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Topic: Primary motor cortex

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	Primary motor cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The primary motor area is a group of networked cells in mammalian brains that controls movements of specific body parts associated with cell groups in that area of the brain.
		There is a precise somatotopic representation of the different body parts in the primary motor cortex, with the leg area located medially (close to the midline), and the head and face area located laterally on the convex side of the cerebral hemisphere (motor homunculus).
		The arm and hand motor area is the largest and occupies the part of precentral gyrus, located in between the leg and face area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Primary_motor_area (686 words)

	primary motor area (primary motor cortex)
		Age-related decrease in paired-pulse intracortical inhibition in the human primary motor cortex.
		Growth/differentiation factor 7 is preferentially expressed in the primary motor area of the monkey neocortex.
		Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/1635.html (58 words)

	Surgical Resection of Brain Metastasis in Primary Motor Cortex Feasible
		The primary motor cortex is an area of the brain that is responsible for signaling the contraction of individual muscles throughout the body.
		An area of the primary cortex is located deep within the brain and the feasibility and efficacy of the surgical resection of a brain metastasis within this eloquent area of the brain has remained unanswered.
		Primary cancers consisted of melanoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, unknown primary, renal cell carcinoma, adrenal cortical carcinoma, and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma thought to have originated from the gastrointestinal tract.
	professional.cancerconsultants.com /oncology_main_news.aspx?id=33366 (583 words)

	[No title]
		A topographic organization exists in the primary motor cortex such that individual neurons are maximally activated during movement of a particular joint and in a particular direction.
		The premotor areas are: Supplementary motor area Ventral lateral premotor area Dorsal lateral premotor area Cingulate premotor area (its function is not well known) The PMC cortex also receives input from the sensory cortex, so it has a receptive field in which stimulation can drive the PMC.
		Conclusion: The motor cortex is not simply a keyboard of upwardly displaced motor neurons, but instead, is capable of encoding specific features of motor actions and combining different movements according to different contexts.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/ps/2004/Academic/first_year/neuro/ns28.doc (2528 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus
		Functional MR imaging of motor cortex during alternating rest and fist-clenching conditions of the left hand revealed statistically significant (p < 0.001) activation in the contralateral primary motor cortex that corresponded with the hand representation area along the central sulcus, which was compressed posteriorly at the posterior border of the tumor (Fig.
		Functional MR imaging of the motor cortex during alternating conditions between rest and flexion--extension of the toes on the left foot demonstrated an area of activation in the paracentral lobule that corresponded to the parenchymal primary motor foot area (Fig.
		Lower: Functional MR image of motor cortex during alternating conditions between rest and flexion--extension of the toes of the left foot demonstrating an area of activation in the paracentral lobule that corresponds with the parenchymal primary motor foot area.
	www.aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/mar99/6-3-1.asp?ShowMenu=false&ShowPrint=false (7480 words)

	(PVW) How does the brain produce volition, cognition, and emotions?
		The primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex are two narrow cortices going from approximate one ear to the other (motor projection area) in the cerebral cortex.
		The proximity of the primary motor cortex to the primary somatosensory cortex facilitates direct feedback between movement and sensation involved in touch.
		However, this association is remote compared to the auditory cortex, the speech center, and the tongue/mouth in the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices.
	www.fortunecity.com /millenium/blossom/309/mindinbrain.html (794 words)

	Science News: Motion illusion yields a neural surprise - Brain's Moving Experience - primary motor cortex
		In addition to its better-known duties, the primary motor cortex belongs to a brain network that monitors limb positions and plans upcoming actions, the investigators propose in the Dec. 5 Neuron.
		Primary motor cortex on the right side of the brain regulates left-side movements, and that on the left side controls right-side movements.
		Using functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, the researchers determined that the illusion of movement in an unstimulated hand was accompanied by a characteristic elevation of blood flow in primary motor cortex in the hemisphere that controls movement in that hand.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_24_162/ai_95845373 (524 words)

	Adaptive plasticity in motor cortex: implications for stroke rehabilitation
		More specifically, the functional topography of the motor cortex (commonly called the motor homunculus or motor map), can be modified by a variety of experimental manipulations, including peripheral or central injury, electrical stimulation, pharmocologic treatment or behavioral experience.
		Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates that functional alterations in motor cortex organization are accompanied by changes in dendritic and synaptic structure, as well as alterations in the regulation of cortical neurotransmitter systems.
		More recently, after larger ischemic infarcts in primary motor cortex (destroying 60 percent to 100 percent of the primary motor hand area), functional reorganization can occur in other motor regions in the damaged hemisphere, such as the premotor cortex.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /ncmrr/symposium/nudo_abstract.htm (486 words)

