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Topic: Primacy effect

Related Topics

Recency effect

Halo effect

Solomon Asch

Selection bias

Alkaline foods

Stanley Milgram

List of social psychologists

Monetarism

Developmental psychology

Asch conformity experiments

Gestalt psychology

Money supply

Spider angioma

Kurt Lewin

Weimar Republic

	University of Alberta Dictionary of Cognitive Science: Primacy Effect
		The primacy effect is found when the results of a free recall task are plotted in the form of a serial position curve.
		This is because the primacy effect can be sharply attenuated by performing manipulations that adversely affect this system -- such as using fast presentation of items (which does not permit much elaborative rehearsal to transfer memories from short-term to long-term stores), or by using list items that have similar meanings (and thereby producing semantic confusions).
		The primacy effect was important to cognitive science because it provided empirical evidence for the decomposition of memory into an organized set of subsystems, which is required by functional analysis.
	www.bcp.psych.ualberta.ca /~mike/Pearl_Street/Dictionary/contents/P/primacy_effect.html (201 words)

	Primacy effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The primacy effect, in psychology and sociology, is a cognitive bias that results from disproportionate salience of initial stimuli or observations.
		The recency effect is comparable to the primacy effect, but for final stimuli or observations.
		Taken together the primacy effect and the recency effect predict that, in a list of items, the ones most likely to be remembered are the items near the beginning and the end of the list (serial position effect).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Primacy_effect (194 words)

	Untitled Document
		A significant primacy effect was found under the conditions predicted to be least favourable to recency.
		The primacy and recency effects on attitudes are not to be explained in terms of a primacy or recency effects upon learning or memory.
		The primacy and recency effects obtained on a serial position curve (which is typically U-shaped because of first and last items being better recalled) as a result of a free-recall experiment are different than the "Primacy-recency in persuasion" that we are discussing here.
	www.ciadvertising.org /student_account/fall_01/adv382j/mgautam/minx_paper/primacy.html (984 words)

	pd’s Junk Drawer » Learning & instruction
		Primacy effect - The primacy effect, in psychology, is a cognitive bias that results from disproportionate salience of initial stimuli or observations.
		Spacing effect - The spacing effect states that while you are more likely to remember material if exposed to it many times, you will be much more likely to remember it if the exposures are repeated over a longer span of time.
		For students, this effect suggests that “cramming” (intense, last-minute studying) the night before an exam is not likely to be as effective as studying at intervals over a much longer span of time.
	www.dyerassoc.com /wordpress/?cat=21 (385 words)

	The Subliminal Mere Exposure Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although the subliminal mere exposure effect is a highly reliable phenomenon, considerable controversy surrounds the issue of the mechanism involved in obtaining the effect.
		(1998) as the primacy of affect hypothesis, the nonspecific activation hypothesis, and the perceptual fluency hypothesis.
		The primacy of affect view argues that affective and cognitive subsystems of the mind have different properties in terms of their ability to be affected by different suboptimally presented stimuli and hence are capable of being separated or dissociated, to some degree.
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /99mcnairjournal/AMartinez/AMartinez.html (3356 words)

	Saskia Sassen
		Primacy is not simply a matter of absolute size, nor is large size a marker of primacy.
		Primacy is clearly fed by urban population growth, a process that is expected to continue.
		As in the developed countries, one component of urban growth in those Latin American countries characterized by primacy is the growing suburbanization of growing sectors of the population.
	www.echonyc.com /~trans/Telesymposia2/sassen01.html (615 words)

	EFFECT OF RESPONSE POSITION AND NUMBER OF RESPONSES ON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This study’s findings indicate that primacy effects are not of a concern in lists of four or fewer, even with very general questions.
		Primacy effects occur when an item placed at the beginning of a list has a higher likelihood of being selected over other items in the list.
		Primacy effects in psychology, indicating higher selection of items in the first position, have been uncovered with lists of 13 and 16.
	www.westga.edu /~bquest/2001/response.htm (3031 words)

	effects of primacy and recency upon audience response to five film versions of Shakespeare's Hamlet, The Literature ...
		While not conducted by cognitive psychologists, this study is still important to those interested in audience2 response to first and last impressions, to what psychologists call the effects of primacy and recency.
		Thus while the Auckland experiment may seem to support only the effects of primacy, it actually supports also those of recency, since the primacy effect of the rewritten introductions was reinforced by their recency in the sequence of the two readings.
		When primacy and recency mutually interact, so that last impressions are reinforced by first, the impact is especially potent.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3768/is_200001/ai_n8888780 (699 words)

	Primacy and Recency Effects on Clicking Behavior
		A review of positioning effects across various media, situations, and criterion variables supports a primacy effect favoring the first position in an array of stimuli (e.g., ads), and also finds considerable evidence of a recency effect that favors a position at the end of a sequence of stimuli.
		Thus there was a primacy effect in the visual choice task, but a recency effect in the auditory choice task.
		These experimental results support the idea that primacy, as investigated in two earlier online studies (Ansari and Mela, 2003; Drèze and Zufryden, 2004), may affect behavior and that the primacy effect is not an artifact of a correlational design.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol11/issue2/murphy.html (4836 words)

