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Topic: Primaquine

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	Medical Treatment - Primaquine tablets
		Primaquine is a tissue schizonticidal agent and is active against the preerythrocytic and exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax.
		Primaquine is rapidly metabolized to a carboxylic acid derivative and then to further metabolites which have varying degrees of activity.
		Primaquine is recommended for the radical cure of P. vivax malaria, the prevention of relapse in P. vivax malaria or following the termination of chloroquine phosphate suppressive therapy in an area where P. vivax malaria is endemic.
	www.malaria-ipca.com /primaquine.html (0 words)

	Primaquine phosphate (PIM 434)
		Primaquine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
		Primaquine is extensively distributed into body tissues with an apparent volume of distribution of about 150 to 250 litres or 2.9 litre/kg or 242.9 +/- 69.5 (mean +/- standard deviation) litre in healthy adults and the total clearance of 24.2 +/- 7.4 litre/h.
		Primaquine 45 mg (base) given 2 h before antipyrine, 300 mg orally, increases the half-life of antipyrine (calculated over 24 h) from 12.7 +/- 3.2 (mean +/- SD) to 25.3 +/- 3.9 h and decreases the clearance from 3.01 +/- 0.67 to 1.32 +/- 0.32 litres/h.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/pharm/primaqui.htm (0 words)

	THE USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
		Primaquine has causal chemoprophylactic activity but, until recently this property had not been evaluated under conditions of natural exposure, partially due to the prevailing view that primaquine was too toxic for routine chemoprophylaxis.
		Primaquine is contraindicated during pregnancy because of the risk of haemolysis in the fetus, which is relatively deficient in G6PD.
		Primaquine is contraindicated in pregnancy and in children under 4 years of age because of the risk of haemolysis.
	www.who.int /malaria/cmc_upload/0/000/014/923/am2_1-9.htm (0 words)

	Primaquine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the uses for primaquine is to treat malaria.
		Primaquine is also used to treat the P. Vivax or Ovale variants of malaria.
		Primaquine may be administered in combination with drugs targeting the malarial parasite in the blood as it only affects the parasite in tissue and not in the blood stream.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Primaquine (205 words)

	WebHealthCenter.com - References - Drug Information
		Primaquine is used against tissue forms of P.vivax, against all gametocytic forms of Plasmodia.
		Primaquine is used for radical cure of relapsing malaria.For adults and older children 15 mgs daily for 2 weeks is given with full curative dose of chloroquine.It is better to start primaquine after the acute phase of vivax malaria has passed.
		Primaquine is contraindicated in hypersensitivity with any drug that causes hemolysis or bone marrow depression.
	www.webhealthcentre.com /ref/drugix/Primaquine_di0114.asp (0 words)

	Treatment - Malaria
		Primaquine is not routinely recommended to prevent relapsing malaria in asymptomatic returning travellers (terminal prophylaxis).
		Primaquine is generally well tolerated but may cause nausea and abdominal pain; this may be diminished by taking the drug with food.
		Primaquine should be initiated for radical cure after chloroquine therapy has been completed and the acute febrile illness is over (about 1 to 2 weeks).
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /tropmed/disease/malaria/treatment.htm (0 words)

	New anti-malarial drugs
		Primaquine is generally well tolerated but may cause nausea and abdominal pain, which can be decreased by taking the drug with food.
		Theoretically, because primaquine is a causal agent, individuals should be required to take it only during periods of exposure and for 1 week after departure from the malaria-endemic area.
		Primaquine chemoprophylaxis is contraindicated in individuals with G6PD deficiency and during pregnancy.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /tropmed/disease/malaria/new_drugs.htm (0 words)

	Primaquine
		Primaquine is an antimalarial agent and is the essential co-drug with chloroquine in treating all cases of malaria.
		Primaquine acts by interfering with a part of the parasite (mitochondria) that is responsible for supplying it with energy.
		Primaquine kills the intrahepatic form of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, and thereby prevents the development of the erythrocytic forms that are responsible for relapses (it also kills gametocytes).
	www.mongabay.com /health/medications/Primaquine.html (0 words)

	PRIMAQUINE - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		Primaquine treats attacks of malaria; it may be used alone or together with another medicine.
		Primaquine is used together with an antibiotic to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
		If you are taking primaquine for a long time, visit your prescriber or health care professional for regular checks on your progress.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,6220\|PRIMAQUINE,00.html (0 words)

	Primaquine (Systemic) - MayoClinic.com
		It is used in the treatment of malaria, a red blood cell infection transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.
		Primaquine is not recommended for use during pregnancy.
		If you are taking primaquine for malaria, keep taking it for the full time of treatment to help prevent or completely clear up the infection.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR202478 (0 words)

	primaquine Consumer Drug Information
		Primaquine may cause visual disturbances such as blurred vision, misty vision, and difficulty focusing.
		Primaquine is used to treat and prevent malaria.
		You may not be able to take primaquine, or you may require a lower dose or special monitoring during your therapy if you have any of the conditions listed above.
	www.drugs.com /MTM/primaquine.html (0 words)

