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Topic: Primary visual cortex

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Primary visual cortex
		The name "striate cortex" is derived from the stria of Gennari, a distinctive stripe visible to the naked eye that represents myelinated neurons in layer 4 of the gray matter.
		Visual input to the brain goes from eye to LGN and then to primary visual cortex, or area V1, which is located in the posterior of the occipital lobe.
		Maunsell JH, Gibson JR (1992) Visual response latencies in striate cortex of the macaque monkey.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Primary-visual-cortex (645 words)

	Research - Stimulation of Visual Cortex
		Restoration of vision, using a neuroprosthesis, depends upon providing the cortex with a well-controlled temporospatial electrical stimulation pattern that mimics the pattern of neural activity normally associated with vision, or uses the natural tuning properties of the visual system, to provide the cortex with meaningful sensory input.
		Our visual cortex does not compute images in terms of spots, or pixels; rather, images are represented in terms of edges, textures, colors, depths, and motion.
		By implanting microelectrodes within the visual cortex, with exposed tip sizes of the same order of magnitude as the neurons to be excited, much more selective stimulation, at lower stimulus currents, can, in principle, be achieved, resulting in more precise control of neuronal function.
	www.iit.edu /~npr/visualprosthesis2.htm (825 words)

	Webvision: Visual Cortex
		Scalp recordings of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were used to map visually responsive cortical areas and examine retinotopic organization and binocularity in rabbit, cat and monkey (Talbot and Marshall, 1941; Thompson et al., 1950; Daniel and Whitteridge, 1959).
		Visual signals from the two eyes remain segregated in the LGNd (Figure 11) and in the geniculorecipient layers of area V1 (Figure 14).
		Lund JS, Lund RD, Hendrickson AE, Bunt AH, Fuchs AF (1975) The origin of efferent pathways from the primary visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey as shown by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /VisualCortex.html (9250 words)

	The Primary Visual Cortex
		The primary visual cortex is the part of the neocortex that receives visual input from the retina.
		For example, most cells in the visual cortex respond best to edges at some particular angle or the other (orientation preference) or to inputs from one eye or the other (ocular dominance).
		This was demonstrated in the cat visual cortex in a series of dramatic experiments.
	nn.cs.utexas.edu /web-pubs/sirosh/pvc.html (382 words)

	President's Message
		The most important result of their work was that early visual experiences are critical factors for the eventual organization of the adult visual cortex.
		Like all cortex, the primary visual cortex is a layered structure, with visual input forming synapses on neurons in layer 4.
		The early work on the visual cortex demonstrated that the normal segregation of inputs that is present later in adult brains requires visual input, and that this activity must occur during a particular window of time.
	iacapap.ki.se /bulletins/nr10/article08.htm (2877 words)

	The cerebral cortex
		the primary visual receptor center (area 17) and the auditory receptor centers (areas 41 and 42).
		Area 17, for instance, is surrounded by areas 18 and 19, which interpret visual images that reach area 17.
		Much of the present knowledge on the activity of the cortex comes from neurosurgical procedures and pathologic cases (injuries to the brain, cerebrovascular accidents, and brain tumors).
	www.neurokinesiology.org /The_Cerebral_Cortex (1113 words)

	The Development of the Primary Visual Cortex
		Included in the model are the functions of the retina, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and the primary visual cortex.
		The study of models of the primary visual cortex and the LGN have been major topics in our group.
		The first area of visual processing is the retina of the eye, which not only collects light through the activity of the photoreceptors, but serves as a filter as well, through the action of center-surround cells.
	www.ks.uiuc.edu /Research/Neural/development.html (782 words)

	Color Glossary
		Chroma Attribute of a visual sensation which permits a judgment to be made of the amounts of pure chromatic color present, irrespective of the amount of achromatic color.
		Primary A member of a minimal set of stimuli (usually lights), mixtures of the elements of which are capable of matching all colors.
		The visual areas of the cortex are primarily located in the occipital lobe: the rear, lower part of the cortex.
	tigger.uic.edu /~hilbert/Glossary.html (5536 words)

	Exploring News & Features - New clues to the location of visual consciousness (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Visual information from the eyes is routed to the back of the brain to an area called the primary visual cortex.
		Another result that points toward the primary visual cortex is the trio's observation that the rate at which the transition zone spreads increases with the size of the annular ring.
		The final result implicating the primary visual cortex is the observation that when the suppressed pattern consists of concentric rings it spreads faster than when it is a radial pattern.
	exploration.vanderbilt.edu /news/news_visual.htm (913 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		It is in the primary visual cortex that the brain begins to reconstitute the image from the receptive fields of the cells of the retina.
		This mapping onto the visual cortex is called retinotopy, because it is the retina that serves as the reference for the cortical maps of the various visual areas.
		The centre of the visual field, covered by the fovea, occupies the entire posterior portion of the primary visual cortex, while the entire peripheral zone of the visual field is analyzed in the remaining anterior portion.
	thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/d/d_02/d_02_cr/d_02_cr_vis/d_02_cr_vis.html (1273 words)

