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Topic: Primordial black hole

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	Black hole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Black holes are believed to form from the gravitational collapse of astronomical objects containing two or more solar masses.
		Black holes are also the leading candidates for energetic astronomical objects such as quasars and gamma ray bursts.
		Though the mechanism of formation is still not clear, there is increasing evidence that the growth of the fl hole is intimately related to the growth of the spheroidal component (elliptical galaxy, or bulge of a spiral galaxy) in which it lives.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/b/bl/black_hole.html (0 words)

	Black Hole - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Black holes are thought to form during the course of stellar evolution.
		By 2000, astronomers had detected supermassive fl holes in the centers of dozens of galaxies and had found that the masses of the fl holes were correlated with the masses of the parent galaxies.
		If this were so, many of these fl holes could be too far from other matter to form detectable accretion disks, and they could even compose a significant fraction of the total mass of the universe.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558067___3/Black_Hole.html (0 words)

	Primordial black hole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A primordial fl hole is a hypothetical type of fl hole that is formed not by the gravitational collapse of star but by the extreme compression of matter by application of external pressure.
		Interestingly, because of the nature of their formation, primordial fl holes are free from the constraint that their mass be more than about thrice the mass of the sun.
		All fl holes are believed to emit Hawking radiation at a rate inversely related (proportional?) to their mass.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/pr/primordial_black_hole.html (0 words)

	Black Holes - Crystalinks
		Black holes require the general relativistic concept of a curved spacetime: their most striking properties rely on a distortion of the geometry of the space surrounding them.
		The "surface" of a fl hole is the so-called event horizon, an imaginary surface surrounding the mass of the fl hole.
		Supermassive fl holes containing millions to billions of solar masses could also form wherever a large number of stars are packed in a relatively small region of space, or by large amounts of mass falling into a "seed" fl hole, or by repeated fusion of smaller fl holes.
	www.crystalinks.com /black_holes.html (0 words)

	Black Hole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Black holes are difficult to observe on account of both their small size and the fact that they emit no light.
		For example, if a fl hole is a member of a binary star system, matter flowing into it from its companion becomes intensely heated and then radiates X rays copiously before entering the event horizon of the fl hole and disappearing forever.
		According to Hawking's theory, numerous tiny primordial fl holes, possibly with a mass equal to that of an asteroid or less, might have been created during the big bang, a state of extremely high temperatures and density in which the universe is thought to have originated roughly 10 billion years ago.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/black_hole.html (0 words)

	black hole. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Called a primordial, or mini, fl hole, it would have been created during the “big bang,” in which the universe was created (see cosmology).
		Beginning with a giant star collapsing on itself or the collision of two neutron stars, waves of radiation and subatomic particles are propelled outward from the nascent fl hole and collide with one another, releasing the gamma radiation.
		However, a fl hole can be detected by the effect of its gravitational field on nearby objects (e.g., if it is orbited by a visible star), during the collapse while it was forming, or by the X rays and radio frequency signals emitted by rapidly swirling matter being pulled into the fl hole.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bl/blackhol.html (0 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Black hole survey sheds light on galaxy formation
		Astronomers are concluding that monstrous fl holes weren't simply born big but instead grew on a measured diet of gas and stars controlled by their host galaxies in the early formative years of the universe.
		Black holes in the centers of giant galaxies, some tipping the scale at over one billion solar masses, were so engorged with infalling gas they once blazed as quasars, the brightest objects in the cosmos.
		But fl holes could not be confidently detected in a broad sample of galaxies until Hubble came along with the precise accuracy to measure the velocity of matter trapped close into the fl hole and "weigh" its mass.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0006/05hstblackholes/index.html (0 words)

	Black holes
		A fl hole is the result of mass-energy in such a concentration that space-time is curved enough to cut off contact with the outside universe.
		Far from the fl hole, its gravity is indistinguishable from that of a object like a normal star of the same mass.
		Suppose a stellar-mass fl hole is formed in a region where stars are close together, such as the core of a galaxy.
	www.johnstonsarchive.net /relativity/blackhole.html (0 words)

	BLACK HOLE THEORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Supermassive fl holes have masses of one million to one billion Suns and may have formed in the early universe from giant gas clouds or from the collapse of clusters of immense numbers of stars.
		Black holes observed by the HST have been largely hidden from view because they are embedded inside a torus, or donut-shaped distribution of dust that forms a partial cocoon around the fl hole.
		Astronomers have gained their first glimpse of the mysterious region near a fl hole at the heart of a distant galaxy, where a powerful stream of subatomic particles spewing outward at nearly the speed of light is formed into a beam, or jet, that then goes nearly straight for thousands of light-years.
	business.fortunecity.com /rowling/167/SuperNovae/Black.html (0 words)

