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Topic: Principal Triangulation of Great Britain

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	EARTH, FIGURE OF - Online Information article about EARTH, FIGURE OF
		The surface of Great Britain and Ireland is uniformly covered by triangulation, of which the sides are of various lengths from to to III miles.
		In this method of triangulating, the sides of the triangles are generally from 20 to 30 miles in lengthseldom exceeding 40.
		Of great importance is a knowledge of the height of the base for its reduction to the sea-level.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DRO_ECG/EARTH_FIGURE_OF.html (10078 words)

	Principal Triangulation of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Principal Triangulation of Britain was a triangulation project carried out between 1783 and about 1853 at the instigation of the Director of the Ordnance Survey General William Roy (1726-1790).
		Eventually the triangulation extended to cover the whole of the British Isles, after it was decided in 1824 that a 6-inch-to-the-mile map of Ireland was necessary for accurate land taxing.
		The Principal Triangulation was subsequently superseded by the Retriangulation of Great Britain some 150 years later.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Principal_Triangulation_of_Great_Britain (234 words)

	SURVEYING - LoveToKnow Article on SURVEYING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The great triangulation of India was, at its inception, calculated to satisfy the requirements of geodesy as well as geography, because the latitudes and longitudes of the points of the triangulation had to be determined for future reference by process of calculation combining the results of the triangulation with the elements of the earth's figure.
		Azimuth observations in connection with the principal triangulation were determined by measuring the horizontal angle between a referring mark and a circumpolar star, shortly before A t th and after elongation, and usually at both elongations O~S~ in order toeliminate the error of the stars place.
		The principal triangulation had been carried across it, but by chains executed with great difficulty and expense, and therefore at wide intervals apart, with the intention that the intermediate spaces should be provided with points as a basis for the general topography in some other way.
	54.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SU/SURVEYING.htm (17149 words)

	FIGURE OF THE EARTH - LoveToKnow Article on FIGURE OF THE EARTH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The total number of equations of condition for the triangulation is 920; if therefore the whole had been reduced in one mass, as it should have been, the solution of an equation of 920 unknown quantities would have occurred as a part of the work.
		To avoid this an approximation was resorted to; the triangulation was divided into twenty-one parts or figures; four of these, not adjacent, were first adjusted by the method explained, and the corrections thus determined in these figures carried into the equations of condition of the adjacent figures.
		Account of the observations and calculations of the principal triangulation and of the figure, dimensions and mean specific gravity of the earth as derived therefrom.
	22.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EA/EARTH_FIGURE_OF_THE.htm (2550 words)

	GEODESY - LoveToKnow Article on GEODESY
		The triangulation points may either be natural objects presenting themselves in suitable positions, such as church towers; or they may be objects specially constructed in stone or wood on mountain tops or other prominent ground.
		The surface of Great Britain and Ireland is uniformly covered by triangulation, of which the sides are of various lengths from 10 to III miles.
		Supposing the latitudes of a number of stations in the triangulation to be observed, practically the mean of these determines the position in latitude of the network, taken as a whole.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GE/GEODESY.htm (9606 words)

	Retriangulation of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The aim was to replace the original triangulation of Britain, known as the Principal Triangulation, which had been performed between 1783 and 1853, with a more modern and accurate triangulation.
		The effort was directed by the cartographer and mathematician Martin Hotine, head of the Trigonometrical and Levelling Division, who planned the operation similarly to a military campaign.
		As a result of this, the trig point network is no longer actively maintained, except for a few trig points that have been reused as part of the Ordnance Survey's National GPS Network.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Retriangulation_of_Great_Britain (397 words)

	ARCTIC - LoveToKnow Article on ARCTIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Its trade, principally in the le~,nds of Armenians, is still important, but is chiefly a transit in ide between Russia and Persia by way of Astara, a port on m~ e Caspian 30 m.
		Le principal fruits are the chestnut, which is largely exported, olive and the walnut.
		In the rearing of silk-worms, Ardche iks second to Gard among French departments, and great mbers of mulberry trees are grown for the purposes of this lustry.
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AR/ARCTIC.htm (2581 words)

