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	Primary metaphor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Primary metaphor is a term named by Joseph Grady for the basic connection that exist between vague experiences such as good and concrete experiences such as up.
		Two such primary metaphors are used when understanding an expression such as glass ceiling.
		Since movement upwards is hindered by an object that can't be seen, the metaphor can be used to describe discrimation against women and ethnic minorities in companies and other institutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Primary_metaphor (128 words)

	Metaphor and Meaning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Metaphor is one of a number of so-called figures or speech or tropes, the study of which has, thanks to the onslaught of Hobbes and his empiricist successors, largely dropped out of the curriculum.
		Metaphors are expressions which have been taken to a new home, and it may happen that they get on better in their new home than they did in their old one.
		Metaphor is also an important means by which language develops, but again we can provide literal paraphrases of what metaphors convey, at least insofar as we are concerned with their cognitive content.
	www.ul.ie /~philos/vol4/metaphor.html (4621 words)

	Running head: PRIMARY METAPHOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Stephen Mithen (1996) contends that early metaphoric abilities arose in human evolution during the Middle/Upper Paleolithic period approximately 40,000 to 60,000 years ago due to increasing "cognitive fluidity" that allowed language to be metaphorically extended from primarily social to nonsocial uses.
		The evidence for the bodily basis of early metaphor is fourfold.
		With regard to the biological and brain basis of cross-modal or synesthetic metaphor, Geschwind (1964) has argued that language ability arose from cross-modal associations (i.e., in the association cortex where vision, audition, and somesthesis were collated) between non-limbic modalities (e.g., visual-auditory, tactile-auditory) in the inferior posterior parietal cortex (i.e., angular gyrus).
	www.york.cuny.edu /~seitz/biologicalbasis.htm (4995 words)

	02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The primary metaphor of the poem represents a war between body and soul, by which one defeats Death—via the physical body—in order to achieve eternal life.
		Furthermore, in the poem’s shift from this metaphor of warfare to the ownership of a house, the word "foiled" speaks directly to the material nature of the body as a finite structure which encapsulates, or houses, the soul.
		As a metaphor, the "fading mansion" (ln.6) of the body, with its "short…lease" (ln.5), is essentially a temporary covering for the soul.
	www.erin.utoronto.ca /~dwhite/222/02.htm (564 words)

	The Krasnow Institute: Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Primary Metaphor as a Linguistic and Conceptual Phenomenon
		"Primary metaphors" are a category of fundamental and schematic conceptual associations, which give rise to metaphoric language in relatively predictable ways and across a broad variety of languages.
		In this talk I will discuss features of primary metaphors - as well as evidence that they are a special class - and will describe the distinct classes of concepts which serve as "source" and "target" for the metaphors.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/krasnow/abstracts_frames/abs98/grad0323.html (124 words)

	Peterson, Eugene H (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Matthew is filled with metaphors that strongly associate with the breath of the Psalms.
		Metaphor is generated in the drive to understand experience.
		The use of the metaphor, ‘the shepherd and his sheep’ for the leaders and their people embraces the entire Gospel of Matthew.
	www.louisville.edu /~mdkauf01/annotations.htm (8374 words)

	Metaphor in Mediation Main Menu
		Metaphor may ultimately be seen as a special case of the various forms of indirect reference studied using blending theory, much the same as the transfer of structure in non-metaphoric cases.
		Primary Conceptual Metaphors of space and bodily movement may be easier to recognize (by changing point of view the activity attended to becomes located in a space with larger or different boundaries.
		Metaphors have much in common with radial categories, and it can be been said that metaphors are one way that the properties of categories are projected.
	www.metaresolution.com /Metaphor/web_axonfiles/mainmenu.htm (8699 words)

	WMF 2000
		A metaphor can be simple such as "He is really a teddy bear" or "She swam through the crowd." Placing a well-chosen figurative form as the subject or predicate of a phrase does this.
		Her metaphor could be shaped in part by this experience, as she probably had been in a location from which parental cooperation had been easier and then found herself in a location, perhaps having container attributes, distant or blocked off from cooperation.
		The core element of the complex metaphor structure of causation is object manipulation by an agent and involves these terms: A cause, the agent originating the cause, an effect or effects, and the affected entity (which is moved or has something moved to it or away from it).
	www.metaresolution.com /wmf_2000.htm (9020 words)

	[No title]
		First, the primary metaphors are used to illustrate the plight of the man, Brian Wilson.
		Primary Metaphors To define the primary metaphors, it is necessary to explain that they consist of context relevant terms in the song.
		This is also paired up with the previous metaphor of mind-control, for in the chorus, Page’s (1992) lyrics say, “so I’m lying hereand I’m thinking about what to think about” suggesting that the conditioning has caused Wilson to be unable to think on his own, therefore, he becomes depressed and lies in bed.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~clisle/secondcritiquedraft1.doc (1588 words)

