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Topic: Primary energy

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	World Nuclear Association \| Education \| Energy for the World - Why Uranium? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Primary energy is energy in the form of natural resources, such as wood, coal, oil, natural gas, natural uranium, wind, hydro power, and sunlight.
		Secondary energy is the more useable forms to which primary energy may be converted, such as electricity and petrol.
		Generating electricity already accounts for 40% of primary energy use, and at 2.7% per year, demand for it is growing twice as fast as for total energy worldwide.
	www.world-nuclear.org /education/whyu.htm (2498 words)

	[No title]
		The energy chain that delivers theses services begin with the collection or extraction of primary energy, that in one or several steps, maybe converted into energy carriers, such as electricity or diesel oil, that are suitable for end uses.
		Energy intensities for the 10 lowest HDI countries were considered for the period 1973-1985 due to lack of consistency in data for the year 1995.
		A recent study indicates that the energy intensity in the period 1971-1992 of developing and industrialized countries is converging to a common pattern of energy use.
	hdr.undp.org /docs/publications/background_papers/goldemberg-energy.doc (3429 words)

	The Coming Energy Crisis
		The catalyst to this epochal shift was ordinary fl coal, an energy-rich hydrocarbon that supplanted wood as the primary fuel.
		Coal currently provides 24% of the world's primary energy requirements and, in 1999, generated 57% of all the electricity used in the U.S. Existing coal reserves may be large, but they won't last forever, and health and environmental costs limit its potential as an acceptable fuel in the future.
		This energy can be collected and converted in different ways, such as simple water heating for domestic use or by the direct conversion of sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors, boilers, or photovoltaic cells.
	www.infinite-energy.com /iemagazine/issue34/comingenergycrisis.html (2505 words)

	Indicators of Energy Intensity in the U.S. – Terminology & Definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Primary energy consumption is the amount of fossil and renewable fuels consumed by each of the four end-use sectors plus the total of fuels used in the generation of electricity.
		The sum of total energy for four end-use sectors (transportation, industrial, residential buildings, and commercial buildings) is equal to the sum of all primary energy consumed by the four sectors plus energy consumed by the electricity producing sector.
		Vehicles whose primary purpose is not transportation (e.g., construction cranes and bulldozers, farming vehicles, and warehouse tractors and forklifts) are classified in the sector of their primary use.
	intensityindicators.pnl.gov /terms_definitions.stm (1511 words)

	VEPT - Energy Overview
		Primary energy production within Virginia totals less than one-half of the total amount of energy consumed for generation of electricity and by end uses within state.
		Electrical energy can be used for a far greater variety of purposes than any of the primary energy sources.
		When fuels such as coal and natural gas are burned in electric power plants, a portion of the primary energy escapes from the combustion devices as heat; these losses occur through venting of combustion gases to the atmosphere and through cooling devices.
	www.energy.vt.edu /vept/energyover/index.asp (643 words)

	EIA - International Energy Data and Analysis
		Energy consumption in North America increased by 13.8 quadrillion Btu between 1994 and 2004, the second largest increase for any region (Table E.1).
		Energy consumption in Africa grew more slowly over the same period, rising by only 3.3 quadrillion Btu, led by petroleum, 1.2 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 1.0 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 0.7 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.1, E.2, E.3, and E.4).
		In 2004, the consumption of petroleum was the world's primary source of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels, accounting for 40.1 percent of the total (Tables H.2co2 and H.1co2).
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/iea/overview.html (2861 words)

	Energy and Transportation
		Energy use must be constrained if the interrelated problems of energy supplies, environmental degradation, and economic well-being are to be solved.
		The primary tradeoffs for this otherwise ideal system are high energy intensity and high emissions.(10) However, if the automobile is to survive as an economically sound and viable transportation system its energy consumption and harmful emissions must be reduced.
		Energy conservation and environmental protection must be positioned as an upscale product attribute, rather than as a necessary sacrifice in the name of economic and environmental health.
	www.rqriley.com /energy.htm (4140 words)

	NEMA Energy Solutions: Renewable Energy
		EREN statistics show that bioenergy accounts for three percent of the primary energy production in the United States, and current electricity generation capabilities in the U.S. are 10 gigawatts, based on direct-combustion technologies.
		Geothermal energy is taken from the natural heat given off by the earth and is used as an energy source to heat and cool buildings and produce electricity.
		Energy from the ocean can also be pulled from the energy in the tides or waves.
	www.nema.org /energy/renewables.html (753 words)

	Auras and Chakras - Energy Centres (Chakras) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Primary energy centres are attached to major internal organs, glands, nerve ganglia and the spinal cord.
		These connecting pathways (meridians) carry energy on to all it's electronic components, (chakras), diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc. Energy is continually being changed, enhanced and transformed, by these components; to serve a multitude of different purposes, required by the device, as a whole unit, to function properly.
		The energy generated by all the chakras at once, is reflected into the aura, mixing together and causing the dominant hue of the aura.
	www.esolibris.com /articles/auras_chakras/energy_centres_chakras.php (865 words)