	CLINICAL TREATMENT OF MALARIA
		Primaquine, incidentally, was made by Elderfield in 1945 and was first tested in humans at Stateville in 1948.
		In primaquine we had, therefore, the first drug in which there appeared to be a slight factor of safety in the Negroes.
		of primaquine, which is so close to the toxic dose in a small percentage of the darker-skinned races, without the development of severe toxicity in a large number of returning troops.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/korea/recad2/ch5-2.htm (0 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| A randomized, parallel study of the safety and efficacy of 45 mg primaquine versus 75 mg ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		A single dose of 45 mg primaquine is given along with or after schizonticidal therapy in areas where malaria is endemic as a transmission blocking strategy and currently is the only option available for this indication.
		In the first study where we first reported the declining efficacy of primaquine as a gametocytocidal agent, chloroquine versus coartemether was studied, since chloroquine then was (and still remains) the first line therapy for the country.
		Primaquine has an extremely short half life, and as such may not be completely able to eliminate gametocytes and needs to be used with an effective schizonticidal agent.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2334/6/16 (0 words)

	PRIMAQUINE PHOSPHATE
		Primaquine may be taken with or without food. You may take primaquine with food to avoid an upset stomach.
		Primaquine is generally well tolerated. Occasionally, this drug may cause nausea, vomiting, upset stomach, loss of appetite, and abdominal cramps. If these symptoms appear and are bothersome, please inform your doctor or pharmacist.
		Primaquine tablets should be stored in a cool (15 to 30°C) dry place, protected from light and well out of the reach of children. Ensure that the drug has not expired by checking the expiry date (“EXP”) shown on the outside of the package.
	www.tthhivclinic.com /FactSheets/html/PRIMAQUINE.html (0 words)

	Malaria Site: Treatment Of Malaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		Primaquine as gametocytocidal is a must to prevent spread.
		Primaquine is also contra indicated in pregnancy, and therefore pregnant women with P. vivax malaria should be started on 500 mg of chloroquine weekly as suppressive chemoprophylaxis against relapse of malaria.
		Therefore, administration of primaquine is a must in ALL proven cases of malaria, (a two weeks' course in P.
	www.malariasite.com /malaria/Treatment1.htm (0 words)

	(ATN) Primaquine Supply Problem: How To Get The Drug
		Primaquine, a drug which is vitally important for a few people with AIDS, has been unavailable at pharmacies in the United States for about three months, and could remain unavailable for months longer.
		Primaquine is usually used to treat or prevent certain kinds of malaria.
		Note: An article on the primaquine supply problem appears in the excellent September, 1990, issue of Notes from the Underground, the newsletter of the PWA Health Group.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/atn/1990/ATN11304.html (0 words)

	Prevention of Relapses of Malaria Due to P. vivax or P. ovale - Canadian Recommendations for the Prevention and ...
		Primaquine is not recommended for routine use to prevent relapsing malaria in returning travellers.
		Primaquine should be initiated after chloroquine therapy has been completed and the acute febrile illness is over (about 1 to 2 weeks).
		Patients should be advised to stop their medication and report to a physician immediately if jaundice or abnormally dark or brown urine is noted.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /publicat/ccdr-rmtc/95vol21/21s3/21s3l_e.html (0 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Abstract of article: Inhibition of cardiac Na+ current by primaquine
		The electrophysiological effects of the anti-malarial drug primaquine on cardiac Na channels were examined in isolated rat ventricular muscle and myocytes.
		In isolated ventricular muscle, primaquine produced a dose-dependent and reversible depression of dV/dt during the upstroke of the action potential.
		Primaquine had no effect on: (i) the shape of the I − V curve, (ii) the reversal potential for Na, (iii) the steady-state inactivation and g
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v135/n3/abs/0704460a.html (0 words)

	Transcriptional and Post-Translational Regulation of CYP1A1 by Primaquine -- Werlinder et al. 297 (1): 206 -- Journal ...
		primaquine caused a dose-dependent inhibition of CYP1A1 degradation
		In lane 10 to 12, the effect of a 40-fold excess of unlabeled XRE (lane 10) or the addition of 3 µl of AhR antibody (lane 11) or 1.5 µl of arnt antiserum (lane 12) on the gel shift caused by 30 µM primaquine (lane 9) is shown.
		Primaquine is known to neutralize pH in lysosomes, thus inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis (Reif et al., 1991
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/297/1/206 (0 words)

	Letters to the Editor - February 1, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians
		Primaquine is only used for "terminal prophylaxis" of disease, and it must be used in addition to a primary chemoprophylactic agent.
		Primaquine should be administered at the doses listed in the article once a day for 14 days after leaving the country of risk.
		Use of primaquine as a "radical cure" for the liver stages of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infection has been advocated for asymptomatic persons with "prolonged exposure" in malarious endemic areas.
	www.aafp.org /afp/990201ap/letters.html (0 words)