	Amplifier Summer 2004 continued
		Primacy effects occur when information presented first in a sequence has the greatest influence upon perception, whereas recency effects occur when information presented last in a sequence has the greatest influence.
		No main effect, F (1, 86) = 2.61, p =.11, was found, however, a significant interaction, F (3, 86) = 2.71, p =.05, between two pairs of conditions, negative recency/positive recency and negative recency/negative primacy was found (see Figure 2).
		Neither the expected recency effect nor a predicted primacy effect among both the negative and positive conditions were statistically significant.
	www.apa.org /divisions/div46/amp042.html (10750 words)

	Order Effects: Primacy\|Recency
		A primacy effect is defined as when “the message presented first exerts a disproportionate impact on an individual’s opinion” (Crano 87-96).
		In 1977, Crano decided to outline a study to further the previous conclusions on the nature of order effects, which were said to be unambiguous and opposed in their predictions.
		Crano discovered that an almost opposite effect of the expected effect occurred; with the change of meaning hypothesis and inconsistency discounting a supposed primacy effect would have occurred.
	www.ciadvertising.org /sa/spring_04/adv382j/christine/primacy.html (684 words)

	Short (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Primacy effect always refers to the accuracy of recall for the early list position.
		A strong primacy effect is usually a result of good rehearsal.
		A weak primacy effect is known as just the opposite, a weak rehearsal.
	www.tcnj.edu /~cimino4/short_term_memory.htm (304 words)

	Serial Position Effects in Recall of Television Commercials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In an immediate test, the first commercials in a list were well recalled (a primacy effect), as were the last items (a recency effect), in comparison with the recall of middle items.
		Thus, primacy here was owing to sequence and not to a potential confounding of idiosyncratic characteristics of specific commercials with serial position.
		The primacy effect in final recall was also robust across conditions, and was manifested in lists of both shorter and longer duration commercials, when testing was surprising or expected, and in recall and recognition test formats.
	www.backchannelmedia.com /newsletter/story/2826522644/Serial_Position_Effects_in_Rec.html (4793 words)

	Lab Activity 2: The Reading Process: Before Reading
		This effect occurs because no information related to the task at hand is already stored in short-term storage; at the moment a person begins a new task, attention to new stimuli is at its peak.
		Thus, the primacy effect is associated with long-term memory processes.
		The primacy effect is associated with long-term memory.
	wps.ablongman.com /long_henry_er_1/0,7989,1832626-,00.html (1112 words)

	Newhouse A1
		If primacy provides the edge that experts believe it does, it contributed to Bush's 2000 victory in Florida, which gave him the White House after the Supreme Court settled the state's disputed vote count.
		That same year, strong evidence of a primacy effect of "strikingly large magnitude" was apparent in California, where Bush received 9 percent more votes in districts where he was listed first than where he was listed last, Krosnick said.
		But Richard Smolka, who has written a weekly newsletter for election officials for 34 years, doubts the primacy effect is much of a factor at the presidential level.
	www.newhousenews.com /archive/benson081704.html (1000 words)

	Vol.31, No. 16-- This issue -- onCampus, OSU"s Newspaper for Faculty and Staff
		A University of Southern California law student who was working on this case for the losing incumbent found an article on the primacy effect in a 1972 law journal.
		But Krosnick is particularly passionate about how the primacy effect can alter the course of elections, as it did in the Compton mayor's race.
		The primacy effect may have played a role in electing George W. Bush as president, Krosnick said.
	oncampus.osu.edu /v31n16/thisissue.html (1609 words)

	Primacy effects in justice judgments: Testing predictions from fairness heuristic theory
		Primacy effects in justice judgments: Testing predictions from fairness heuristic theory.
		We tested predictions from fairness heuristic theory that justice judgments are more sensitive to early fairness-relevant information than to later fairness-relevant information and that this primacy effect is more evident when group identification is higher.
		As predicted, there was a primacy effect on fairness judgments and acceptance of authority in the high identification conditions and no evidence of such an effect in the low identification conditions.
	www.leighthompson.com /publications/pub2000h.htm (219 words)

	perception of others
		The common adage that first impressions count is known technically as the primacy effect.
		This effect has been known since Thorndike first named it in 1920.
		The halo effect seems to be particularly powerful when we know relatively little about the person.
	www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk /MUHome/cshtml/perception/percep5.html (1092 words)

	November 7 summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If a list has special meaning then the primacy effect may be due to your own prior knowledge, and the middle words may be easy for you to remeber as well.
		Therefore the primacy and recency effects are best demonstrated by using memory items that do not special meanings, such as non-sense syllables.
		To test the primacy and recency effect give the class a list of words and see which ones are recalled better.
	www.unm.edu /~atlab/courses/psy260-fall97/lec11_07.html (522 words)