	ENERGY
		Although energy fuels economic growth, and is therefore a key concern for all countries, access to and use of energy vary widely among them, as well as between the rich and poor within each country.
		The energy chain that delivers these services begins with the collection or extraction of primary energy that, in one or several steps, may be converted into energy carriers, such as electricity or diesel oil, that are suitable for end uses.
		Primary energy consumption is reliant on fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), which represent nearly 80 percent of the total fuel mix.
	www.t21.ca /energy/tp.htm (7062 words)

	United Kingdom National Energy Policy and Energy Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The dismantling of the Department of Energy and the downsizing of overall government R&D investments are parts of a liberalization and privatization process that began in the early 1980s under the Conservative government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.
		The United Kingdom, which began the energy deregulation process with the passage of major legislation in the form of the Electricity Acts of 1983 and 1989, has been a leader among the industrialized nations, most of which have yet to implement energy restructuring to as great an extent.
		In its 1997 Energy Report, for example, the government called for a number of actions to improve the country's energy security including the completion of energy liberalization and the broader development of renewable energy sources as a means of greater energy self-sufficiency.
	energytrends.pnl.gov /uk/uk004.htm (2204 words)

	Energy Policy Issues
		Energy use is so closely linked to the economy, and to our lifestyles, that energy policy decisions are heavily value laden and energy debates are often highly politicized.
		Energy demand and consequent pressures on the environment tend to increase as economies expand to meet population growth and rising expectations around the world.
		The good news is that solar energy is abundant, except in the polar regions, it's freely available to everyone, and it will continue for another 5 billion years, according to astrophysicists.
	www.weltycenter.org /energy2.htm (1009 words)

	Primary Energy Press Releases
		Energy Recycling - The Missing Link (3/2004) - Energy recycling is the missing link - a fresh approach that addresses all energy related problems while saving money, reducing pollution, reducing vulnerability, and providing new jobs by creating new revenue streams to basic industry for sale of their waste energy.
		Energy Recycling Opportunities and Benefits Presented To Clinton Global Initiative (09/26/06) Recycling waste energy is an opportunity to lower electricity bills and reduce pollution, Thomas R. Casten, Chairman and CEO of Primary Energy Ventures advised during his panel presentation to the recent Clinton Global Initiative in New York City.
		Energy Recovery for Energy Intensive Industries (11/08/2005) - The award winning Industries of the Future (IOF) West Virginia is an office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy-State Partnership program that works with West Virginia’s traditional industries to increase energy efficiency and reduce waste.
	www.primaryenergy.com /press.htm (1368 words)

	Glossary E-H Trends in International Energy R&D Investment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Energy Efficiency: The amount of input energy required per unit of output energy service provided by an energy-consuming device; also, efforts or activities that aim at reducing the energy used by specific end-use devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided.
		Energy Management: The use of computer-based controllers to determine the operation characteristics of energy-using equipment and processes so that actual use results in the maximum energy efficiency that is practical.
		Energy Source: The primary source that provides the raw material that is converted to useable energy (work) through chemical, mechanical, or other means.
	energytrends.pnl.gov /glose_h.htm (1729 words)

	Primary energy - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Primary energy is the energy embodied in natural resources prior to undergoing any human-made conversions or transformations.
		The example of wind energy underscores an important issue with respect to measuring the primary energy content of wind and solar since these are not combustion technologies.
		The primary energy of wind and solar can be measured as the kinetic energy of wind and the solar energy received on a surface, which depends on the surface’s angle to the sun and the distance of the sun from the earth.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Primary_energy (347 words)

	Energy Efficiency Progress and Potential
		Total primary energy use per capita in the United States in 2000 was almost identical to that in 1973.
		The energy intensity of the U.S. economy declined significantly during the past four years after stagnating from the mid-80s to mid-90s.
		The primary energy intensity of paper and pulp production (energy use per ton of output) fell 27% during 1970-94.
	www.aceee.org /energy/effact.htm (668 words)

	Energy Resources in California
		Solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal energy resources in the state are covered, and the potential for each in California is discussed, with maps of such topics as the amount of incoming solar radiation in different regions of the state.
		Wind Energy FAQ; there is a lot of information here, from the economics and environmental implications of wind energy to how to make your own home wind turbine generator.
		The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Wind Energy in California is a very interesting discussion of the politics and economics of developing a renewable energy source such as wind.
	daphne.palomar.edu /calenvironment/energy.htm (2280 words)

	UK Energy Gap \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		The three points that can be taken from the total energy graph is that peak energy production occurred in 1999 (corresponding with the oil peak of the North Sea), that primary energy production has been falling at just over 5% per year since then and that 2005 was the first year of net energy deficit.
		Perhaps of more concern though is the electricity primary fuel consumption, approximately 37% of total energy is used for electricity generation.
		The Oil Drum UK also reports the surprising fact that despite impressions to the contrary, renewable energy generation in the UK is actually not increasing.
	www.energybulletin.net /13646.html (1041 words)