	MIM: Vivax Malaria Research: 2002 and Beyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		Although standard or higher courses of primaquine (15-22.5mg per day for 14 days) were not always able to eradicate hypnozoites from the liver, chloroquine remained effective against the blood stages of P. vivax.
		Further episodes of malaria were observed in 55 of the 241 soldiers treated with primaquine (22.5 or 30 mg daily x 14 days) and the standard 3-day course of chloroquine.
		Although most soldiers were cured by a second course of treatment, 17 (31%) had a second relapse with a median of about 3 months after treatment, 4 (24%) had a third relapse, and 1 had a fourth relapse after the fourth course of treatment.
	www.mim.su.se /english/events/vivax_research_conf/rieckmann1-eng.html (0 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Primaquine - WrongDiagnosis.com - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Although its mechanism of action is unclear, primaquine bind to and alter the properties of protozoal DNA.
		Primaquine is active against late hepatic stages (hypnozoites, schizonts).
		Primaquine : aminoquinolone compound used as an antimalarial against the extraerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium vivax and P ovale and the gametocytes of P falciparum.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/primaquine_printer.htm (0 words)

	Malaria Journal \| Full text \| Combined chloroquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and primaquine against Plasmodium ...
		A single dose of primaquine greatly improved the clearance rate of gametocytes, and administering the dose on day 2 vice day 0 accelerated clearance time (0% vs. 7% on day 7); however this difference was not statistically significant.
		The addition of primaquine to standard blood schizonticidal therapy significantly reduced the point prevalence of malaria in one study [26].
		Various primaquine regimens appear equally efficacious[27]; however, its use may be limited by the frequency of G-6-PD deficiency and sporadic supplies[28,29].
	www.malariajournal.com /content/5/1/108 (0 words)

	Primaquine - Patient UK
		Primaquine is used to prevent malaria reccuring after a course of chloroquine has finished.
		Primaquine works by destroying malarial parasites in the liver, preventing a relapse.
		Primaquine should be taken for fourteen to twenty one days (sometimes longer) after the course of chloroquine has finished.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/30003755 (0 words)

	Primaquine and carboxyprimaquine (Cxprim) serum levels during primaquine/clindamycin therapy for Pneumocystis carinii ...
		Primaquine and carboxyprimaquine (Cxprim) serum levels during primaquine/clindamycin therapy for Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia (PCP).
		Primaquine (Prim) in association with clindamycin is an investigational therapy for PCP.
		The aim of this work was to correlate serum levels of Prim and its metabolite Cxprim with the outcome, a clinical PCP score and adverse reactions.
	gateway.nlm.nih.gov /MeetingAbstracts/102214205.html (0 words)

	Primaquine for malaria
		Primaquine phosphate kills the parasites in blood that cause malaria.
		Primaquine phosphate is most effective for preventing relapses of P.
		Destruction of blood cells (hemolysis) in people who have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, a birth defect that in combination with certain prescribed medications may result in a breakdown of red blood cells.
	www.webmd.com /hw/infection/hw118963.asp?printing=true (0 words)

	Primaquine Prophylaxis against Malaria in Nonimmune Colombian Soldiers: Efficacy and Toxicity: A Randomized, ...
		Primaquine Prophylaxis against Malaria in Nonimmune Colombian Soldiers: Efficacy and Toxicity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial -- Soto et al.
		Prophylaxis with primaquine, 30 mg/d, or placebo was administered
		Pregnancy is a contraindication for doxycycline and primaquine,
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/129/3/241 (0 words)

	Plasmodium vivax Malaria Relapses \| CDC EID
		In lieu of yet another course of terminal prophylaxis with primaquine, the patient was given chloroquine, 300 mg/week for 4 months; he has been asymptomatic for an additional 2 months.
		Baird and Hoffman summarized cases of primaquine failure over nearly 3 decades, noting that 26 (25%) of 103 patients given primaquine, 15 mg/day for 14 days, relapsed, while infection returned in only 1 (3.9%) of 26 patients given 22.5–30 mg/day (2).
		Pharmacokinetics of primaquine and carboxyprimaquine in Korean patients with vivax malaria.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0613.htm?s_cid=eid06_0613_x (0 words)

	Activities of Artesunate and Primaquine against Asexual- and Sexual-Stage Parasites in Falciparum Malaria -- ...
		Activities of Artesunate and Primaquine against Asexual- and Sexual-Stage Parasites in Falciparum Malaria -- Pukrittayakamee et al.
		Primaquine was given at 0.25 or 0.50 (*) mg/day.
		The antimalarial action of primaquine against the blood and tissue stages of falciparum malaria (Panama, P-F-6 strain).
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/4/1329 (0 words)

	Primaquine Drug Information
		Primaquine is available only with your doctor's prescription, in the following dosage form:
		There is no specific information comparing use of primaquine in the elderly with use in other age groups.
		Once a medicine has been approved for marketing for a certain use, experience may show that it is also useful for other medical problems.
	www.drugs.com /cons/Primaquine.html (0 words)

	Primaquine (Systemic)
		It is not known if primaquine is distributed into breast milk.
		Children should avoid traveling to areas where there is a chance of getting malaria, unless they can take effective antimalarial medicines such as primaquine.
		Your doctor should check your progress at regular visits to make sure that primaquine is not causing blood problems.
	allnutritionals.com /drugs/p/primaquine-systemic.shtml (0 words)

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