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Topic: Prevalence (epidemiology)

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	Prevalence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The prevalence of a disease in a statistical population is defined as the ratio of the number of cases of a disease present in a statistical population at a specified time and the number of individuals in the population at that specified time.
		Prevalence is not to be confused with incidence, which provides a measure of occurrences of a disease in a specified time interval.
		Prevalence is a useful parameter when talking about long lasting infections, such as HIV, but incidence is more useful when talking about infections of short duration, such as chickenpox.
	www.mrsci.com /Epidemiology/Prevalence.php (618 words)

	The Epidemiology of Astroviruses
		Maldonado and colleagues (1998) examined the epidemiology of astrovirus in a population of rural Mayan infants living in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico and found that although astrovirus was present throughout the year, it peaked in March and May and decreased in September.
		Now that we know astrovirus is the second most common cause of viral gastroenteritis, studies that investigate the prevalence of the seven serotypes among healthy populations living in different regions of the world would greatly advance our understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen.
		Finally, once use of the rotavirus vaccine begins, prevalence studies of astrovirus will become of increasing importance because they will allow us to determine whether or not the role of astrovirus infection in the morbidity and mortality of young children is changing and whether or not intervention is needed.
	www.stanford.edu /~siegelr/trayner.html (3453 words)

	Asthma: Speaker's Kit: Epidemiology \| CDC APRHB
		Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in human populations.
		The prevalence of asthma increased from 3.1% in 1980 to 5.5% in 1996.
		The prevalence of asthma in children (under age 18 years) is higher than it is in adults (age 18 and older).
	www.cdc.gov /asthma/speakit/epi.htm (1247 words)

	State of the Science in Autism: Epidemiology
		Epidemiology is the branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population (Webster’s).
		There are two main approaches to obtain prevalence estimates of autism: population-based studies (finding persons with autism in the whole number of people in a country or region), or studies of treated populations (finding the number of persons with autism in the populations of treatment settings such as hospitals, clinics, special education settings).
		Some of the most powerful uses of epidemiology in medicine are as an analytic methodology, that is, as a way of testing hypotheses about causes of disease and the consequences of prevention or treatment strategies.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /publications/pubs/sos_autism/sub4.cfm (1299 words)

	Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General - Chapter 2
		Epidemiology is the study of patterns of disease in the population.
		The epidemiology of mental disorders is somewhat handicapped by the difficulty of identifying a “case” of a mental disorder.
		Epidemiology reflecting the state of psychiatric nosology during the past two decades has focused primarily on symptom clusters and has not uniformly applied—or, at times, even measured—the level of dysfunction.
	www.surgeongeneral.gov /library/mentalhealth/chapter2/sec2_1.html (2077 words)

	Asthma Epidemiology
		epidemiology of asthma focuses primarily on prevalence, morbidity (usually measured by hospitalizations), and mortality.
		A retrospective analysis of the prevalence of asthma in cohorts of 19-year-old Finnish candidates for military conscription (representing 98% of the male Finnish population at this age) showed prevalence increasing from 0.29% in 1966 to 1.79% in 1989.
		The prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness increased significantly in Belmont (10.7%, 95%CI 7.3-14.1, p<0.001) and in Wagga Wagga (6.4%, 95%CI 2.9-9.9),p<0.05).
	www.pitt.edu /~lrest3/asthma.html (3926 words)

	Epidemiology
		Epidemiology is a powerful means by which science answers important questions, concerning causes of disease, from population information (such as location and rate of increase in disease incidence).
		While epidemiology can be very effective in ascertaining large effects, the significance of epidemiological conclusions when effects are very small is debatable.
		Incidence is the rate of acquisition of a disease within in a population where prevalence is the fraction of the population which are afflicted.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol2045.htm (1069 words)

	Bulletin on Narcotics - Volume LIII, Nos. 1 and 2, 2001 - Page 0
		Epidemiology is an applied or problem-driven science in which emphasis is placed on the relevance of new knowledge to policy.
		Prevalence and incidence are fundamental measures aimed at understanding the spread of problematic drug use and evaluating the effects of policy interventions.
		In the area of prevalence estimation, new methods (such as the truncated Poisson method) have been studied that may provide prevalence estimates from fewer data sources than are necessary in classical capture-recapture and methods that may account for non-closed populations.
	www.unodc.org /bulletin/bulletin_2001-01-01_1_page011.html (6653 words)

	Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis in Northwest Greece, 1983-2002 -- Alamanos et al. 43 (5): 615 -- Rheumatology
		Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis in Northwest Greece, 1983–2002
		The peak of incidence and prevalence of the disease and the
		Prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Taiwan: a population study of urban, suburban, rural differences.
	rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/43/5/615 (2372 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Albinism in Africa as a public health issue
		The prevalence of albinism from these studies ranged from as low as 1 in 15,000 in the East Central state of Nigeria [8] to as high as 1 in 1,000 in the Tonga tribe of Zimbabwe [9].
		A prevalence of 1 in 1,515 was reported from a prospective study of congenital anomalies of liveborn neonates in Sovenga, a more rural region in Northern Transvaal, South Africa [12].
		In Zimbabwe, given that the majority (83.1%) of people with albinism belonged to the Shona tribe, the diversity in the observed prevalence may be due to a founder effect or genetic drift since the Shona population have generally limited their residence to southern Africa [14].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2458/6/212 (4266 words)

	UpToDate Epidemiology and risk factors for urinary tract infections in children
		— Knowledge of the epidemiology of UTI is important in the evaluation of a child with suspected UTI.
		— Awareness of the prevalence of UTI in various subgroups of children enables the clinician to grossly estimate the probability of infection in the patient (pre-test probability).
		The overall prevalence of UTI is approximately 5 percent in febrile infants but varies widely by race and sex.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=pedi_id/18826 (449 words)

	Effect Measures in Prevalence Studies
		It is frequently the case that a prevalence study is conducted first to identify cases and noncases for a chronic condition such as asthma or diabetes, and that all of the identified cases and a control sample (chosen from the noncases) are then selected for further investigation.
		In prevalence case-control studies the prevalence odds ratio is the standard effect measure, just as in an incidence case-control study the (incidence) odds ratio is the standard effect measure (Morgenstern and Thomas 1993; Pearce 1998).
		The case for using the prevalence ratio essentially reduces to the assertion that it is obviously the better measure whereas the odds ratio is "unintelligible," and that when a disease is common the prevalence ratio and the POR may differ substantially.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2004/6927/6927.html (3446 words)

	Trends in the Epidemiology of COPD in Canada, 1980 to 1995 - ) CHEST - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Purpose: To describe trends in the epidemiology of COPD in Canada from 1980 to 1995, in terms of perceived prevalence, mortality, and hospital morbidity.
		In this report, we extend these observations to describe the epidemiology of COPD in Canada in terms of perceived prevalence, mortality, and hospital morbidity during the period from 1980 to 1995.
		Prevalence: Estimates of the point prevalence of COPD were derived from the 1994-1995 National Population Health Survey conducted by Statistics Canada.[11] The target population of this survey included household residents in all provinces, with the principal exclusion of the population on Indian reserves, Canadian Forces bases, and some remote areas in Quebec and Ontario.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_2_116/ai_55653601 (969 words)

	The epidemiology of female urinary incontinence
		I have studied the epidemiology of UI in the general female population and the prevailing management of UI by Norwegian general practitioners (GPs).
		Basically, the studies fall into two categories, those reporting the highest prevalence in old age,(1-3,13) and those reporting the highest prevalence around the menopause.(4-11) "High prevalence" studies, using a lower "threshold" for identifying the women as incontinent, tend to show a prevalence peak in midlife, but this tendency is not consistent.
		Prevalence and incidence of urinary incontinence in communitydwelling populations.
	www.uib.no /isf/people/doc/epidem.htm (2147 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Editorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The estimated prevalence of a disease will also depend on the criteria for diagnosis: the more strict and specific the criteria, the lower will be the error in estimating the prevalence in the population.
		The prevalence of markers for Hepatitis B and human immuno-deficiency viruses, malarial parasites and microfilaria in blood donors in a large hospital in South India.
		Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant mothers and its perinatal transmission.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /april2001/april-349-371.htm (9603 words)

	Epidemiology of Keratoconus
		The prevalence of the disease reported in the literature varied considerably.
		Kennedy et al (1986) found a prevalence rate of 54.5 per 100,000 in the population of Olmstead County in Minnesota based on records from 1935 to 1982.
		However, more recent studies have found that the prevalence is higher in men or that there is no significant difference, as shown in the table below.
	www.opt.indiana.edu /lowther/html/keratoconus_epidemiology.htm (703 words)

	UpToDate Epidemiology and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia
		However, because of the prevalence of this disorder, the mean prostate weight at autopsy increases after age 50 years (show figure 1).
		— The prevalence of histologically diagnosed prostatic hyperplasia increases from 8 percent in men aged 31 to 40, to 40 to 50 percent in men aged 51 to 60, to over 80 percent in men older than age 80 (show figure 2).
		The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging compared the age-specific prevalence of pathologically defined BPH at autopsy with the clinical prevalence based upon history and the results of digital rectal examination [5].
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=genr_med/39384 (562 words)

