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Topic: Preventive war

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	The Immorality of Preventive War
		One of the astonishing events of recent months is the presentation of preventive war as a legitimate and moral instrument of U.S. foreign policy.
		During the Cold War, advocates of preventive war were dismissed as a crowd of loonies.
		Preventive war is based on the proposition that it is possible to foretell with certainty what is to come.
	hnn.us /articles/924.html (554 words)

	Preventive war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A preventive war is term given to kind of war whose public justification is proclaimed as "self-defense." The concepts of preventive war and preemptive war differ only in the certainty of an attack —the latter concerns an imminent attack, while the former requires no military provocation.
		The rationale for preventive war is the claimed prevention of a possible future attack, which international law considered to be indistinguishable from a forbidden war of aggression.
		Preventive war has been described as an important element of the Bush Doctrine, although the U.S. government uses the term preemptive in a way which is partly consistent with international usage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Preventive_war (1048 words)

	Preventive War or Preemptive War : LA IMC
		While a preventive war requires the fulfillment of criteria on the immediate danger of the intentional aggression of a state, criteria for a preemptive strike or preemptive war are absolutely unknown.
		A war would be legimated as a preventive war if “preventive self-defense” occurred according to the Caroline proviso that no other choice of means existed or the possibility of negotiations was exhausted.
		In contrast, a “preemptive war”, a war to nip possible dangers in the bud is not included and thus is rejected in international law.
	la.indymedia.org /print.php?id=80721 (888 words)

	MrKen45sWorld: Preemptive and Preventive War--A Perspective
		Preventive war is sharply distinct from preemptive war, or anticipatory self-defense.
		Preventive war is only claimed to prevent a hypothetical attack which might occur in the future; for example, a war launched to prevent an adversary acquiring more powerful weapons.
		Whatever the justifications for pre-emptive war might be, they do not hold for preventive war, particularly as that concept is interpreted by its current enthusiasts: the use of military force to eliminate an invented or imagined threat, so that even the term "preventive" is too charitable.
	mrken45sworld.blogspot.com /2007/07/preemptive-and-preventive-war.html (945 words)

	Preventive War - InterVarsity.org
		The most common case in which war is found to be justifiable is that of a defensive war against an unprovoked act of aggression, provided of course that the defense has some chance of succeeding and that the means chosen are proportionate to the end to be achieved.
		Thus a war that was begun as a war to defend Poland against aggression wound up in a sense as a war of aggression, at least on the part of the Soviet Union.
		Walzer argues that an individual who knows a war to be unjust has the right to refuse to participate, but it is impossible to require each citizen to know the facts that will enable him to judge the justness of a particular war.
	www.intervarsity.org /news/preventive-war (2523 words)

	Preventive Intervention
		Preventive intervention is a response not to actual aggression, but to aggression expected at some indefinite time in the future.
		Preventive intervention is based on the intervener’s calculation that it is better to fight now, when it has a military advantage, than later, when it does not.
		The principal indirect consequence of preventive interventions is that their occurrence lowers the threshold for the use of force, increasing the frequency of future war.
	www.usafa.edu /isme/JSCOPE05/Lee05.html (4338 words)

	CCC - Preventive War against Iraq
		Preventive motivation for war is based on the belief that war with a particular adversary is inevitable.
		In the past, circumstances mercifully discouraged the emergence of preventive motivations for war, although the idea was raised in the late 1940s as a way to deal with the Soviets.
		Although critics charge that talk of war against Iraq is some sort of partisan political ploy to hide failure in the war on terrorism, dominate the political agenda, or spread U.S. imperialism, several developments have made preventive motivation for war a tangible force in U.S. foreign policy and world politics.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /rsepResources/si/nov02/middleEast.asp (1429 words)

	Hoover Institution - Uncommon Knowledge - THE BEST DEFENSE: Preventive War
		Preventive force is against threats that are latent, not imminent.
		And I think before now, it was not a good idea to allow preventive war, to allow for the possibility of preventive war because what you were effectively doing was licensing states to attack other states.
		Preventive war is, I think, a necessary doctrine but it is a very dangerous doctrine and you gave the best example.
	www.hoover.org /publications/uk/2939386.html (4320 words)

	Kennedy book blasts Bush, 'preventive war' - The Boston Globe
		Kennedy writes that preemptive war may be justified to prevent ''an imminent attack on our country." But he puts the Iraq war in a different category that he calls ''preventive war," which he condemns.
		''The premeditated nature of preventive attacks and preventive wars makes them anathema to well-established international principles against aggression," Kennedy writes in ''America Back on Track," which is scheduled to be released April 18.
		Bush's decision to invade Iraq, Kennedy says, was an example of ''preventive war" -- attacking a nation to prevent it from developing the ability to threaten the United States.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/washington/articles/2006/04/05/kennedy_book_blasts_bush_preventive_war (730 words)

