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Topic: Primary production

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Primary production
		Primary production on land is a function of many factors, but principally local hydrology and temperature (the latter covaries to an extent with light, the source of energy for photosynthesis).
		Consequently, primary production in temperate regions such as the North Atlantic is highly seasonal, varying with both incident light at the water's surface (reduced in winter) and the degree of mixing (increased in winter).
		However, quantifying primary production at this scale is difficult because of the range of habitats on Earth, and because of the impact of weather events (availability of sunlight, water) on its variability.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Primary_producer (0 words)

	LTER Core Area Research - Primary Production
		Scientists gather baseline data by measuring primary production for several years to find out how much plant growth there is every year in the absence of grazing or fire.
		Once the natural variations of primary production are determined, scientists have a good idea of the average amount of plant growth in that environment, and can then conduct experiments.
		Primary production is measured in the burned and unburned areas over time to find out if there is a change in ANPP based on the frequency of burning.
	www.lternet.edu /coreareas/anpp.html (466 words)

	Modelling primary production
		The level of complexity of a model of primary production is generally constrained by a) our under standing of the biology and/or ecology of the community in question, and b) the availability of suitable data with which to develop the quantitative relationships that comprise the model.
		Primary production was measured in October before grazing as current year's growth, and percent utilization was estimated for each species at the end of the grazing period.
		The objective of the model is to simulate primary production after a period of several decades of sheep grazing.
	www.fao.org /wairdocs/ilri/x5543b/x5543b1d.htm (0 words)

	Primary production
		Primary production of a waterbody is the rate of conversion of solar energy to chemical energy (organic compounds) by green plants.
		Gross primary production is the rate of all photosynthetic processes regardless of the fate of the compounds which are produced during photosynthesis.
		To determine primary production at a particular depth in any water body, three sets of bottles are required: the initial bottles, the light bottles (i.e., those that admit light), and the dark bottles (i.e., bottles which are darkened with foil or tape so that they admit no light).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~gwk/teaching/limno/lab/onlinemanual/primaryoxy.html (1992 words)

	Appendix C - Methods for analyzing interactions within a system
		In order to predict the effect of the dam on an output variable, such as the production of fish or a change in the state of stream erosion, it is necessary to consider a group of intermediate variables and processes.
		For example, if primary production (PP) is at a maximum level (U max), fish population (FP) rapidly increases because of an optimum food level; if primary production is less than a minimum required level (U min), the fish population dies of hunger.
		If primary production is equal to a value for equilibrium (U o), the fish population does not vary in size; if production is between U o and U max, the fish population slowly increases; if production is between U o and U min, the fish production slowly decreased.
	www.oas.org /dsd/publications/Unit/oea71e/ch10.htm (0 words)

	9(l) Primary Productivity of Plants (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most of the biomass in a community is composed of plants, which are the primary producers of biomass because of their ability to fix carbon through photosynthesis.
		The product of photosynthesis is a carbohydrate, such as the sugar glucose, and oxygen which is released into the atmosphere (Figure 9l-1).
		A proportion of the energy of gross primary productivity is used by plants in a process called respiration.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/9l.html (470 words)

	Modelling of matters fluxes in Marennes-Oléron Bay : coupling hydrodynamics, primary production and oyster ...
		The model of pelagic production is calibrated from measures of productivity realized for the first time on the scale of the bay.
		These measures show that the production is dependent only on the available light in the column of water.
		The pelagic and microphytobenthic primary productions are the same order on the scale of year.
	www.ifremer.fr /docelec/notice/2005/notice554-EN.htm (0 words)

	The Flow of Energy: Primary Production
		Whether one measures the rate at which photosynthesis occurs, or the rate at which the individual plant increases in mass, one is concerned with primary production (definition: the synthesis and storage of organic molecules during the growth and reproduction of photosynthetic organisms).
		Production also is a rate, measured per time unit, while standing crop biomass is the amount of plant matter at a given point in time.
		This efficiency is equal to the production divided by the assimilation for animals, or the NPP divided by the GPP for plants.
	www.globalchange.umich.edu /globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/energyflow/energyflow.html (6183 words)

	Primary productivity Summary
		Primary producers (or autotrophs) are organisms that synthesize their own biochemical constituents using simple inorganic compounds and an external energy source to drive the process.
		Both primary productivity and primary production may be measured in units of carbon dioxide (CO) fixed, energy fixed (as calories or joules), or biomass produced.
		Primary productivity is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy in a given amount of time.
	www.bookrags.com /Primary_productivity (599 words)