	Black Holes
		Black holes are the ends of stars at least 40 or 50 times as massive as the Sun.
		The singularity of the fl hole is the center of the fl hole.
		However, if a fl hole passes through a cloud of dust in space, or is close to another star, the fl hole can pull the matter into itself as long as the matter goes beneath the event horizon.
	members.aol.com /davewdg/blackhole.htm (0 words)

	Before the Big Bang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The common meaning of the term "Black Hole" when referring to astronomical nomenclature, is a region in space where all nearby matter is drawn (by way of an accretion disk) into an invisible hole in space and converted from matter to energy.
		Black Holes are readily identified by the behavior of matter in certain regions of space.
		The behavior of all of these fl holes is the same; they all draw matter in their vicinity into the fl hole.
	www.newphysics2000.org /Before_BB.htm (0 words)

	Clustering of primordial black holes
		A PBH is just a "primordial fl hole", meaning that it formed in the early moments of the universe.
		A fl hole cannot simply "pull in" a clump of gas if that gas is moving perpendicular to the line between it and the fl hole.
		The distinction between stellar mass fl holes, supermassive fl holes, and intermediate mass fl holes is pretty arbitrary.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=87837 (0 words)

	THE ASTRO-METRIC CONCEPT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Black holes are thought to result from the gravitational collapse of stars after they have exhausted their nuclear fuel.
		The fl holes formed from collapsing stars may have considerable angular momentum, and thus be somewhat disc shaped.
		The nominal lifetime of these small primordial fl holes is only a function of their mass and this function is as follows.
	www.yaridanjo.warmkessel.com /yaridanjo/concept.html (0 words)

	Physicists hope to simulate a black hole event horizon in the lab: 6/00
		The boundary around the fl hole (where the light cannot escape) is called the "event horizon." In 1974, Stephen Hawking of Cambridge University theorized that a fl hole is not entirely fl, but could actually emit "flbody," or "thermal," radiation (the kind of radiation that also occurs when the stove is red hot).
		The typical Hawking radiation temperature from solar-mass-sized fl holes is as low as 0.0001 degree Kelvin (close to absolute zero, and radiation becomes fainter as the temperature decreases).
		Thus, the only fl holes that might render detectable radiation would be primordial "mini-holes" that may have formed shortly after the Big Bang.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/00/blackholes67.html (0 words)

	Primordial Black Holes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This type of fl hole is considered a primordial fl hole.
		Additionally, this type of fl hole is allowed to have mass less than the sun, since it was not created by the collapse of a star.
		One possibility of the existence of such fl holes are during the early stages of the universe where high temperatures and pressures existed (Hawking 127).
	www.rdrop.com /users/green/school/primordi.htm (0 words)

	primordial black hole Comparison Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A fl hole occurs when the escape velocity of a body becomes the velocity of light (2GM / R = c
		If an object with the mass of the Sun had a radius of 2.5 km, it would be a fl hole.
		Black holes represent one of the possible endpoints of stellar evolution for stars very much more massive than the Chandrasekhar limit.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/primordialblackhole_table.html (0 words)

	Atlas and more : Black hole evaporation paradox?
		In general, the speed of evaporation is proportional with the cube of the fl hole mass.
		If you compare the two events (the moment the fl hole evaporates and the moment the particle should enter the horizon - if it still exists -), their succession is clear: one happens in finite time, not the other.
		Well, my assumption was that the dissapearance of a fl hole is an observable event (as predicted by theory when the mass of a fl hole is extremely small), In this case, we can safely assume that some objects entered into it shortly before that event...
	weblogs.asp.net /bleroy/archive/2004/12/14/301350.aspx (0 words)

	NASA - Dying Star Reveals More Evidence for New Kind of Black Hole
		A fl hole is an object so dense and with a gravitational force so intense that nothing, not even light, can escape its pull once within its boundary.
		In fact, most of these fl hole mass estimates have been based solely on a calculation of how strong a gravitational pull is needed to produce light of a given intensity.
		The suspected mid-mass fl hole, known as M82 X-1, is a well-studied ultra-luminous X-ray object in a nearby star cluster containing about a million stars packed into a region only about 100 light years across.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/goddard/news/topstory/2005/new_blackhole.html (0 words)

	Micro black hole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A micro fl hole, also called a quantum mechanical fl hole and inevitably a mini fl hole, is simply a tiny fl hole for which quantum mechanical effects play an important role.
		The existence of fl holes of this mass is purely hypothetical but if primordial fl holes exist, they might reach this condition as the final stage of runaway evaporation due to Hawking radiation.
		A19 (2004) 4899 : evaporating fl holes and extra-dimensions
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Micro_black_hole (0 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		(07) 3371 7221 JANE H. Summary of Ph.D. Thesis Quark and Gluon Evaporation from Primordial Black Holes The Ph.D. thesis investigates the Hawking evaporation of quark and gluon jets by primordial fl holes (PBHs), the cosmological consequences of the emission and its interactions.
		If fl holes form from initial density perturbations in the early Universe, their evaporation may explain or contribute significantly to the observed extragalactic gamma-ray and interstellar anti-proton, positron and electron backgrounds between 0.1-1 GeV, provided the PBHs cluster to the same degree as other matter in the Galactic halo.
		PBH emission is unlikely to produce the observed e+e- annihilation line from the center of the Galaxy, or its diffuse component.
	www.unf.edu /~jmacgibb/CV2004.doc (0 words)