	Finland Announces Renewable Energy Ambitions
		The long-term goal in energy conservation is to halt the growth of total primary energy consumption and to bring about a falling trend.
		The target set in the strategy is that the total consumption of renewable energy would increase by at least one quarter by 2015, and by at least 40 percent by the year 2025.
		The target is at least to triple their share of primary energy, from about 2 percent in 2004 to more than 6 percent within the next 15-20 years.
	www.renewableenergyaccess.com /rea/news/story?id=40262 (1045 words)

	PIER PROJECT FINAL REPORT - Publication # CEC-500-2005-068
		There are two different methods used to âback-calculateâ the primary energy necessary to produce non-fossil fuel electricity: (1) the partial substitution method, and (2) the physical energy content method.
		Following the IEA convention, the electricity produced is considered the primary form of energy for non-thermal energy sources (e.g., hydro or wind), while heat is commonly accepted as the primary form of energy in the production of electricity from non-fossil thermal energy sources (e.g., nuclear fission or geothermal).
		The transformation phase of an energy balance accounts for two distinct aspects of energy provision: (1) energy inputs that are ultimately converted to secondary sources, and (2) the energy used for the extraction and processing of energy resources (e.g., coal mining, oil and gas extraction, process energy use at refineries).
	www.energy.ca.gov /pier/final_project_reports/CEC-500-2005-068.html (2376 words)

	EPA - CHP - Our Partners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Primary Energy Holdings LLC (Primary Energy) builds, owns, and operates innovative Recycling Energy facilities in the United States serving its customers’ needs for reliable, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable electric and thermal energy.
		Primary Energy’s Recycling Energy projects generate thermal and electric energy on site with less reliance on the external power grid, minimizing costs and exposure to system vulnerabilities.
		Recycling Energy is the efficient conversion of traditional fuels, waste fuels, and waste heat into useful heat and power.
	www.epa.gov /combdhpp/partners/primaryenergyholdings.htm (191 words)

	United Nations Statistics Division - Energy Statistics
		Consumption by the energy sector (row 18) comprises the consumption of fuels and electricity used by the energy producing industries, e.g.
		Imports and exports refer to the amounts of electric energy transferred to and from the country concerned, respectively, which are measured at the metering points on the lines crossing the frontiers.
		Included are imports and exports of electric energy made by means of high‑voltage lines crossing frontiers as well as imports and exports made by means of low‑voltage lines for use in the immediate vicinity of the frontier, if the quantities so transferred are known.
	unstats.un.org /unsd/energy/balance/concepts.htm (2312 words)

	Spain: New Plan for Renewable Energy
		The challenge is to make the renewable energy sector attractive to private investors, and to maintain and strengthen the interest that has been consolidated in some sectors, and extend it to others in which only timid steps have been taken so far.
		Clearly, as is necessarily the case, Spain's energy policy objectives coincide with those established by the European Union: a competitive and transparent liberalised market, security of supply, improved energy efficiency and protection of the environment.
		The challenge is therefore to make the renewable energy sector attractive to private investors, or rather, to maintain and strengthen the interest that has already been consolidated in some sectors, and extend it to others in which only timid steps have been taken so far.
	www.renewableenergyaccess.com /rea/news/story?id=39046 (1742 words)

	Energy scenario in South Asia
		The total primary energy supply in South Asia, which is indicative of the total energy consumption, increased at the rate of 3.6% annually during that period.
		In 1997/98, the total primary energy supply in the region, including 250.7 MTOE (million tonnes of oil equivalent), renewable energy was 556.5 MTOE, of which India claimed the dominant share, accounting for about 88% of the total energy consumption.
		Though such renewable energy technologies as biogas plants and improved cookstoves have been available in India since the late 1940s, the programme itself was initiated on a very moderate scale in the wake of the energy crisis of 1973.
	www.teriin.org /opet/articles/art1.htm (2102 words)

	Energy - Production, Conversion, Storage, Management and Distribution - Formation Inc. - The Information Corporation
		Energy is converted and delivered to the surface of the Planet Earth, in the form of Optical Photons, in copious quantities, by Stars, one in particular, our Sun, which is responsible for all of the Lifeforms on this Planet, including and especially, Me.
		Energy is ultimately dissipated as Heat, which may be utilized in situ, by processes of cogeneration, unless, of course, it is accompanied by noxious and poisonous exhaust gas products and toxic waste.
		Our primary problem now is our continued production, refinement and distribution of Hydrocarbon Fossil Fuels, which thus both fuels and perpetuates the overall degradation and destruction of the Ecosystems and the Environments of the Biosphere of the Planet Earth, which all of the Lifeforms here depend upon for Life.
	webpages.charter.net /cosmic/energy.htm (1336 words)

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