	SIC 3334 Primary Production of Aluminum
		Primary aluminum manufacturers supply aluminum to semi-fabricated aluminum manufacturers and to a diverse array of manufacturers outside the aluminum industry who utilize aluminum to make their products.
		By aggressively developing new markets for their product, instead of patiently waiting for demand to catch up to supply, which was the general practice in former years, primary aluminum manufacturers had ameliorated their position in the aluminum marketplace.
		Negatively affected by the overall slide of the primary aluminum industry during the 1980s, Alcoa diversified its operations to mitigate its losses from the decline and placed a lesser emphasis on the production of primary aluminum.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /industries/Primary-Metals/Primary-Production-Aluminum.html (5668 words)

	Seasonal Patterns and Controlling Factors of Primary Production in Puget Sound's Central Basin and Possession Sound
		An increase in primary production due to the addition of nutrients was demonstrated within the study area during spring and especially during summer.
		Primary production was measured using the carbon-14 uptake method in order to assess production and nutrient dynamics in the Central Basin and Possession Sound regions of Puget Sound.
		Seasonal variation in production is well-defined for all four stations, with values integrated over the euphotic zone during summertime (May-September) as high as 13,000 mg C m-2 d-1, which drop to less than 100 mg C m-2 d-1 during wintertime.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /biblio/0203059.html (472 words)

	Theoretical production ecology Summary
		Since productivity reflects plant growth, it is often used loosely as a measure of the organic fertility of a given area.
		This is the rate of accumulation of biomass by plants, and it is calculated as the ratio of net primary production to gross primary production.
		The produced glucose is transported to other plant parts, such as storage organs and converted into secondary products, such as amino acids, lipids, cellulose and other chemicals needed by the plant or used for respiration.
	www.bookrags.com /Theoretical_production_ecology (2232 words)

	Eutrophication -- 8.3 Primary production and vertical export
		Figure: New and regenerated production are based on (a) the supply of the limiting (allochthonous) nutrients from the aphotic zone, by advection, run-off or from the atmosphere (straight arrows) and (b) the recycled (autochthonous) nutrients in the euphotic zone (circular arrows), respectively.
		New production is a critical component of marine primary production that limits the supply of food to the benthos, zooplankton, fish, and extensive aquaculture as well as the removal rate of atmospheric CO
		Increased new production results in additional biomass that the ecosystem has to deal with in terms of grazing, vertical export to the bottom and pelagic and benthic degradation.
	lepo.it.da.ut.ee /~olli/eutr/html/htmlBook_63.html (420 words)

	Human Appropriation of the Products of Photosynthesis
		Fossil fuel combustion is currently the primary cause of rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, although the importance of land clearing and forest regrowth as a source or sink of carbon dioxide is still being debated (Bolin 1977, Broecker et al.
		Their overall values for terrestrial productivity are nearly identical to those of Olson et al, (1983), but the former's estimate for forest biomass may be high.
		If the average productivity of this derived grazing land is the same as that of woodlands, grasslands, and savanna (Table 1), then the NPP on derived grazing land amounts to 9.8 Pg per year, or 18,8% of the total annual NPP in all grazing lands.
	dieoff.org /page83.htm (4560 words)

	contributions of sea ice algae to Antarctic marine primary production, The American Zoologist - Find Articles
		Although sea ice microalgal production is exceeded by phytoplankton production on an annual basis in most offshore regions of the Southern Ocean, blooms of sea ice algae differ considerably from the phytoplankton in terms of timing and distribution.
		Estimates of primary production of the Southern Ocean have focused primarily on phytoplankton.
		Large-scale annual estimates of primary production have been made based on the assumption that as the sea ice recedes around Antarctica during spring, summer and autumn, conditions leading to phytoplankton blooms persist for weeks and for hundreds of km away from the ice edge.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3746/is_200102/ai_n8938048 (1178 words)

	Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy
		It is used extensively in many products and processes due to properties that enable it to conduct electricity, measure temperature and pressure, act as a pesticide and fungicide, and alloy with other metals.
		Minnesota is looking at the lifecycle environmental impacts of mercury-containing products, and has begun to (1) restrict the types of products containing mercury that can be sold in the state, (2) require recycling programs, and (3) impose disposal restrictions on mercury-containing products.
		Product manufacturers that choose to rely on processes that use and release mercury may not be aware of the full environmental costs associated with mercury.
	www.epa.gov /glnpo/bnsdocs/options (0 words)