	Primary auditory cortex - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		The auditory cortex is involved in tasks such as identifying and segregating auditory "objects" and identifying the location of a sound in space.
		It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally-defined temporal region of cerebral cortex, occupying the anterior transverse temporal gyrus (H) in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe.
		It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally-defined temporal region of cerebral cortex, located in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex (675 words)

	How is the Visual Cortex Organized?
		The visual cortex is part of the outermost layer of the brain, the cortex, and is located at the dorsal pole of the occipital lobe; more simply put, at the lower rear of the brain.
		Visual cortex is broken down into five areas, labelled V1, V2, V3, V4, and MT, which on occasion is referred to as V5.
		Selective injury of visual cortex in animal subjects is historically one of the most productive (and controversial) ways of investigating neural functioning, but in recent times we have developed tools to selectively deactivate or activate specific brain areas without harming them.
	www.wisegeek.com /how-is-the-visual-cortex-organized.htm (732 words)

	Eye, Brain, and Vision
		The primary visual, or striate, cortex is a plate of cells 2 millimeters thick,
		cortex's anatomy, it was puzzling to find the physiology so boring.
		visual cell is to activate all the receptors in the retina, was evidently seriously
	neuro.med.harvard.edu /site/dh/b16.htm (1280 words)

	primary visual cortex
		Synaptogenesis in visual cortex of normal and preterm monkeys: evidence for intrinsic regulation of synaptic overproduction.
		Modification of callosal afferents of the primary visual cortex ipsilateral to the remaining eye in rats monocularly enucleated at different stages of ontogeny.
		Co-expression of TrkB and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits NR1-C1, NR2A and NR2B in the rat visual cortex.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/1178.html (415 words)

	Classification of visual disturbances - Migraine Aura
		Visual symptoms are by far most frequent in migraine with aura.
		Those with several types of aura symptoms have visual aura in the majority of their attacks, while the other modalities, like sensory, motor or aphasic symptoms are present only in a small fraction of their attacks (Russell and Olesen, 1996).
		The objectives are twofold: characterize all phenotypes of visual symptoms, and establish the underlying neural circuitry.
	www.migraine-aura.org /EN/Classification_of_visual_disturbances.html (1131 words)

	The Primary Visual Cortex (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The primary visual cortex is the part of the neocortex that receives visual input from the retina.
		For example, most cells in the visual cortex respond best to edges at some particular angle or the other (orientation preference) or to inputs from one eye or the other (ocular dominance).
		This was demonstrated in the cat visual cortex in a series of dramatic experiments.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /~nn/web-pubs/sirosh/pvc.html (382 words)

	Tilt Aftereffects in a Self-Organizing Model
		The primary visual cortex is an area a little larger than a quarter at the back of your head, and it is (despite its location!) the first region of the cortex that processes visual information.
		The model we used, RF-LISSOM (Sirosh and Miikkulainen, 1994), is a self-organizing model of laterally connected orientation maps in primary visual cortex.
		The model was originally designed to account for an infant's visual cortex development, but here we show that the same processes that drive development can also account for tilt aftereffects in the adult.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /jbednar/tae.html (887 words)

	Functional MRI reveals spatially specific attentional modulation in human primary visual cortex -- Somers et al. 96 ...
		Cereb Cortex, December 1, 2003; 13(12): 1313 - 1333.
		Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2003; 13(4): 340 - 349.
		Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2002; 12(4): 357 - 368.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/short/96/4/1663 (1789 words)

	Edge: A NEUROSCIENCE SAMPLING By Eric R. Kandel
		When other sensations are elicited such as visual sensations of objects, or auditory sensations of melodies, or touch experiences, they are interwoven automatically in specific ways with space and time.
		We have, so to speak, a sense of the social expectations of the situation and the kinds of ideas that the conversation brings forth in the colleague with whom we are communicating.
		One of the structures of the basal ganglia, the caudate nucleus, is the primary recipient of information coming from the cerebral cortex and other regions of the brain.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/kandel07/kandel07_index.html (2613 words)