	Preventive war, a useful tool - Los Angeles Times (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But circumstances will probably arise in which the option of using force preventively should be available — whether to kill terrorists, prevent weapons proliferation, halt genocidal killing or stop the spread of deadly disease.
		One problem with the Bush doctrine, then, is not that it is overly reliant on preventive force but that it too narrowly conceives of its use, primarily to deal with terrorism and to remove threatening regimes.
		When all countries in a region agree to the necessity and efficacy of a preventive action, there is a greater chance that the precipitating facts will be valid.
	www.latimes.com /news/opinion/sunday/commentary/la-op-preemptivewar4dec04,0,5392752.story?coll=la-sunday-commentary (1172 words)

	The Special (Moral) Circumstances of Preventive War (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The consequence of this is that if one argues that preventive and preemptive wars are different in important ways, one must articulate that difference.
		When one wages a preventive war, the necessity for going to war is of a different kind than when one usually speaks of war.
		This principle is particularly important for preventive war because the war was waged because of a fear that something might come about and one acted in order to forestall it.
	www.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE05/Lammers05.html (7432 words)

	Preventive War?
		The result was a 26 year war that was extremely costly for both sides, and though Sparta did eventually prevail the war so weakened the Greek city states as to invite foreign intervention in their affairs.
		The millions of fatalities and deep hatreds engendered by the war led eventually to the rise of Hitler and the Second World War, while the collapse of the Russian autocracy led to the Bolshevik revolution and the eventual Cold War standoff.
		Preventive attacks persuade the opponent and third parties that one is an aggressive state, even if they are not motivated by aggression.
	hnn.us /articles/910.html (1465 words)

	Preventive War in Kosovo & Iraq
		In connection with the most recent war against Iraq, there has been much controversy surrounding the policy of “preventive war“ by which the U.S. government of George W. Bush claims the unilateral right to attack other nations which are said to pose a threat to national security.
		The war against Serbia in 1999 was regarded by the Swedish government as acceptable, despite the fact that it was not authorized by a U.N. resolution.
		The motive that is usually cited to justify the war against Serbia is that it was intended to prevent a humanitarian disaster, i.e.
	www.nnn.se /n-model/foreign/kosovo.htm (1856 words)

	Just Warriors ~ Just Wars: Pre-emptive vs. “preventive” war — A vital distinction
		As Tom Rockmore notes: “It follows that defensive, or preemptive, war, which is intended to respond to a clear and present danger, including an ongoing or clearly looming attack, is moral, hence licit or justified.
		But what the Bush administration calls ‘preemptive’ war, which is widely regarded as preventive, or offensive, war, designed for a situation when an attack is not clearly in the offing, when it may not ever take place, is immoral, hence illicit or unjustified.” [Ibid, p.
		A preventive war is not a just war for the same reason arrest and punishment to prevent a possible crime is not justice.
	justwarriors.blogspot.com /2007/09/pre-emptive-vs-preventive-war-vital.html (765 words)

	Noam Chomsky: Dominance and Its Dilemmas
		At the same time, war drums began to beat to mobilize the population for an invasion of Iraq, which would be “the first test [of the doctrine], not the last,” the New York Times observed after the invasion, “the petri dish in which this experiment in pre-emptive policy grew.”
		Even before the United States entered the war, planners and analysts concluded that in the postwar world it would seek “to hold unquestioned power,” acting to ensure the “limitation of any exercise of sovereignty” by states that might interfere with its global designs.
		This modification of the doctrine of “preventive war” may prove to be the most significant consequence of the collapse of the declared argument for the invasion.
	bostonreview.net /BR28.5/chomsky.html (2399 words)

	The Slippery Slope to Preventive War [Full Text]
		For example, in the case of the plans for the September 11, 2001, attacks, on these criteria—and assuming intelligence warning of preparations and clear evidence of aggressive intent—a justifiable preemptive action would have been the arrest of the hijackers of the four aircraft that were to be used as weapons.
		A preemptive doctrine which has, because of great fear and a desire to control the international environment, become a preventive war doctrine of eliminating potential threats that may materialize at some point in the future is likely to create more of both fearful and aggressive states.
		Preventive wars are imprudent because they bring wars that might not happen and increase resentment.
	www.cceia.org /resources/journal/17_1/roundtable/868.html (3081 words)

	The Ethical Limits to Preventive War
		The widespread support for preventive war in Congress was overwhelmingly driven by an explicit link that most supporters drew between Iraq and the threat of future terrorist attacks with weapons of mass destruction (71% of supporters in the House, 68% of supporters in the Senate).
		Even as most supporters of war acknowledged that this threat was amorphous, hard to prove and lacked immediacy, the risk was still considered compelling enough to justify preventive war in the absence of direct provocation.
		Yet the level of support for or opposition to preventive war is contingent on the context of a specific case.
	www.cceia.org /resources/articles_papers_reports/5108.html (814 words)

	No Preventive War Against Iraq
		Moreover, it appears that according the UN Charter the conditions for a preventive war are not given.
		The population would be affected not only directly by the killings and injuries of the war, but also indirectly by the fatal (social, health and economic) consequences of such a war.
		Furthermore, the Council of the FSPC recognizes a preventive military strike of the United States against Iraq as being a violation of international law as recorded in the UN Charter.
	www.warc.ch /dcw/iraq/08.html (495 words)