	Metaphor Links
		It is devoted to the use of metaphor (including analogy, simile and comparison) in the teaching of writing.
		www.potentialtechnology.com/meta4creation2.htm is an example of metaphor as inspired by Milton Erickson and hypnotic metaphor, pitched to appeal to certain types of psychotherapists.
		Metaphor is included within the wide scope of DBM modeling tools.
	www.metaresolution.com /links-metaphor.htm (836 words)

	Running head: PRIMARY METAPHOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One may distinguish four key aspects of early or primary metaphor: Perceptual (e.g., color, shape, texture, size), enactive (movement, action, and activity), physiognomic (visual-affective), and cross-modal or synaesthetic experience (e.g., temperature and color, brightness and loudness).
		New theories of mind suggest that metaphor and other cognitive processes are structured by the body via sensorimotor experiences (e.g., Damasio, 1999; Edelman and Tononi, 2000; Johnson, 1987; Lakoff and Johnson, 1999; Seitz, 1999a, 2000a-d, in press).
		One current view of early or primary metaphor is that understanding and comprehending metaphor is an entirely learned process.
	www.york.cuny.edu /~seitz/primary.htm (3201 words)

	International Computer Science Institute Talks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Primary metaphors are tight conceptual pairings which arise directly from experience.
		In this talk I will review some of the evidence for this special type of metaphorical conceptualization and discuss the nature of the concepts which are linked by primary metaphors.
		In particular, it appears that the Source concepts for primary metaphor are closely tied to perception and sensation (i.e.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /talks/previous/1998/grady.html (202 words)

	V&K Elaborations
		This indeterminacy of metaphors can be the occasion for serious miscommunication: Consider an argument between friends or spouses, described by one participant, thinking of the argument as a chess match, in terms such as “strategy,” “attack,” and “defend.
		Metaphor can be hypothesized to influence thought in at least two ways, without contradicting the hypothesis that people more or less deliberately select metaphors to express their ideas as clearly as possible.
		As Clark (1996) observes, a hearer often interprets an utterance (literal or metaphorical) to mean something different from what the speaker intended, and the problem of coordinating what the speaker is taken to mean is by no means trivial.
	web.pdx.edu /~cgrd/MultipleMeanings.htm (6633 words)

	Précis Example
		This view of metaphor is referred to, in Black's work, as the "interaction view." "As long as the model is under active consideration as an ingredient in an explanation," Hesse writes, "we do not know how far the comparison extends-it is precisely in its extension that the fruitfulness of the model may lie" (134).
		But she also says that "introduction of a metaphoric terminology is not in itself explanatory"; in other words, metaphors, which successfully describe, do not necessarily explain (134).
		A metaphor succeeds in explaining, only when it satisfies certain conditions: (1) that the conclusion can be deduced from it, (2) that it contains at least one general law not redundant to the deduction, (3) that it has not been falsified to date, and (4) that it is predictive.
	www.rit.edu /~emsgsh/example.htm (806 words)

	Metaphor Center
		Metaphor Public Humanities Project's lecture series is a good place to hear recent work in metaphor theory.
		Metaphor and Metonymy pages Brigitte Nerlich, David Clarke, Zazie Todd have recently established an excellent site for research on metaphor and metonymy at the University of Nottingham.
		Metaphor Home Page at the Dublin City University is one of the best sites summarizing some of the metaphor literature on the net.
	philosophy.uoregon.edu /metaphor/metaphor.htm (1529 words)

	SUNY Press :: Nietzsche, Metaphor, Religion
		Nietzsche argued that metaphor is at the basis of language, concepts, and perception, making it the vehicle by which humans interpret the world.
		As such, metaphor has profound consequences for the nature of religion and of philosophy.
		Nietzsche, Metaphor, Religion connects Nietzsche's early writings on rhetoric and metaphor, especially as understood by contemporary French philosophers and literary theorists, with Nietzsche's later writings on religion.
	www.sunypress.edu /details.asp?id=60403 (296 words)

	u2fosdef.htm
		In the inverted metaphor, the primary and secondary subjects are switched in the sentence frame to create an "adjective-noun" construction.
		The functional metaphor is perhaps the most powerful of the metaphorical constructions since the meaning of the secondary subject is transformed into action--the noun literally becomes a verb.
		Additionally, the metaphor has been abstracted; that is, the two attributes, "rosy" and "fingered," are all that remains of the two objects, "rose" and "hand." A flower--rose--has been abstracted (reduced) to only its color ("rosy").
	www.distancelearningassociates.com /eng1301/U2FOSDEF.HTM (836 words)

