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Topic: Principality of Catalonia

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Catalonia
		Catalonia is bounded on the north by France (the ancient province of Roussillon) and the little independent republic of Andorra, on the west by Aragon, on the south-west by
		Catalonia and her Castilian rulers had its origin in the persecution which Juan II, the husband of Doña Juana Enriquez, carried on against his son, the Prince of Viana, who was generally beloved by the Catalans.
		Catalonia is one of the fourteen military districts of Spain, and is divided into four military governments.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03428a.htm (1556 words)

	Catalonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catalonia was officially recognised as a nationality in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy enacted in 1979 pursuant to the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
		Catalonia is divided in four provinces: Barcelona, Girona (Gerona in Spanish), Lleida (Lérida in Spanish, Lhèida in Aranese), Tarragona.
		The Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia borders on Land of Valencia to the south, Aragon to the west, France and Andorra to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalonia (2567 words)

	Principality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Surviving sovereign principalities are Liechtenstein, Monaco, and the co-principality of Andorra.
		Though principalities existed in antiquity, before the height of the Roman Empire, the modern principality as it is known today evolved into being in the Middle Ages between 350 and 1450 when feudalism was the primary economic system employed by Eurasian societies.
		Principalities have existed in ancient and modern civilizations of Africa, Asia (the Indian princely states were ruled by Monarchs called Princes by the British), Pre-columbian America and Oceania.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Principality (845 words)

	Catalonia
		The principality forms a right-angled triangle, of which the least side lies along the Eastern Pyrenees, the greater leg of the right angle forming the boundary of Aragon, while the hypotenuse of the triangle is represented by the Mediterranean coastline.
		Thus Catalonia is bounded on the north by France (the ancient province of Roussillon) and the little independent republic of Andorra, on the west by Aragon, on the south-west by Valencia, and on the east by the Mediterranean.
		The principality of Catalonia forms the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona, the archiepiscopal see of which is, according to tradition, one of the most ancient in Spain, dating from the first century of Christianity.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/catalonia.html (1620 words)

	Sightseeing and excursions in Catalonia
		Catalonia is a part of Spain that is spectacularly beautiful, whether it be the scenery, the culture or the cuisine.
		When in Catalonia a visit to the Mountain of Montserrat is a must for anyone with its spectacular peaks rising over 4000ft and the Benedictine monastery founded in the 11th century.
		The Virgin of Montserrat is housed in the abbey and is the Patroness of Catalonia.
	www.barcelonagolf.com /excursions.html (730 words)

	Paisos Catalans
		The New Principality of Catalonia (including the provinces of Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, Tarragona, and Balears) does lie at the core of the Paisos Catalans and is certainly a highly visible Catalanophone polity.
		In 1137 the Principality was united with the kingdom of Aragón, and was joined in 1319 by Valencia and the Balearics -- both conquered from the Moors and resettled mostly by Catalan immigrants.
		Nonetheless, throughout the Principality Catalan remains the dominant language of education (88% of schoolchildren are instructed either mainly or entirely in Catalan) and government, as well as in some sectors of the mass media such as publicly-owned broadcast media.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/paiscat.html (3061 words)

	Catalonia (historic territory) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Catalonia or the Principality of Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya or Principat de Catalunya ; Spanish: Cataluña or Principado de Cataluña; Aranese: Catalonha or Principautat de Catalonha ; French: Catalogne or Principauté de Catalogne) is a historic country in southern Europe, embracing a territory now situated in the north-east of Spain and an adjoining portion of southern France.
		In the 18th and 19th centuries, Spanish Catalonia benefited from the beginning of open commerce to America and protectionist policies enacted by the Spanish government, becoming a center of Spain's industrialization; to this day it remains one of the most industrialized parts of Spain, along with Madrid and the Basque Country.
		The marriage was finally celebrated in 1151, and Ramon Berenguer became prince consort and from this, the denomination of Principality later extended to Catalonia.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia (1026 words)

	Catalans LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		The History of Catalonia entails major events that have shaped the western Mediterranean and local histories that often overlap with those of modern Spain and France.
		Following the Punic Wars, the Romans replaced the Carthaginians as the dominant power in Catalonia by 206 BCE and established Latin as the official language and imparted a distinctly Roman culture upon the local population that merged with Roman colonists from throughout the Roman Empire.
		Catalonia emerged from the conflicts in Muslim Spain as a regional power as Germanic rulers entrenched themselves in the region during the Carolingian period.
	www.school-explorer.com /info/Catalans (1517 words)

	CATALONIA (HISTORIC TERRITORY) FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the latter half of the 19th century, Spanish Catalonia became a center of Spain's industrialization; to this day it remains one of the most industrialized parts of Spain, along with Madrid and the Basque Country.
		The Catalan "Diada" or National Day of Catalonia is on September 11, after the defeat and surrender of Barcelona to the French-Castilian army of Philip V of Spain and his supporters during the War of Spanish Succession.
		In Catalonia, sport support usually have a strong national and political connotation, that's the case of Barça football team, which is popularly known as "more than a club", or USAP Perpignan rugby team.
	www.thecorporatepage.com /Catalonia_%28historic_territory%29 (1113 words)

	Principality: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A principality is a monarchial feudatory or sovereign state, whose monarch is a prince or princess.
		Principalities have existed in ancient and modern civilizations of Africa, Asia (the Indian princely states were ruled by kings called Princes by the British), Europe and Oceania.
		An ecclesiastical form of principality exists in the Roman Catholic Church in the form of a diocese led by a bishop.
	winelib.com /wiki/Principality (740 words)