	Chapter 7: Persuasion
		Sleeper effect: A delayed impact of a message; occurs when we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.
		Primacy effect: Other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence.
		Recency effects are less common than primacy effects.
	otel.uis.edu /yoder/myers7_ho.htm (188 words)

	AP Wire \| 11/19/2006 \| Some candidates say state should change ballot position rules
		The debate about the "primacy effect" is going on throughout the country.
		The effect refers to the idea that someone faced with a choice from among a group of items is inclined, even if only slightly, to select the first one offered.
		Three months ago, the New Hampshire Supreme Court considered primacy and concluded that a state statute giving first ballot position to candidates based on a previous election violated a section of the state's constitution.
	www.kentucky.com /mld/kentucky/news/state/16054357.htm (663 words)

	The Effects of Information Ordering on Investor Perceptions: An Experiment Utilizing Presidents' Letters
		The effect size measure for the between-groups difference on the Future variable was.047, indicating an effect size in the small to medium range.
		According to the model, primacy effects would also be expected for longer letters and for long, complex letters.
		The effects of ordering in the president's letter were examined in isolation from the other information investors would look at, such as the auditor's report, and it is possible that the order effects could be mitigated by such other information.
	www.studyfinance.com /jfsd/htmlfiles/v13n3/baird.html (4195 words)

	Recency Effect
		The recency effect has most effect in repeated persuasion messages when there is a delay between the messages.
		Miller and Campbell recorded proceedings from a trial with a combination of sequences of arguments for and against the plaintiff, sometimes with delays of a week between parts and the judgment that they sought from experimental participants.
		When there was a delay between the first and second message, but no gap between the second message and the judgment, then a recency effect occurred.
	changingminds.org /explanations/theories/recency_effect.htm (201 words)

	Magnus Research Consultants - Jury Research, Jury Consulting, Trial Research or Trial Consulting
		The primacy effect is the phenomenon of remembering information presented first.
		The recency effect is enhanced memory for information presented last.
		Understanding primacy and recency effects are essential for attorneys when structuring a trial.
	www.magnusweb.com /usdc_jacksonville.html (203 words)

	Serial position effects in recall of television commercials Journal of General Psychology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is interesting to note that even though commercials occur in blocks, there are few reports of memory as a function of the serial position during presentation.
		For instance, the first items could proactively interfere with retention of the later items in the list, thus producing a primacy effect, or alternatively, the last items could retroactively interfere with memory for preceding commercials and thus produce recency (Zhao, 1997).
		Thus, there was primacy in recall of the experiences of students' first year in college (Pillemer, Goldsmith, Panter, and White, 1988) but recency in memory for high school teachers (Whitten and Leonard, 1981) and recent parking locations (Lutz, Means, and Long, 1994).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2405/is_2_132/ai_n13720250 (961 words)

	THE EFFECT OF SUSPICION ON PERSONALITY RATINGS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Primacy effects can be reduced however under three conditions; Passage of time, if a substantial period of time passes between first and subsequent impressions, the more recent impression will be of greater importance.
		Knowledge of primacy effects are when people are warned to avoid being influenced by first impressions, the primacy effect can be reduced (Hovland, 1957).
		This is a situation where such people as personnel managers and others to whom accurate person perception is important are educated to the dangers of primacy effects and are often able to eliminate them from their perceptions of the subject.
	www.ncjrs.gov /policing/eff511.htm (8859 words)

	Serial Position Effect
		You can demonstrate the serial position effect on yourself by going to http://cat.xula.edu/thinker/memory/working/serial and completing the serial position exercise on that website.
		The primacy effect, or tendency to remember the items at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle, is thought to be due to the increased opportunity to rehearse the items at the beginning of a list, which makes these items more likely to make it into long term memory.
		If the middle of a memory task is remembered less well than the beginning and the end, then we should aim to have small "middles" in all of our memory tasks.
	www.gpc.edu /~bbrown/heds1011/serial.htm (336 words)

	Primacy Effect
		The primacy effect has most effect during repeated message when there is little or no delay between the messages.
		One reason that the Primacy effect works is that the listener is more likely to start off paying attention, then drifting off when the subject gets boring or the listener is internally processing data you have given them.
		The limitations of memory also have an effect, and we can miss middle items as we continue to rehearse and process the initial items.
	changingminds.org /explanations/theories/primacy_effect.htm (260 words)

	Context and Reasoning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Existence of primacy and recency effects depended on delays in the process.
		If people heard both messages back-to-back, then waited a week to make a judgment, there was a primacy effect (the view presented first did better).
		As in most cases of the halo effect, the physical attractiveness stereotype is based on bad reasoning.
	www.ou.edu /ouphil/faculty/chris/context.html (1672 words)

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