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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Primer |
 | | Three other constant elements are also invariably included in the Primer: the Fifteen Psalms (i.e., the Gradual Psalms, Psalms 119-133), the Seven Psalms (i.e., the Penitential Psalms), and the Litany of the Saints. |
 | | Bishop has shown, the Primer was constituted out of certain devotional accretions to the Divine Office itself which were invented first by the piety of individuals for the use of monks in their monasteries, but which gradually spread and came to be regarded as an obligatory supplement to the office of the day. |
 | | True, a number of manuscript primers of the fifteenth century are in existence, in which the whole contents have been translated into English, but these are comparatively rare exceptions. |
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