	GEOFFREY, surnamed PLANTAGENET - LoveToKnow Article on GEOFFREY, surnamed PLANTAGENET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Now the great circle joining Z with i the pole of the heavens P makes there an angle with the meridian PZ=71 cosec PZ=,i sec 4, where 4, is the latitude of the station.
		Also this great circle meets the horizon in a point whose distance from the great circle PZ is~ sec 4, sin t=,1 tan 4.
		Now these elements, corresponding to the projection of B on the spheroid of reference, must be equal severally to the astronomically determined elements at B, corrected for the inclination of the surfaces there.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GE/GEOFFREY_surnamed_PLANTAGENET.htm (2490 words)

	BACHE4
		Triangulation stations were selected such that the points: 1) were accessible; 2) met the geometric criteria of a strong triangulation network; and 3) had direct or cleared line-of-sight to surrounding stations.
		The principal tool used by the topographers was the planetable, a flat drawing board which could be attached to a tripod with an adjustable head which allowed leveling the board and orienting it with respect to direction.
		Great difficulties were experienced in obtaining stations for the plane-table, the surface being of the nature of quicksand, into which a man of ordinary weight would at once sink to the waist.
	www.lib.noaa.gov /edocs/BACHE4.htm (19091 words)

	The Delusion Called 'Triangulation,' by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. (Feb. 4, 1998)
		By "triangulation," we understand an attempt to shape one's policies to appeal to the prejudices characteristic of an adduced present, or emerging consensus.
		The currently widespread delusion, the belief in "consensus" politicking, which we shall reference hereinafter as a doctrine of "consensus," or "mainstream" politics, is to be recognized as an outgrowth of the influence of the irrationalist fads of moral and cultural relativism, introduced through the university-student generation of the 1964-1972 interval.
		The principal germ of Sixty-Eighter existentialism, was the the Freudian Marxism of the Georg Lukacs who had served as the culture minister of the short-lived, 1919 Communist dictatorship of Bela Kun in Hungary.
	www.larouchepub.com /lar/1998/lhl_delusion_triang.html (5328 words)

	NOAA History - Tools of the Trade/Surveying & Mapping/Report on the History and Progress of the American Coast ...
		For the principal charts of this latter class, the scale of 1/200000 has been adopted; they are less elaborately finished than those before described, and are designed to meet the wants of the public, until the more perfect maps can be made ready for issue.
		On the coast of California the main triangulation is complete from north of Sonora mountain to south of Monterey bay, and the secondary triangulation, connected with this along the coast-line, is nearly completed.
		On all portions of the coast where the scheme of the main triangulation did not afford the requisite facilities for immediate progress, preliminary triangulations have been executed in advance, to serve as a basis for the detailed work, and to be verified in turn.
	www.history.noaa.gov /stories_tales/cs1858_7.html (3509 words)

	Coordinate Systems, Frames and Datums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Re-triangulation of Great Britain was observed between 1935 and 1951, and became the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 1936 (OSGB36) Datum.
		In an attempt to minimise the disturbance to the existing triangulation coordinates, a mean fit was used between the coordinates of 11 triangulation stations of their previous Principal Triangulation coordinates.
		Great Britain was connected to the ED50 later by two links, one in the Dover-Calais area and the second in the area of the Isle of Wight and the Cotentin Peninsula.
	www.agnld.uni-potsdam.de /~shw/3_References/0_GPS/GPSHelmert1.html (4813 words)

	SURVEY SAGA
		He essentially proposed a framework - the primary triangulation in the north-south direction - the sides of whose triangles could serve as the bases for different local surveys and networks of secondary triangulations that would cover the entire country, instead of local surveys having to measure their own baselines.
		As the Great Arc progressed beyond the territories under the control of the Madras government, Lambton's survey was transferred to the supreme government in Calcutta and the survey, until now variously called, was officially named the Great Trigonometrical Survey (GTS) of India.
		The average length of a side of a triangulation was 31 miles, the maximum being 62 miles.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/fline/fl1909/19090660.htm (3124 words)

