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Topic: Prime Minister of Rwanda

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	Agathe Uwilingiyimana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		She served as Prime Minister of Rwanda from 18 July 1993 to her death on April 7, 1994.
		She joined the Republican and Democratic Movement (MDR), an opposition party, in 1992, and four months later was appointed Minister of Education by Dismas Nsensiyaremye, the first opposition prime minister under a power-sharing scheme negotiated between President Juvenal Habyarimana and five major opposition parties.
		On July 17, 1993, after a meeting between President Habyarimana and all five parties, Agathe Uwilinigiyimana became the first woman prime minister of Rwanda, replacing Dr Nsensiyaremye, the man who had appointed her Minister of Education, and whose exoneration of the president was unpopular with the other parties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Agathe_Uwilingiyimana (1307 words)

	Untitled Document
		This invasion precipitated a wave of refugees from Rwanda and the sharpening of the polarization of the Rwandan society.
		During that morning the Prime Minister sought refuge at the United Nations Volunteer compound in Kigali but members of the Presidential Guards broke into the compound and shot her to death.
		The many Hutu who fled Rwanda and crossed the border into Congo for refuge at this time were later in 1996-97 mass murdered by Tutsi RPF army when the same army invaded Congo, otherthrew Mobutu regime, and began the looting of the wealth(minerals, coltan, gold, diamond, woods,and so on) of that country till now.
	www.africasbraingain.org /pages/Rwanda.htm (2654 words)

	Timeline Rwanda
		The party was ambushed, the troops hacked to death, and the prime minister was raped and murdered.
		In 1996 Colonel Theoneste Bagosora, a former army officer in Rwanda, was arrested for the murders in Cameroon on a warrant issued by Belgium.
		Rwanda called for a cease fire and warned that it would intervene if the troops from Zimbabwe were not withdrawn.
	timelines.ws /countries/RWANDA.HTML (5409 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - Remembering Rwanda - Monday \| May 26, 2003
		The case of Rwanda highlights how these two questions tend to be resolved in practice, and demonstrates some of the weaknesses of international law in the area of humanitarian crisis.
		On the following day, the Prime Minister of Rwanda was killed, and soon, Rwanda was overtaken by a humanitarian catastrophe which the then United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros Ghali characterised in his memoirs as a case of "Tropical Nazism".
		In short, the major powers initially felt that no significant strategic interests were at stake in Rwanda, and in the early stages of the crisis opted not to support a peacekeeping mission that might have averted the explosion to hundreds of thousands of deaths.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20030526/cleisure/cleisure2.html (1036 words)

	www.hirondelle.org : ICTR - Jean Kambanda, former prime minister
		Prime Minister of the interim government of Rwanda during the genocide of 1994, Kambanda is the only accused held by the ICTR to have pleaded guilty.
		As candidate for Prime Minister of an interim government on the path to power-sharing with the RPF, she was consistently opposed by the "Power" element of the MDR, who promoted Kambanda for the position.
		Uwilingiyamana was eventually appointed interim Prime Minister in terms of the ill fated Arusha Peace accords of August 1993, and she was one of the first high profile victims of the killings which began on April 6th 1994.
	www.hirondelle.org /hirondelle.nsf/caefd9edd48f5826c12564cf004f793d/0a30a56f67fb8bd9c12566730043be94?OpenDocument (8558 words)

	[04 Sep 1998] AFR/95 L/2898: RWANDA TRIBUNAL HANDS DOWN LIFE SENTENCE FOR CRIMES OF GENOCIDE COMMITTED BY FORMER ...
		Kambanda abused his authority by his personal participation in the crimes, and his failure to take necessary and reasonable measures to prevent his subordinates from committing crimes against the population was an abuse of authority and the trust of the civilian population, and it considered this an aggravating factor.
		The Chamber also found he committed the crimes knowingly and with premeditation; and, moreover, Jean Kambanda, as Prime Minister of Rwanda, was entrusted with the duty and authority to protect the population, and he abused this trust.
		Jean Kambanda was born on 10 October 1955 in the prefecture of Butare.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/1998/19980904.l2898.html (1729 words)