	Global and local symmetry of the primary visual cortex
		The first mapping is the classical retinotopic, global projection of the visual field to V1, and the second is a local mapping visual field inputs, multiple copies of which tile the supragranular layers of V1.
		Neurons in the upper layers of the primary visual cortex are organised into repeated units, roughly 800 um wide and 600 um high, called hypercolumns (Hubel and Wiesel, 1968).
		It has recently been shown, in the primary visual cortex of the tree shrew, that the patchy intrinsic connections are not perfectly radial, but form an elongated pattern (Bosking et al, 1997; see figure 1.7).
	local.wasp.uwa.edu.au /~pbourke/papers/visualneuro (7061 words)

	Neuromagnetic Correlates of Perceived Contrast in Primary Visual Cortex -- Haynes et al. 89 (5): 2655 -- Journal of ...
		Visual cortex neurons in monkey and cat: effect of contrast on the spatial and temporal phase transfer functions.
		Kinoshita M, and Komatsu H. Neural representation of the luminance and brightness of a uniform surface in the macaque primary visual cortex.
		Visual response latencies in striate cortex of the macaque monkey.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/5/2655 (7075 words)

	Carandini lab publications
		Orientation tuning of input conductance, excitation and inhibition in cat primary visual cortex.
		Adaptation to contingencies in macaque primary visual cortex,
		Summation and division by neurons in primate visual cortex
	www.ski.org /Carandini/publications.html (287 words)

	Clinical Trial: Brain Plasticity of Verbal Memory in the Blind
		These results raised the untested hypothesis that the primary visual cortex may be the neural substrate mediating superior verbal memory performance in early blind individuals.
		The expected outcome is increased involvement of the visual cortex in the early blind group.
		The primary outcome measure will be the number of voxels significantly activated in primary visual cortex in early blind subjects vs. late blind subjects and sighted controls.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00059189 (1271 words)

	fMRI - Recent fMRI Abstracts - Extra Information
		The role of primary (striate) visual cortex in human visual perception is the subject of active investigation and diverse hypotheses.
		In this study we employ functional (fMRI), topographic, and myeloarchitectonic imaging techniques to identify human primary visual cortex, and show that although primary visual cortex is active during the presence of all visual stimuli, the cortical areas that we have found to be associated exclusively with the perception of illusory contours
		The cortical areas associated with the perceptions of the illusory contours and depth were identified as 1) those areas where activity was observed during the illusory contour condition and not during the non-connecting contour control condition, and 2) where activity was observed during the stereo-depth condition and not during the neutral random dot condition.
	www.fmri.org /proj_more/proj_6.htm (755 words)

	Resources
		Visual input evokes transient and strong shunting inhibition in visual cortical neurons.
		E.M. Callaway.Local circuits in primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey.
		Spatial structure and symmetry of simple-cell receptive fields in macaque primary visual cortex.
	www.ee.surrey.ac.uk /Basic/VisualCortex_Resources.html (1137 words)

	Cogprints - Tilt Aftereffects in a Self-Organizing Model of the Primary Visual Cortex (Site not responding. Last check: )
		RF-LISSOM, a self-organizing model of laterally connected orientation maps in the primary visual cortex, was used to study the psychological phenomenon known as the tilt aftereffect.
		Hirsch, J. A., and Gilbert, C. Synaptic physiology of horizontal connections in the cat's visual cortex.
		Miikkulainen, R., Bednar, J. A., Choe, Y., and Sirosh, J. Self-organization, plasticity, and low-level visual phenomena in a laterally connected map model of the primary visual cortex.
	cogprints.org /1915 (1224 words)

	Primary Visual Cortex II
		The primary visual cortex is perhaps the best understood area of the whole cerebral cortex.
		Synchronization of oscillatory responses in visual cortex correlates with perception in interocular rivalry.
		Sengpiel, F., Blakemore, C., and Harrad, R. Interocular suppression in the primary visual cortex: a possible neural basis of binocular rivalry.
	www.ini.unizh.ch /~peterk/Lectures/V1course.II.html (782 words)

	Rapid Extragranular Plasticity in the Absence of Thalamocortical Plasticity in the Developing Primary Visual Cortex -- ...
		A Morphological Correlate of Synaptic Scaling in Visual Cortex.
		Motility of dendritic spines in visual cortex in vivo: Changes during the critical period and effects of visual deprivation.
		Experience-Dependent Plasticity of Mouse Visual Cortex in the Absence of the Neuronal Activity-Dependent Marker egr1/zif268.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/287/5460/2029 (711 words)

	Cytochrome-oxidase blobs in cat primary visual cortex -- Murphy et al. 15 (6): 4196 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		Cytochrome-oxidase blobs in cat primary visual cortex -- Murphy et al.
		visual cortex are functionally related to the underlying ocular dominance
		Honeycomb-Like Mosaic at the Border of Layers 1 and 2 in the Cerebral Cortex
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/short/15/6/4196 (626 words)

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