	Surveying - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One example of early surveyors were the Egyptians, who, every year after the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, would re-establish the boundaries by application of simple geometry.
		The nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c.
		In the late 1780s a team from the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, originally under General William Roy began the Principal Triangulation of Britain using the specially built Ramsden theodolite.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Surveying (1112 words)

	A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Great importance is attached to this view of the subject, but scarcely less to the means provided by the treaty for inducing the remnants of other Northern tribes to remove to a climate congenial to their habits and disposition.
		In a great measure of public interest their patriotism may be successfully appealed to, but to infer their assent from circumstances at war with such inference I can not but regard as calculated to excite a feeling at fatal enmity with the peace and harmony of the country.
		Happily for the people of Great Britain, as well as those of the United States, the only mode by which an individual arraigned for a criminal offense before the courts of either can obtain his discharge is by the independent action of the judiciary and by proceedings equally familiar to the courts of both countries.
	www.blackmask.com /thatway/books157c/compty.htm (14712 words)

	Definition of great britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		5: ==Dukes in the Peerage of Great Britain ==
		He was the son of the then-[[George I of Great Britain George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüne...
		2:...ucceeded by a distant cousin, [[George I of Great Britain George I]], of the [[House of Hanover]].
	www.wordiq.com /search/great+britain.html (916 words)

	NS-3 Maritime History, Chapter 6
		What great disadvantage did Britain have at the start of World War I? It was absolutely dependent on imported foodstuffs for survival.
		Britain did not have any allies at the start of the War.
		It was the final great naval action to be fought between surface forces in the Age of Steam.
	www.njrotc.org /NS2/History/HistoryCh6.htm (960 words)

	NOAA History - Profiles in Time/C&GS Biographies - James S. Lawson
		In May 1850, he was assigned to duty on the Pacific Coast, being one of four young officers who pledge themselves to do any duty, however difficult incident to the survey of that coast.
		From that time forward, for upward of 40 years, he was in active field service on all parts of the coast from the Strait of Fuca to San Diego, his principal field of work being in the present State of Washington, then a territory.
		In the last 3 years of his service he was assigned to duty at the San Francisco sub-office, and in the absence of the Assistant in charge took his place.
	www.history.noaa.gov /cgsbios/biol3.html (421 words)

	IOMNHAS vol 3 no 4 p388 - Ordnance Survey of I.O.M.
		The base lines on which the Triangulation depends are the Salisbury Plain base, 6.93 miles in length-measured in 1794, re-measured in 1848; and the Lough Foyle base, 7.89 miles in length-measured in 1827 The distance between the Salisbury Plain base and the Lough Foyle base is about 360 miles.
		The success of the Great Triangulation was greatly due to the inventive genius of the scientific instrument maker, Ramsden, who built two three-foot theodolites for the work: one for the Royal Society in 1784, and one for the Board:of Ordnance in 1791.
		It is possible that the mapping of Great Britain on the scales of one inch, or six inches, was completed, but not the large scale survey.
	www.isle-of-man.com /manxnotebook/iomnhas/v034p388.htm (4438 words)

	Among The Magi - Chapter 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When great solar bursts erupted on the sun, tons of plasma material was sent out from the sun, and, being charged material carried by the solar wind through space, they intersected the earth's magnetosphere setting off the aurora displays.
		"There are three important principal factors: the exceptional uniformity of the physical structure of the Antarctic snow surface, the large horizontal scale of the topographical gradients of the continental ice-dome, and the relative paucity of short-time disturbances of the dominant long-period (seasonal) variation of insolation.
		The shallowness of the Great Antarctic Temperature Inversion, unable to be grasped with even the slowest rising balloons but confirmed by Dalrymple's fixed 30 metre tower constructed the next year, permitted me to give up a good fight, perhaps a little too soon.
	www.spotsylvania.k12.va.us /nspt/magi/magi09.htm (7745 words)