	CNN - Former Rwanda leader pleads guilty to genocide - May 1, 1998
		ARUSHA, Tanzania (CNN) -- Former Rwandan Prime Minister Jean Kambanda, who led the small, central African country during the 1994 slaughter of a half-million Tutsis pleaded guilty on Friday to six charges of genocide at a United Nations tribunal.
		Kambanda, who was interim prime minister at the height of the genocide, was making his first appearance at the ICTR since his arrest and extradition from Kenya nine months ago.
		It said that he knew from provincial visits as prime minister that massacres against civilians were being committed and that at a security meeting in Kibuye in May someone asked him how to protect children who had survived the massacres and were at the local hospital.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/africa/9805/01/rwanda.kambanda (646 words)

	Jean Kambanda: Judgement and Sentence
		Former Prime Minister of Rwanda, Jean Kambanda, was convicted for genocide and given a sentence of life imprisonment by the Trial Chamber for his crimes against humanity when he was head of the Rwandan state during the 1993 genocide.
		On this occasion, speaking on this radio station, Jean Kambanda, as Prime Minister, encouraged the RTLM to continue to incite the massacres of the Tutsi civilian population, specifically stating that this radio station was "an indispensable weapon in the fight against the enemy".
		The Chamber recalls as aforementioned that the Tribunal was established at the request of the government of Rwanda; and the Tribunal was intended to enforce individual criminal accountability on behalf of the international community, contribute in ensuring the effective redress of violence and the culture of impunity, and foster national reconciliation and peace in Rwanda.
	www.afrol.com /Countries/Rwanda/documents/kambanda_verdict_98.htm (5997 words)

	Violence Rampages Rwanda As Leader Is Feared Killed
		Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana also is presumed dead, although Gharekhan said the United Nations had not received any eyewitness confirmation of her execution yesterday morning, reportedly by Presidential Guard soldiers.
		Uwilingiyimana, one of Africa's first female prime ministers, was a Tutsi appointed by Habyarimana last July in what was seen as a gesture that he was ready to make concessions to the rebel Tutsi force.
		The prime minister's guards were "overpowered and she was taken away and reportedly killed in another spot," it said.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V114/N19/africa.19w.html (710 words)

	UNIDO - Director-General's Diary
		The strengthening of cooperation between UNIDO and Rwanda was the main topic of discussion during the visit of H.E. Mr.
		Bernard Makuza, Prime Minister of Rwanda, to Director-General Carlos MagariÃ±os.
		MagariÃ±os thanked the Prime Minister for his active interest in UNIDO during his appointment as the Ambassador of Rwanda in Bonn and his support to the UNIDO integrated programme.
	www.unido.org /doc/4267 (1302 words)

	CNN - U.N. tribunal seizes Rwandans on genocide charges - July 18, 1997
		NAIROBI, Kenya (CNN) -- Kenyan police have arrested the former prime minister of Rwanda and nine others in Nairobi on genocide charges stemming from the 1994 civil war.
		The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda said those arrested Thursday "are all notable figures who are believed to have participated in the genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the Geneva Conventions, committed in Rwanda in 1994."
		Jean Kambanda, the prime minister in the hard-line Hutu government during the four-month war, was the first of the group to be arrested.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9707/18/rwanda (484 words)

	Rwandan Prime Minister Resigns
		In a resignation letter to Rwanda's president on Monday, Pierre-Celestin Rwigema said a hostile media campaign and a parliamentary inquiry that found him guilty of embezzlement had made it impossible to fulfill his responsibilities as prime minister.
		While the prime minister's post is largely ceremonial, Rwigema becomes the third top Hutu official in the government to step down in recent months.
		Cabinet ministers agreed to continue in their posts until a new government is named.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/aponline/20000229/aponline103222_001.htm (329 words)