	Poster # 118 - PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX INVOLVEMENT IN ALZHEIMER´S DISEASE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The percentage of cortical surface occupied by senile plaques was similar in all cortical areas, without significant difference and corresponded to 16.7% in entorhinal cortex, 21.3% in frontal associative, 16% in parietal asspociative, and 15.8% in primary motor cortex.
		The number of neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex was significantly higher (41 per 0.4 mm2), compared to their number in other cortical areas (20.5 in frontal, 17.9 in parietal and 11.5 in the primary motor cortex).
		Our findings indicate that the primary motor cortex is significantly involved in AD and suggest the appearance of motor dysfunctions in late and terminal stages of the disease.
	www.uclm.es /inabis2000/posters/files/118 (252 words)

	Funtions of Motor Structures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Primary Motor Cortex is located in a narrow band just in front of the Central Sulcus, an area called the precentral gyrus.
		During the process, there is continual feedback between the motor cortex, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia to ensure that the overall program is a smooth sum of the many subroutines.
		This system's primary job is the control of independent limb movements (right and left side move differently) especially in the hands and fingers.
	www.udel.edu /skeen/Hpages/MotorI/functions.html (326 words)

	BASIC MOTOR PATHWAY
		The motor pathways are pathways which originate in the brain or brainstem and descend down the spinal cord to control the
		In the precentral gyrus, the motor cortex doesn't receive much in the way of sensory input, so layer IV is indistinct.
		The corticospinal tract originates as the axons of pyramidal neurons in layer V of (mainly) primary motor cortex.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/basmot.html (1580 words)

	cortspin
		The actions of the premotor cortex are mainly on motoneurons innervating the proximal muscles and are important in the sensory guidance of limb movements.
		Input to the premotor cortex is from the parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7) and from the cerebellum via VL.
		The major effect of lesions to the premotor cortex is in terms of incoordination of the proximal limb muscles of the arm and leg.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~paneuweb/cortspin.htm (1626 words)

	Case of the Month: January 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The primary sensory strip is in the anterior border of the tumor.
		This data was projected on the brain surface to locate the primary motor/sensory cortices and the relationship between the tumor and those cortices.
		Bipolar electrical stimulation was used to identify the primary motor cortex.
	splweb.bwh.harvard.edu:8000 /pages/comonth/96/jan/month.html (364 words)

	Reorganization in Primary Motor Cortex of Primates with Long-Standing Therapeutic Amputations -- Wu and Kaas 19 (17): ...
		sulcus, and motor cortex is exposed on the dorsolateral surface
		Organization of motor cortex contralateral to the amputation of a limb at the level of the upper arm near the shoulder joint in squirrel monkey case 98-61.
		The deefferented cortex exhibits a wide range of current thresholds that was not observed in the opposite hemisphere.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/17/7679 (8347 words)

	Figures
		As judged from fMR imaging data, there is a margin of approximately 1 cm between the primary motor cortex and the posterior border of the tumor.
		Note the margin of approximately 1 cm between the tumor and the primary motor cortex.
		Electrocortical stimulation mapping confirmed the location of the primary motor cortex; the location and results of ECS are indicated with the colored bars: green bars, motor movements of left arm/hand; light blue bars, eyelid movement; dark blue bar, upper-leg movement; red bars, no motor movements.
	www.medscape.com /content/2003/00/45/90/459055/459055_fig.html (493 words)

	11th Hour - Introduction to Neuroscience
		The primary motor cortex is a strip of cortex located on both sides of the cerebral cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, as shown in the three-dimensional view in the upper part.
		Diagram of the organization of the cortex, as seen in cross section.
		The descending axons from the motor cortex (red arrows) cross the midline in the medulla, to descend in the contralateral spinal cord.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /11thhour/matt/about/u4c13a.html (116 words)

	Reproducibility of Primary Motor Cortex Somatotopy Under Controlled Conditions -- Alkadhi et al. 23 (9): 1524 -- ...
		Penfield W, Boldrey E. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studies by electrical stimulation.
		Sessle BJ, Wiesendanger M. Structural and functional definition of the motor cortex in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
		Contrasting properties of monkey somatosensory and motor cortex neurons activated during the control of force in precision grip.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/23/9/1524 (5050 words)