	USCCB - Church Leaders on the Threat of War in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Peace in other parts of the world, where forgotten wars and protracted hostilities are causing deaths and injuries amid silence and neglect on the part of considerable sectors of public opinion.
		A war of aggression would be a crime against peace….No rule of international law authorizes one or more states to intervene unilaterally….The resources of international law must be fully employed, and the consequences of an armed intervention on the civilian population must be carefully weighed.
		A security policy that advocates preventive war is in contradiction with Catholic teaching and international law….A war also threatens to cause the most serious political divergences in the entire Middle East, which would put at risk the achievements of the international alliance against terror.
	www.usccb.org /sdwp/peace/quotes.htm (3731 words)

	Might is not right
		In a "preventive war," on the other hand, as we have defined it, there is no "defense" in the sense that there is no actual attack underway to defend oneself against.
		"the "preventive war" is a war of aggression, unjustifiable on moral grounds and according to international law.
		In practice, supporters of the present war have expanded the traditional notion of "anticipatory self-defense" to the point where it includes the first use of force, on the basis of its presumption of the hostile intentions of the adversary.
	www.sspx.org /against_the_sound_bites/might_is_not_right.htm (2763 words)

	catallaxy » Preventive war (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Posner presents a case whereby, in theory, a Preventative War may be justifiable.
		A Preventative War would still only be potentially justifiable if it could prevent their launch â€“ otherwise you are merely trading a possibility of the cost for its near-certainty.
		Preventive war is basically a war crime under any condition.
	badanalysis.com /catallaxy/?p=419 (1024 words)

	Preventive War 'the Supreme Crime', by Noam Chomsky
		At the same time, the war drums began to beat to mobilize the population for an invasion of Iraq.
		Preventive war is, very simply, the “supreme crime” condemned at Nuremberg.
		A reluctant domestic population had to be whipped to a proper mood of war fever.
	www.chomsky.info /articles/20030811.htm (1669 words)

	ZNet - Iraq is trial run
		Pre-emptive war has a meaning, it means that, for example, if planes are flying across the Atlantic to bomb the United States, the United States is permitted to shoot them down even before they bomb and may be permitted to attack the air bases from which they came.
		Pre-emptive war is a response to ongoing or imminent attack.
		The doctrine of preventive war is totally different; it holds that the United States - alone, since nobody else has this right - has the right to attack any country that it claims to be a potential challenge to it.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=15&ItemID=3369 (3053 words)

	GlobeLaw.com
		The new Bush doctrine of ‘preventive war’ which was published in the National Security Strategy in September 2002 contemplates attacking a state in the absence of specific evidence of a pending attack.
		The distinction between ‘preventive war’ and preemption in the new Bush doctrine was described in a Brookings Institute report as follows: “The concept is not limited to the traditional definition of preemption—striking an enemy as it prepares an attack—but also includes prevention—striking an enemy even in the absence of specific evidence of a coming attack.
		States in the ‘coalition of the willing’ have aligned themselves with the policy of ‘preventive war’ and with the legal position of the United States in the Iraqi war, a war described by the UN Secretary-General as not in conformity with the Charter, and a war which still continues.
	www.globelaw.com /Iraq/Preventive_war_after_iraq.htm (5248 words)

	SSRN-Preventive War by David Luban
		A preventive war is a preemptive war in which the requirement of an imminent threat is relaxed.
		The most important point emerging from these arguments is that the real justification for the prevailing doctrine lies in the importance of a no-first-use-of-force rule for war prevention, not in the importance of protecting state sovereignty.
		The paper then turns to the question whether a general doctrine permitting preventive war to forestall immature threats is morally defensible, and answers no, arguing that giving a green light to preventive war would make wars too frequent and too routine.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=469862 (455 words)

	In Search of Monsters to Destory
		Blair never mentioned "preemptive strikes" or "preventive war," which are apparently the diplomatic equivalents of four-letter words, but he didn't have to.
		According to Walzer, since preventive war is launched not at "the point of imminent attack, but at the point of sufficient threat," it is always a matter of judgment.
		The alternative is preventive war, and it promises to be costly--in diplomatic standing, in treasure, and in blood.
	www.worldandi.com /newhome/public/2003/january/mtpub.asp (4650 words)

	Chomsky: Preventive War 'the Supreme Crime'
		The propaganda campaign was just enough to give the administration a bare majority in the mid-term elections, as voters put aside their immediate concerns and huddled under the umbrella of power in fear of a demonic enemy.
		Also immaterial was the only known connection between the victory and terror: the invasion appears to have been "a huge setback in the war on terror" by sharply increasing al-Qaida recruitment, as US officials concede (9).
		This was illustrated by the distinction that was made by Washington between Old and New Europe, the former being reviled and the latter hailed for its courage.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article4416.htm (2410 words)

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