	Former Rwandan Premier Pleads Guilty to Genocide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On April 8, Kambanda was appointed prime minister in the interim government after soldiers murdered the moderate prime minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, a Hutu.
		Among the people in custody are several with whom Kambanda served closely in the interim government, including Theoneste Bagasora, the former deputy defense minister who is the chief architect of the mass killings, according to the prosecutors.
		Kambanda has broken the pattern laid down by other leaders of the ousted regime, who have all disputed the extent of the killings and claimed the massacres were an unavoidable consequence of war.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/rwagen.htm (1092 words)

	Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, A War Criminal (by Linda Malone) - Media Monitors Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nonetheless, Ariel Sharon was elected Israel's prime minister despite being convicted of war crimes in 1982.
		On 16 September, the Defense Minister's office issued a document summarizing in two crucial controversial sentences Sharon's instructions in this meeting regarding the entry into West Beirut: "Only one element, and that is the IDF, shall command the forces in the area.
		Sharon made clear this was his, and Begin's, way of rejecting the commission's verdict of Israel's 'indirect responsibility' for the slaughter." Sharon was reported to have "lashed out" at his colleagues in the governing Herut party for denying him a portfolio in the newly formed Shamir government.
	www.mediamonitors.net /lindamalone1.html (1130 words)

	Rwanda
		Rwanda, in east-central Africa, is surrounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi.
		In Sept. 1998, a UN tribunal sentenced Jean Kambanda, a former prime minister of Rwanda, to life in prison for his part in the 1994 genocide.
		Rwanda: Economy - Economy The economy of Rwanda is overwhelmingly agricultural, with most of the workers engaged in...
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0107926.html (1374 words)

	CNN.com - Warrant out for Rwandan ex-PM - April 11, 2001
		Gahima said Rwanda had issued an arrest warrant for Rwigema, now believed to be living in the Chicago area of the U.S., and would be submitting a formal extradition request to the U.S. The Rwandan government believes the U.S. could try Rwigema even if Rwanda had no extradition treaty with it.
		A Hutu, Rwigema was born in 1954, and was made Prime Minister of Rwanda by the Tutsi-dominated government which took power at the end of the genocide.
		He resigned in January 2000, leaving Rwanda for Germany and then the U.S., where he is said to have applied for political asylum, claiming persecution by the Rwandan government.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/africa/04/11/rwanda.arrest (406 words)

	[17 Oct 1997] L/2841 : INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA CONFIRMS INDICTMENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		ARUSHA, Tanzania, 17 October (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) -- The indictments of former Prime Minister of Rwanda, Jean Kambanda, and former Prefect of Butare, Sylvain Nsabimana, were confirmed yesterday.
		Kambanda, who was born on 10 October 1955 in Gishamvu commune in Rwanda, is alleged to have directly and publicly incited the population to commit acts of violence (in particular to kill and cause serious bodily harm to Tutsis and moderate Hutus) at public meetings and through the media.
		Nsabimana, who was born on 29 July 1933 in Mbazi commune in Rwanda, is alleged to have encouraged and facilitated the murder of Tutsis as well as incited the population to massacre them in Butare prefecture.
	www.un.org /news/press/docs/1997/19971017.L2841.html (425 words)

	Untitled Document
		He notes that the Tutsi population (about 15% of present-day Rwanda) migrated into Rwanda from the Kenyan and Tanzanian grasslands of the north and progressively overtook the resident Hutu population (about 85% of present-day Rwanda), transforming local Tutsi-dominated clans into chiefdoms around the fifteenth century.
		[7] However, at the turn of the 1990’s, Rwanda would enter a period of economic crisis in which their currency would be devalued 67 percent and their gross GDP would fall 15 percent as a result of falling world metal and coffee prices.
		The RPF, formed in Uganda by displaced Tutsi elites led by Paul Kagame, would ultimately penetrate Rwanda into its capital in Kigali in 1994 and murder General Habyarimana and his prime minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, as a result of the dismal economic situation of Rwanda at the time.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v5/v5i3a16.htm (1009 words)

