv1 and Kv3 Potassium Channels at the Calyx of Held Presynaptic Terminal -- Ishikawa et al. 23 (32): ...
		Presynaptic potassium currents before (i) and after (ii, red) application of DTX-I (left panel) or TsTX (right panel) and subsequent additions of MgTX (iii) at -20 mV are shown in the insets (superimposed) and in I-V relationships.
		Immunofluorescence signals of Kv channels that overlapped with synaptophysin signals were taken as presynaptic signals, and their averaged intensities were determined by densitometric measurements (filled columns).
		Presynaptic action potentials were evoked by a depolarizing pulse of 1 msec in duration.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/32/10445 (5580 words)

	Presynaptic inhibition and homosynaptic depression: A comparison between lower and upper limbs in normal human subjects ...
		Presynaptic inhibition and homosynaptic depression: A comparison between lower and upper limbs in normal human subjects and patients with hemiplegia -- Aymard et al.
		Presynaptic inhibition of Ia terminals mediating the afferent
		Rudomin P. Presynaptic inhibition of muscle spindle and tendon organ afferents in the mammalian spinal cord.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/123/8/1688 (7378 words)

	Drexel University College of Medicine: Department of Pharmacology & Physiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The functions of different presynaptic receptors are poorly understood, but it is likely that these receptors are important targets for particular drugs.
		We propose that as soluble beta amyloid accumulates in the brain during the course of the disease, presynaptic regulation via nicotinic receptors becomes progressively compromised, depending on the extent of nerve impulse activity as well as normal activation of the nicotinic receptors by endogenous acetylcholine.
		Recently, we have begun to characterize presynaptic dopamine receptors in the striatum, a key region in the control of movement where presynaptic nicotinic receptors, as well as 5-HT receptors, regulate the release of dopamine.
	www.biograd.drexel.edu /med/pharmacology_physiology/faculty/nichols.asp (1245 words)

	Stanford Encyclopedia article
		At electrical synapses, the current generated by the action potential at the presynaptic neuron flows directly into the postsynaptic cell, which is physically connected to the presynaptic terminal by a so-called gap junction.
		However, ways in which these quantum processes might be relevant for mental activity, and in which their interactions with mental states are conceived, have hardly been elaborated so far.
		As presented in Section 3.2, the information flow between neurons in chemical synapses is initiated by the release of transmitters in the presynaptic terminal.
	www.quantumconsciousness.org /StanfordEncyclopediaarticle.htm (8846 words)

	Presynaptic kainate receptors at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses -- Schmitz et al. 98 (20): 11003 -- Proceedings of ...
		Presynaptic kainate receptors at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses -- Schmitz et al.
		) receptors and spinal presynaptic inhibition (1, 2),
		Mossy fiber synapses undergo an unusual form of activity-dependent LTP that is expressed presynaptically.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/20/11003 (3980 words)

	Enhancement of presynaptic neuronal excitability by correlated presynaptic and postsynaptic spiking - Nature ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This modification of presynaptic excitability required a temporal order between presynaptic and postsynaptic spiking and activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors.
		Presynaptic inhibition of protein kinase C abolished the change in excitability without affecting LTP.
		Such rapid activity-dependent changes in the efficacy of presynaptic spiking may be involved in the processing and storage of information within the nervous system.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/neuro/journal/v3/n10/abs/nn1000_1018.html (224 words)

	Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of Synapses -- FITZSIMONDS and POO 78 (1): 143 -- ...
		a region of the presynaptic plasmalemma characterized by membrane
		the postsynaptic density and synaptic cleft to the presynaptic
		All 3 forms of presynaptic actions may lead to modulation of transmitter secretion machinery or production of downstream cytosolic factors (X) for long-range retrograde propagation to nucleus and other parts of neuron.
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/78/1/143 (10787 words)

	IQ Encyclopedia, Psychology Definitions
		Closely related and overlapping fields, besides cognitive neuroscience, include neurology, psychopharmacology, aphasiology, neurolinguistics, and several others.
		Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between two neurons: the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron.
		Philosophy of mind is the philosophical study of the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, and consciousness.
	www.iq-testing-online.com /encyclopedia.html (713 words)

	Biochemistry of Neurotransmitters
		The end of a presynaptic axon, where it is juxtaposed to the postsynaptic neuron, is enlarged and forms a structure known as the
		The mechanisms by which they elicit responses in both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are as diverse as the mechanisms employed by growth factor and cytokine receptors.
		The binding of GABA to GABA-A receptors increases the Cl conductance of presynaptic neurons.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/nerves.html (1588 words)

	Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig intestine -- Schneider and Galligan ...
		Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig intestine -- Schneider and Galligan 279 (3): 528 -- AJP - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
		Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig intestine
		Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) were studied in myenteric plexus preparations from guinea pig ileum
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/3/G528 (4602 words)

	Presynaptic Mechanism Underlying cAMP-Dependent Synaptic Potentiation -- Kaneko and Takahashi 24 (22): 5202 -- Journal ...
		A, EPSCs are evoked by presynaptic action potentials in simultaneous presynaptic and postsynaptic recording (a).
		Capogna M, Gahwiler BH, Thompson SM (1995) Presynaptic enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission by protein kinases A and C in the rat hippocampus in vitro.
		Presynaptic N-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels mediating synaptic transmission at the calyx of Held of mice
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/22/5202 (4542 words)

	Presynaptic modulation of evoked NE release contributes to sympathetic activation after pressure overload -- Akers and ...
		Role of the examined presynaptic receptors in the modulation of NE release is depicted.
		Alterations in the function of specific presynaptic modulators in response to pressure overload in this study are depicted by shading.
		Evidence for functional presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors and their down-regulation in human heart failure.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/286/6/H2151 (5319 words)

	Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in Nonsynaptic Communication and Drug Action in the Central ...
		It was not until the late 1960s that the concept of presynaptic receptors (i.e., receptors on nerve endings, as opposed to
		There are several reports of presynaptic localization of GluRs and their involvement in transmitter release (Table 2).
		A substance released in or diffusing to the vicinity
	pharmrev.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/1/63 (6613 words)

	Search Results for presynaptic - Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		After neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic terminal, it diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane.
		Two factors are essential for the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal: (1) depolarization of the terminal and (2) the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular...
		These related hormones, also called adrenaline and noradrenaline, act to increase the heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of sugar and fat in the blood.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=presynaptic&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (299 words)

	Coding of Temporal Information by Activity-Dependent Synapses -- Fuhrmann et al. 87 (1): 140 -- Journal of ...
		Average postsynaptic potential generated in response to a repeated presynaptic spike pattern (bottom) at a frequency of 23 Hz, measured experimentally in an interconnected pair of pyramidal neurons (top) and computed with the model of a depressing synapse (middle).
		Mutual information between a PSR and the timing of a preceding spike, plotted as a function of the sequential number of the preceding presynaptic spike (larger numbers for spikes that occurred further back in time).
		The average frequency of the presynaptic spike train was 2 Hz.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/1/140 (5983 words)

	SNARE
		PRESYNAPTIC PROTEINS, SYNAPTIC VESICLE DOCKING and MEMBRANE FUSION
		Docking: Vesicles move toward and interact with membrane of presynaptic terminal
		Location: Presynaptic plasma membrane precisely opposite synaptic cleft
	www.neuro.wustl.edu /neuromuscular/pathol/snare.htm (959 words)

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