	Location of the Primary Motor Cortex in Schizencephaly -- Lee et al. 20 (1): 163 -- American Journal of Neuroradiology
		of the primary motor area in patients with brain tumor (1).
		Increased activity of the ipsilateral motor cortex during a hand motor task in patients with brain tumor and paresis.
		Sensory and motor cortex: presurgical mapping with functional MR imaging and invasive cortical mapping.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/20/1/163 (1792 words)

	Primary Motor Cortex
		Both sensory and motor stimuli evoke M1 responses, including both passive and active motions.
		In a hand - based task, disruption of ipsilateral motor cortex was found to cause timing errors, disruption of contralateral motor cortex was found to cause accuracy errors.
		This could underlie the acquisition and retention of the motor skill.
	keck.ucsf.edu /~sabes/Cortex/M1.htm (346 words)

	motor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		A. posterior parietal cortex: where you are relative to thing you want to move toward or away from.
		C. primary motor cortex determines which muscles will be active and how much force they will exert.
		Motor learning depends on timing, must contract muscles in the right order.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~barbgl/psy445.W01/lectures/motor.html (144 words)

	SQAns 12: Motor
		2) Diagram the inputs to the primary motor cortex.
		Include the projections from the primary motor cortex (MI), premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex.
		1) Diagram the circuitry of the cerebellar cortex.
	www.courses.ahc.umn.edu /medical-school/NeuroScience/xdemo04up/htm/sqa_gen/ans/SQ12_motor.html (474 words)

	Postnatal Development of the Motor Representation in Primary Motor Cortex -- Chakrabarty and Martin 84 (5): 2582 -- ...
		Postnatal Development of the Motor Representation in Primary Motor Cortex -- Chakrabarty and Martin 84 (5): 2582 -- Journal of Neurophysiology
		Postnatal Development of the Motor Representation in Primary Motor Cortex.
		The purpose of this study was to examine when the muscles and joints of the forelimb become represented in primary motor cortex
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/84/5/2582 (607 words)

	Motor System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The motor system can be divided into two groups of circuits:
		neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex is associated with the initiation of movement
		pyramidal neurons within the primary motor cortex project to, and activate, lower motorneurons in the brainstem and spinal cord
	www.umich.edu /~psycours/531/sensorimotor_function/tsld002.htm (119 words)

	Reduced inhibition within primary motor cortex in patients with poststroke focal motor seizures -- Kessler et al. 59 ...
		Reduced inhibition within primary motor cortex in patients with poststroke focal motor seizures -- Kessler et al.
		Reduced inhibition within primary motor cortex in patients with poststroke focal motor seizures
		Motor cortex excitability in focal epilepsies not including the primary motor area--a TMS study
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/59/7/1028 (423 words)

	PSY 340 Brain and Behavior 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
		Axons from the PMC and the red nucleus (in the midbrain) connect to the spinal cord.
		Axons from the PMC, the supplementary motor cortex, and many other parts of the cortex form this tract.
		Damage to the one of the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex (e.g., due to stroke) or a severing of the spinal cord half-way.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~hevern/psy340/lectures/psy340.08.2.brain.movement.html (640 words)

	Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex : Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		We tested the possibility that the human M1 is essential to early motor consolidation.
		We monitored changes in elementary motor behaviour while subjects practised fast finger movements that rapidly improved in movement acceleration and muscle force generation.
		Here we show that low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of M1 but not other brain areas specifically disrupted the retention of the behavioural improvement, but did not affect basal motor behaviour, task performance, motor learning by subsequent practice, or recall of the newly acquired motor skill.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nature712 (315 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Functional somatotopy of finger
		To assess the degree of fine-scale somatotopy within the hand area of the human primary motor cortex (M1), functional mapping of individual movements of all fingers was performed in healthy young subjects (n = 7) using MRI at 0.8 x 0.8 mm(2) resolution and 4 mm section thickness.
		The experimental design comprised both a direct paradigm contrasting single digit movements vs. motor rest and multiple differential paradigms contrasting single digit movements vs. the movement of another digit.
		A somatotopic arrangement was only recognizable when considering the mean center-of-mass coordinates of individual digit representations averaged across subjects.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2003/17/publZIM145.html (215 words)

	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Primary Motor Cortex Affects Mental Rotation -- Ganis et al. 10 (2): 175 -- ...
		Abbruzzese G, Trompetto C, Schieppati M (1996) The excitability of the human motor cortex increases during execution and mental imagination of sequential but not repetitive finger movements.
		Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M (1997a) Role of the ipsilateral motor cortex in voluntary movement.
		Pascual-Leone A, Pujol J, Deus J, Capdevila A, Tormos JM, Valls-Sole J (1997) Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor cortex activity during a rate controlled motor task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/10/2/175 (4842 words)

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