	Form of Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The new Prime Minster of Rwanda, Budu Shuba, a Hutu, is the son of the former Prime Minister, Reklawi Shuba who was himself the former head of Kiyu, Rwanda’s secret police.
		Rwanda’s most despised ethic group, the Tutsi, fearing for their lives and livelihoods, turned out in record numbers to vote in near-universal opposition to the Hutu candidate.
		Budu Shuba, the current Minister of Burund Province, had the worst human rights record of any province in Rwanda and actually led the nation in executions, the majority of whom were Tutsi.
	www.cofc.edu /~cofcgeog/_notes/HumSyllabus/Assignments/FormGovt.html (298 words)

	frontline: the triumph of evil: readings: justice in rwanda
		On Sept. 4, 1998, Jean Kambanda, former prime minister of Rwanda, pled guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment for six counts of genocide and crimes against humanity.
		However, over 100,000 suspects are crowding Rwanda's prisons waiting for trial and, in October 1998, the Justice Ministry announced it will release 10,000 of them because their files lack incriminating evidence.
		In early spring 1999, The U.N. announced the establishment of a panel to investigate the U.N. role in the Rwanda genocide.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/readings/justice.html (365 words)

	AP Worldstream : Former Rwanda prime minister tells court genocide was not planned @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Start / A / AP Worldstream / February 04, 2002 / Former Rwanda prime minister tells court genocide was not planned
		A former Rwandan prime minister told a U.N. tribunal Monday that the
		Read 'AP Worldstream: Former Rwanda prime minister tells court genocide was not planned' with a FREE Trial for instant access »
	static.highbeam.com /a/apworldstream/february042002/formerrwandaprimeministertellscourtgenocidewasnotp/index.html (227 words)

	NewStandard: 9/5/98
		Jean Kambanda, the highest-ranking former political leader in the tribunal's custody, is hated in Rwanda.
		The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda said the sentencing of Kambanda, 42, was the first for the crime of genocide by an international court.
		Rwanda has carried out prosecutions separate from the U.N. tribunal, which is based in the northern Tanzanian town of Arusha.
	www.s-t.com /daily/09-98/09-05-98/a08wn043.htm (803 words)

	Rwanda \| RDR - Section Canada \| Responsibility of Mr. Pierre-Celestin Rwigema in crimes against humanity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Pierre-Celestin Rwigema, former prime minister of Rwanda, was interviewed in Chicago by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)/Kinyarwanda service and announced his intention to ask for political asylum in the USA.
		For victims of his brutal dictatorship, of discriminatory practices and torture by his government’s agents, and survivors of the numerous massacres of civilians committed by his government’s army, the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), when he was prime minister, his announcement was a surprise and a shock.
		He didn’t resign from his post of prime minister to express his outrage and dissatisfaction at the time numerous crimes against humanity were being committed.
	www.rdrwanda.org /sections/Canada/RDR_Canada04082000.htm (620 words)

	Scotland on Sunday - International - Canada's prime minister in waiting pledges better relations with US (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		CANADA’S new prime minister in waiting last night pledged to restore battered relations with the United States after becoming leader of the country’s ruling Liberal Party.
		Former finance minister Paul Martin will take over from Jean Chretien, prime minister since 1993, in the next few weeks after winning a resounding 94% of the votes at the Liberal leadership convention last night.
		"One of the greatest assets that I had as finance minister during the fight against the deficit was the unflinching and virtually unprecedented support from the prime minister, and let there be no doubt about it," he said.
	www.scotlandonsunday.com /international.cfm?id=1267512003 (685 words)

	Butare:"Workers who want to work for their country" (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, ...
		His readiness to leave arrangements for “self-defense” in the hands of local activists, who were known for their support of Hutu Power, recalls the interim prime minister’s willingness to leave clarification of genocidalpolicies in the hands of political leaders at the meeting with authorities of Gitarama prefecture.
		The interim prime minister obviously felt the need to try to explain all the slaughter that had been taking place in the town and surrounding areas.
		Among the faculty who responded to the interim prime minister’s address on May 14 was a physician, Eugène Rwamucyo, who spoke for four political parties: the MRND, the MDR, the PSD, and a small, relatively new party, the Party of Democratic Renewal (Parti du Renouveau Démocratique, PRD), recently organized by Professor Ntezimana.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno11-4-06.htm (13313 words)

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