	Primary Productivity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		temperate latitudes: primary productivity is generally maximal in spring and autumn when the combination of available light and high nutrient concentrations allow plankton blooms to occur
		because of size and structure of phytoplankton, a major fraction of marine primary productivity is consumed, digested, and assimilated by marine herbivores (which are in high abundance compared to the phytoplankton); little of the primary production enters the decomposer cycle
		in contrast, much of the terrestrial primary productivity is inedible or indigestible (cellulose or lignin); herbivores eat relatively little of the overall production and much of what is eaten is indigestible or only partially digestible; thus, most of terrestrial primary productivity enters the decomposer cycle
	maritime.haifa.ac.il /departm/lessons/ocean/lect26.htm (1380 words)

	Primary Productivity
		In general, the "openness" of a wetland to hydrological fluxes is probably one of the most important determinants of primary productivity.
		Generally productivity is highest in riverine mangroves and lowest for dwarf mangroves (1100-5400 g/m2/y) Here again, the key seems to be the increased nutrients supplied by the tide.
		As shown in the figure, the highest productivity in cypress swamps seems to occur when conditions are neither too wet nor too dry and there is seasonal pulsing.
	kingfish.coastal.edu /biology/sgilman/778PrimProd.htm (771 words)

	Primary Metals
		The primary metals industry consists of firms engaged in the smelting and refining of ferrous and nonferrous metals from ore, pig, and scrap; in the rolling, drawing, and alloying of metals; and in manufacturing of castings and other basic metal products.
		Primary aluminum and fabricated aluminum products firms are located in only eleven of the state’s 39 counties.
		The primary aluminum industry in located in both rural and urban counties; most of the fabricated aluminum products firms are established within the state’s urban counties.
	www.wa.gov /esd/lmea/sprepts/indprof/pmetal.htm (4295 words)

	CO2 in the Oceans
		In the absence of ocean primary production, surface total carbon dioxide CO would be 20% higher, and at equilibrium with such a surface ocean, the atmosphere would have a CO concentration close to double present levels (Sarmiento et al., 1990).
		The fraction of primary production escaping to the thermocline and below is often referred to as new production.
		New production was originally defined as that proportion of primary production that is supported by allochtonous nutrients (Dugdale and Goering, 1967).
	www.mbari.org /staff/reiko/co2/primary.htm (1631 words)

	Primary production required to sustain global fisheries
		The primary production required to sustain each group of species was then computed based on a mean energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels of 10%, a value that was reestimated rather than assumed.
		The primary production required to sustain the reported catches, plus 27 million t of discarded bycatch, amounted to 8.0% of global aquatic primary production, nearly four times the previous estimate.
		Lieth, H. in Patterns of Primary Production in the Biosphere.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/374255a0 (0 words)

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	www.studio1downloads.com /musictracks.htm (1051 words)

	SCOPE 13 - The Global Carbon Cycle, Chapter 5, Terrestrial Primary Production and Phytomass
		Primary productivity is an important link in the carbon cycle, since it is the main flux from the atmosphere to the biota.
		For the assessment of net primary productivity and phytomass, the values given by Whittaker and Likens (1975) were evaluated and adjusted in the light of much new data (mainly from IBP-studies) published in various forms.
		The adjusted means for NPP and phytomass per ecosystem type are given in Table 5.5, together with total production and total phytomass; the latter values were calculated for the new estimates of the surface areas.
	www.icsu-scope.org /downloadpubs/scope13/chapter05.html (5595 words)

	14C-CO2 Primary Production (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Primary productivity is measured using a variety of techniques.
		The problem of measuring primary production is not completely solved using any of the current methodologies, although great progress has been made over the past several decades.
		Presently it is not possible to measure quantitatively respiration rates with this technique and therefore gross primary production.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~gwk/teaching/limno/lab/onlinemanual/co2primary.html (296 words)

	Primary Production
		Primary Production is the accumulation of plant tissue build-up by primary producers (Lalli and Parsons 2002) and is limited by light and nutrients so that the primary producers are confined to the euphotic zone, or the area where light is available.
		A great majority of primary producers are comprised of microscopic algae such as phytoplankton, diatoms, and dinoflagellates and macroscopic seaweeds such as Zostera marina.
		Not only are they important primary producers but they also help in stabilizes the shoreline against erosion by enhancing sedimentation and binding sediments.
	academic3.bowdoin.edu:9780 /environmental_studies/courses/s04/es330s04/mud_flat/primprod.html (507 words)

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