	Analogy, Metaphor, Integration
		C) Neural Theory of Metaphor: The associations made by conflation are the result of concurrent activation in separate domains; this simultaneous activity results in permanent neural pathways being learned between the two areas.
		Building on the bases laid down in previous chapters (reasoning is embodied, and primary metaphors are inevitable), chapter 5 explores how complex metaphors are constructed and why specific metaphors can be so pervasive within a culture.
		They look at how these complex metaphors, especially when conventionalized to the extent that people hardly even realize that they are metaphors, can then be used to construct even more complex metaphors (Love Is A Journey) which again are used as the basis for reasoning.
	cogsci.ucsd.edu /~faucon/lakoff.html (1976 words)

	Linguistics 640G(1): Cognitive Linguistics
		Find in a document a group of metaphorical expressions (at least three) that seem to rely on a common conceptual metaphor.
		Preferably, this metaphor will also be crucial to some aspect of the argument or point of the text.
		Perform a metaphor analysis of the conceptual metaphor responsible for these metaphorical expressions, whether or not it is one discussed in class or in the readings.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~bergen/ling440/hws/met_hw3.htm (349 words)

	Chapter One: Archetypal Theory and the Construction of Self (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We must abandon this perspective, Hillman continues, as the ontological basis of psychology and as the primary metaphor of many philosophies.17 Finally, Christianity is also understood to impede a paradigm for a psychology based in soul.
		For example, if the root metaphor of medicine is the continuation of life at all costs, then it is impossible for depth psychology to approach the notion of suicide from any perspective other than the literal.
		Medical training biases therapists against any metaphorical understanding of the expression of death and its symptoms.59 Yet because an analyst's main concern is the physical health of the individual, it is forever impossible to approach the soul in a manner that is sensitive to its ways of speaking and being.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/gthursby/fonda/ch1.html (7656 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This clear and lucid primer fills an important need by providing a comprehensive account of the many new developments in the study of metaphor over the last twenty years and their impact on our understanding of language, culture, and the mind.
		Beginning with Lakoff and Johnson's seminal work in Metaphors We Live By, Kovecses outlines the development of "the cognitive linguistic theory of metaphor" by explaining key ideas on metaphor.
		He also explores primary metaphor, metaphor systems, the "invariance principle," mental-imagery experiments, the many-space blending theory, and the role of image schemas in metaphorical thought.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0195145119 (243 words)

	Revising the Hebrew and Renewing Metaphors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Our sages emphasized that God is far, far beyond our capacity for language, and that, by definition, everything we say about the divine falls short. The only Name God gives in the Bible is Ehyeh — I AM/I WILL BE. That's the limit of our comprehension of God -- God is real and eternal.
		We began using them long ago, when a king was the rightful and expected head of society, and the personification of his people.
		(Through Elizabethan times, it was common to refer to a king simply by the name of his country.) “King of the Universe” was a good choice of metaphor, reflecting God's indwelling relationship to everything created. It also appropriately expressed God's power, by referencing the highest and most fully recognized earthly power we knew.
	haggadah.freeservers.com /revision_metaphor.htm (315 words)

	Dictionary of the History of Ideas
		METAPHOR IN Metaphor, which is to be taken here inclusively as
		prerequisite for the discovery of metaphor in religious
		treating it as metaphorical is that the imagery itself,
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv3-24 (3814 words)

	Occasionally Connected: January 2004 Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Service-orientation doesn't replace object-orientation - I don't see the industry (or Microsoft) abandoning objects as the primary metaphor for building individual programs.
		I do see the industry (and Microsoft) moving away from objects as the primary metaphor for integrating and coordinating multiple programs that are developed, deployed and versioned independently, especially across host boundaries.
		I'll be making a series of comments (backed with code when possible) about how one may go about this.
	componentry.com /blogs/phil/archives/2004_01.html (1898 words)

	Children's Literature -- Discussion -- Fairrosa Cyber Library
		A primary metaphor in AI is that of a society of limited agents whose intelligence is emergent from their interaction; computer systems as a whole will be qualitatively different than the sum of its parts.
		In a nutshell, then, the metaphor of mind-as-program challenges the very notion of life.
		Remember that Norbert Wiener--usually regarded as the founder of cybernetics--as well as John von Neumann and Marvin Minsky, consider themselve to be descendants of Rabbi Loew, the creator of Golem, a human-like figure of clay into whom God's name breathed life.
	www.fairrosa.info /disc/golem.html (4104 words)

	SSRN-What is the Sound of a Corporation Speaking? How the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor Can Help Lawyers Shape the Law ...
		This article argues that better understanding of metaphor's cognitive role can help lawyers shape judicial decision making.
		As a way of exploring metaphor's contribution to shaping the law, the article focuses on how a particular lawsuit was influenced by metaphor, in particular, by the primary metaphor that a corporation is a person within the more complex metaphorical system suggested by the marketplace of ideas model for First Amendment protection.
		Keywords: cognitive theory, metaphor, commercial speech, corporate speech, First Amenment, Nike, corporation is a person, marketplace of ideas
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=591669 (282 words)

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