	Principal Residential Mortgage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought which emphasizes the importance of tax cuts and business incentives in encouraging economic growth, in the belief that businesses and individuals will use their tax savings to create new businesses and expand old businesses, which in turn will increase productivity, employment, and general well-being.
		In particular, the point of disagreement was the question of the stagflation of the 1970s, and the failure of Keynesian policies to produce growth without inflation, and the failure to provide a clear solution for the series of recessions which occurred in the wake of the oil crisis in 1973.
		Critics of this view point out that the 'rebound' from the 'Reagan Recession' of 1981-1982 is exactly in accordance with the 'disinflation' scenario predicted by IS/LM models of the late 1970s: essentially that the increases in fed funds rates squeezed out inflation, and that federal budget deficits acted to 'prime the pump'.
	www.google-mortgage.com /mortgage/principal-residential-mortgage.shtml (4958 words)

	Surveying Encyclopedia Article, History, Biography @ Local Color Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Surveying is the art and science of accurately determining the position of points and the distances between them.
		In the late 1780s a team from the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, originally under General William Roy began the
		Principal Triangulation of Britain using the specially built Ramsden theodolite.
	www.artisticnudity.com /encyclopedia/Surveying (1133 words)

	Definition of communist party of great britain
		1:...arty of Great Britain ''' (CPGB) was a [[political party ]] in the [[United Kingdom]], which existed from [...
		2:...rge I of Great Britain George I]], of the [[House of Hanover]].
		aim was to replace the original triangulation of Britain, known as the [[Principal Triangulation]], which...
	www.wordiq.com /search/communist+party+of+great+britain.html (1255 words)

	SI Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This brass copy was certified to be identical to the imperial troy pound of Great Britain and was purchased by Albert Gallatin, minister of the United States.
		In 1834, Great Britain manufactured new standards, but by 1855 it was beyond dispute that the new yard standard was not stable in length.
		Great Britain manufactured new standards in 1855 and in 1856 presented two copies of their new standard yard and a copy of their new standard avoirdupois pound to the United States.
	www.cofc.edu /~frysingj/background.htm (7937 words)

	From Platonic bodies to geodesic spheres, fullerenes and the virus.
		Higher frequency geodesic spheres are produced by finer and finer triangulation of the Platonic bodies's faces.
		Thus, this structure is not a geodesic sphere as obtained by triangulation.
		It may be visualized alternatively to be a truncated icosahedron as obtained from an icosahedron by truncating of the twelve vertices: each vertex is replaced by a pentagon and the twenty former triangular faces are replaced by twenty hexagons.
	www.neubert.net /BUCKmins.html (3847 words)

	HASSLER1
		For the triangulation work, an advanced theodolite that was to be at least three feet in diameter was ordered from Ramsden, the great London instrument maker.
		With arrival of the new instrument, the Economic Society decided to commission Tralles and Hassler to conduct a primary triangulation of the Canton of Bern involving 25 stations and remeasurement of the 1791 baseline at Aarberg.
		As hostilities had not terminated between Great Britain and the United States, it is improbable that he could have returned home anyway.
	www.lib.noaa.gov /edocs/HASSLER1.htm (7187 words)

	[No title]
		Certain records of the Original Triangulation are in OS 2.
		The Original Triangulation did not provide satisfactory coverage, even after the figures were re-worked and reorganised as the Principal Triangulation in 1855.
		A few books relating to magnetic surveys of Great Britain are in OS 6 ; some related maps are in OS 5.
	www.catalogue.nationalarchives.gov.uk /Leaflets/ri2177.htm (2210 words)

	Reading Notes, by Tad Davis.: Fighting the Great War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Of course that's an oversimplification: the Great War was itself a product of the same forces that led to those other disasters: nationalism, militarism, racism, imperialism, and nihilism.
		One of the principal tactics throughout the war was an infantry assault against strongly fortified high ground.
		The generals tried to use the artillery to "prepare the ground" for an assault, using massive shelling campaigns, sometimes lasting days and hurling millions of shells, to destroy the opposing trenches, tear up the barbed wire, and open a path for a breakthrough.
	taddavis.typepad.com /reading_notes/2005/05/fighting_the_gr.html (2099 words)

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