	Black holes "detonating all over our Galaxy" - 28 November 2001 - New Scientist
		Cline suggests that we are seeing the detonation of microscopic fl holes formed in the big bang.
		Black holes are thought to end their lives in a violent burst of energy called Hawking radiation.
		For fl holes to be dying today, about 14 billion years after the big bang, they would have to have a mass of 100 million tones - about that of a small mountain - and have been created when the Universe was less than a billion-billion-billionth of a second old.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1617 (0 words)

	About Black Hole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A well known fact about fl hole it is their tendency to attract all things that come too near, even light therefore their name of fl hole.
		This come from the fact that the Compton wavelenght of particles must be smaller than the Schwarschild radius of the fl hole for the minimal mass or because the electrostatic force for Z higher than 30 will stop the collapsing .
		Primordial mean that they were form in the early universe , say before the microwave background (it is not a very precise boundary on time).
	www.pas.rochester.edu /~pvarni/TC/node33.html (0 words)

	Black Hole originated Universe, now ruling its center?
		Raj Baldev's theory is that the Primeval Black Hole created the Universe and he named it as the 'Central Reservoir' in his book "Two Big Bangs Created the Universe" (Formed in Eternal Space).
		"It can be compared with the Primordial Black Hole of our early Universe." However, Dr. Raj Baldev is not touching the other issue whether there is any indication of a re-warming of the Universe, in his opinion this is not a conclusive evidence.
		He further explains that if small fl holes merged to form the supermassive variety found at the centres of galaxies, there could be telltale evidence.
	internationalreporter.com /news/read.php?id=684 (0 words)

	Constraint on Black Hole in the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Black hole emit radiation and therefore are not really fl.
		There is no particular reason for a fl hole to evaporate now but if one does, then we will be able to observe it.
		the fraction of the universe that form primordial fl hole of that mass from different kind of measurement.
	www.pas.rochester.edu /~pvarni/TC/node34.html (236 words)

	Astronomy Lecture Notes - Black Holes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These "small" fl holes are a few miles across or so (if the Sun could become a fl hole, its Schwarzschild radius would be 3 km, and for the Earth it would be 1 cm!).
		"Primordial" ones could have formed in the very early universe, and in that case may or may not still be around.
		Black holes cannot be seen directly; we have to rely on being able to see their effects on a companion star or a disk of matter.
	www.olemiss.edu /courses/astr104/Topics/BlackHoles-N.html (0 words)

	e-Prints Soton - Dynamics of primordial black hole formation
		We examine numerically the formation of small fl holes from primordial density fluctuations in a radiation-dominated spatially flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker spacetime.
		Large amplitude fluctuations might be expected to form fl holes, while smaller fluctuations will be washed out by the expansion of the universe.
		Unlike earlier studies which suggested that there was no lower limit to the mass of a fl hole, this work suggests that there is a minimum mass for a primordial fl hole of the order of one ten thousandth of the mass contained within the horizon.
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /29314 (0 words)

	BLACK HOLE THEORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A "fl hole" is an area in space warped by gravitation so powerful that theorists say it warps the greatest natural powers we can comprehend - time and space.
		Another possible fl hole was deected by the High Energy Astronomical Observatory 2 (HEAO-2) in the Pleades cluster.
		Penrose, Bell, Chandeskar, and Hawking and the like have discovered that things can occur inside fl holes, and particles can move around outside the plasmolyzed nucleus, or as in the isotope of Manganese smashed into a liquid as previously mentioned.
	business.fortunecity.com /rowling/167/black1.html (0 words)

	Black Hole
		This gravity is so powerful that not even light can escape from it, making impossible to see a fl hole directly; like their name says, they are fl.
		Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars: The Physics of Compact Objects.
		Gravity's Fatal Attraction: Black Holes in the Universe.
	www.occultopedia.com /b/black_hole.htm (0 words)

	Black Hole Formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Once the star starts to collapse, it does not stop, and the star (and ultimately its atoms) will cave inward upon itself, resulting in the formation of a fl hole (Hewitt 186).
		Additionally, a fl hole can be formed by compression through external forces.
		This type of fl hole is called a primordial fl hole.
	www.rdrop.com /users/green/school/form.htm (0 words)

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