	Prevalence of skin disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Bangkok, Thailand. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prevalence of skin disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Bangkok, Thailand.
		Conditions with prevalence higher than 5% included oral candidiasis (34.3%), pruritic papular eruption (32.7%), seborrhoeic dermatitis (21.0%), herpes zoster (16.1%), oral hairy leucoplakia (14.9%), herpes simplex (10.9%), onychomycosis (9.3%), cutaneous ringworm (7.7%), psoriasis (6.5%), and folliculitis (5.6%).
		Three notable differences, however, emerge from this study: (1) the high prevalence of pruritic papular eruption in all subgroups, (2) the high prevalence of Penicillium maneffei infection in patients with advanced disease, and (3) the absence of Kaposi's sarcoma in the study population.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1996/dec/m96c0923.html (477 words)

	Regional differences in Finland in the prevalence of rheumatoid factor in the presence and absence of arthritis -- ...
		Regional differences in Finland in the prevalence of rheumatoid factor in the presence and absence of arthritis -- Korpilähde et al.
		Regional differences in Finland in the prevalence of rheumatoid factor in the presence and absence of arthritis
		The prevalence of RA is 0.5–1% among adults in Europe,
	ard.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/62/4/353 (1567 words)

	An Epidemiological Approach to Diagnostic Process - MEDSTUDENTS-EPIDEMIOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The example showed how prevalence can be used in clinical practice, because some characteristics are associated with a greater prevalence of certain disease, such as smoking & cancer, dysphagia & esophageal disorders, age & cancer, age & heart disease, among others.
		This specific clinical situations are associated with a greater incidence and prevalence of certain disease and can be useful in differential diagnosis.
		Prevalence data can be founded in medical literature, and is always helpful.
	www.medstudents.com.br /epidem/epidem2.htm (1469 words)

	The prevalence and causes of dementia in people under the age of 65 years -- Harvey et al. 74 (9): 1206 -- Journal of ...
		The prevalence and causes of dementia in people under the age of 65 years -- Harvey et al.
		Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s presenile dementia in Scotland, 1974–88.
		Prevalence of medically diagnosed dementia in a defined United States population: Rochester, Minnesota, January 1 1975.
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/74/9/1206 (2601 words)

	Epidemiology slides
		HIV prevalence in adults in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990−2005 (ppt, 530 kb)
		HIV prevalence in adults in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005 (ppt, 280 kb)
		HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2005 (ppt, 360 kb)
	www.unaids.org /en/HIV_data/Epidemiology/epi_slides.asp (1639 words)

	Interpreting COPD Prevalence Estimates: What Is the True Burden of Disease? -- Halbert et al. 123 (5): 1684 -- Chest
		Qureshi, KA Domestic smoke pollution and prevalence of chronic bronchitis/asthma in a rural area of Kashmir.
		Pandey, MR Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in a rural community of the Hill Region of Nepal.
		Gulsvik, A Prevalence and manifestations of obstructive lung disease in the city of Oslo.
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/123/5/1684 (4047 words)

	WHO \| Epilepsy: aetiogy, epidemiology and prognosis
		In fact, up to 5% of the world's population may have a single seizure at some time in their lives, but a diagnosis of epilepsy is reserved for those who have recurring seizures, at least two unprovoked ones.
		The prevalence of a disorder is the proportion of a population with that disorder at a given point in time.
		From many studies around the world it has been estimated that the mean prevalence of active epilepsy (i.e.
	www.who.int /mediacentre/factsheets/fs165/en (1361 words)

	Incidence (epidemiology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Incidence and incidence rate are not to be confused with prevalence, which is defined as the number of individuals with a certain disease in a population at a specified time divided by the number of individuals in the population at that time.
		To illustrate, a disease with a long duration that was spread widely in a community in 2002 will have a high prevalence in 2003 (remembering that it has a long duration) but it might have a low incidence rate in 2003.
		Incidence rate is useful for talking about diseases like chickenpox, which have a lifetime risk of almost one, since it is measured per unit time so can tell us when infections are likely to occur.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology) (302 words)

	Learn more about the Epidemiology of AMD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Worldwide, epidemiologic prevalence estimates for wet AMD range from less than 2% to more than 10% of people aged more than 50 years.
		In countries where the average age of the population is increasing (see below), the prevalence of AMD is also expected to rise.
		Although increased age remains the principal risk factor in cases of AMD, studies have identified a number of other risk factors that may also contribute to its onset, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, elevated levels of serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking, race, and family history.
	www.visudyne.com /hcp/about/epidemiology.jsp (216 words)

	The Prevalence of Low Back Pain in Adults: A Methodological Review of the Literature -- Loney and Stratford 79 (4): 384 ...
		Prevalence and incidence of low back pain (LBP) in a hypothetical population (N=20).
		Brattberg G, Thorslund M, Wikman A. The prevalence of pain in a general population: the results of a postal survey in a county of Sweden.
		Epidemiology of musculoskeletal disorders (complaints) and related disability in Canada.
	www.ptjournal.org /cgi/content/full/79/4/384 (3782 words)

	Collaborative for Education on Urinary Incontinence and Women's Health (ceUIwh) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women.
		Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence in women.
		Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth.
	stressui.com /suggested_reading.htm (1913 words)

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