	CATALONIA FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Catalonia is divided in four provinces: Barcelona, Girona (Gerona in Spanish), Lleida (Lérida in Spanish), Tarragona.
		One good example of Catalonia's degree of autonomy is its own police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra (literally 'squad lads'), which is currently in the process of taking over most of the role within Catalonia of the ''Guardia Civil'' and ''Policía Nacional'', which are under the authority of the Spanish national government.
		The Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia borders on Comunidad Valenciana to the south, Aragon to the west, France and Andorra to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast.
	www.heathup.com /Catalonia (2447 words)

	Architecture of Catalunya, Spain - Catalan Architecture @ Archiseek.com
		The Autonomous Community of Catalonia, known throughout history simply as Catalonia, is today one of the 17 autonomous communities that constitute the Kingdom of Spain.
		The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (1469) unified Christian Spain; in 1492, the last of Al-Andalus was conquered and the Spanish conquest of the Americas began.
		In the first third of the 20th century, Catalonia gained and lost varying degrees of autonomy several times but Catalan autonomy and culture were crushed to an unprecedented degree after the Spanish Civil War (1936—1939) brought General Francisco Franco to power.
	spain.archiseek.com /catalunya (314 words)

	Catalan's Countries' fight, forward to freedom : IMC Maritimes
		The Principality of Catalonia, the Valencian Country, and the Balearic Islands form the Catalan Countries, where you are now - territories under the Spanish state administration -, and the North of Catalonia - in the French state.
		Catalonia fights against the expansionist ambitions of France and the Castilian centralism and its presence in our country that was being used as an operations base.
		The war leads to the defeat of Catalonia and the signature of the Pyrenees Treaty (1659), according to which the territories of Rosselló, Conflent, Vallespir and Alta Cerdanya are conceded to France.
	maritimes.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=9802 (1917 words)

	Hispanic Exhibitions at The British Library: 800 years of Catalan literature
		The Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon proper constituted a state known as the Crown of Aragon.
		Initially, the literary Romance language of Catalonia was Provençal: from the twelfth century, prose, and from the fifteenth century, poetry, began to be written in the vernacular.
		Catalonia, however, is traditionally one of the commercial and industrial centres of Spain: the first railway train in Spain ran from Barcelona to Mataró in 1848.
	www.bl.uk /collections/westeuropean/catalan.html (1145 words)

	Book 1: Origin and Establishment, Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		[229] The Crown of Aragon comprised the so-called kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, the principality of Catalonia, the counties of Rosellon and Cerdaña, and the Balearic Isles, with the outlying dependencies of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.
		A meeting was at once called of all the principal persons in the city, which resolved itself into a national assembly and empowered all ecclesiastical and secular officials to proceed against every one concerned with the utmost vigor and without observing the customs and fueros of the kingdom.
		Apparently forewarned as to Ferdinand's designs, Catalonia had manifested her independence by refusing to send representatives to the Córtes of Tarazona in January, 1484, alleging that it was illegal to summon them beyond the boundaries of the principality.
	libro.uca.edu /lea1/1lea5.htm (14949 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The campaign "One country, one flag", is a call to all of the town councils in Catalonia to hang from the balcony of all town hall buildings, the Catalan flag as the symbol of unity of our country.
		Catalonia, all through its long history, has been constructed due to the efforts and contributions of generations of catalan men and women.
		These people, along with people arrived from other lands and set down their roots here, have all added to the project of transforming Catalonia into a country wich is tolerant, unified, unique and a lover of liberty.
	www.estil.net /pais/english/manifesto.html (307 words)

	Catalonia, incoming Travel Agency in Spain
		Catalonia was officially recognised as a nationality in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy enacted in 1979 pursuant to the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
		Catalonia is the original heartland of the Catalan language, and remains the most important and largest territory where the language is spoken.
		Catalan is one of the two official languages of Catalonia, as established in the Catalan Statute of Autonomy [1]: the other is Spanish (Castilian), which is the language throughout Spain (its official status confirmed by the 1978 Spanish Constitution).
	www.tempsdoci.com /catalunia_incoming.php (1554 words)

	A Medieval Catalan Noble Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In Catalonia both political and social changes were spurred by increases in population and wealth that became especially notable in the late tenth and early eleventh century.
		It was a period in Catalonia when counts lost and regained control over the aristocracy, when the bases for a "feudal monarchy" were laid, and when the economic benefits of authority were spread to a wider class of individuals whose social behavior was governed by the rules of knighthood.
		From that moment on, Guillem Ramon became a devoted ally of the count in his quest to unite Catalonia with Aragon, to advance the reconquest southward down the Mediterranean coast, and to expand the influence of the house of Barcelona in the Pyrenees, Provence, and Languedoc.
	libro.uca.edu /montcada/intro.htm (2185 words)

	Catalan Countries - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This territory does not coincide exactly with the places where Catalan is the native language.
		For example, in the north-western region of Catalonia known as Val d'Aran, a dialect of Occitan, Aranese, is spoken and considered the native language, although Spanish and Catalan are also spoken.
		There are also, some, that while accepting the unity of the Catalan language, reject the existence of a common cultural community between the different areas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_Countries (539 words)

	Meractor Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Principality of Catalonia is divided by the international boundary between France and Spain, which splits it into two parts, the Autonomous Community of Catalonia (Comunitat Autònoma de Catalunya) and North Catalonia (Catalunya Nord).
		North Catalonia is within the French State, and the number of Catalan speakers is falling there.
		In the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, the four radio stations which form part of CCRTV- Catalunya Ràdio, Catalunya Música, Catalunya Informació and Ràdio Associació de Catalunya*- broadcast entirely in Catalan, as does Radio 4, which is part of the public body Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE).
	www.aber.ac.uk /~merwww/english/lang/catalan.htm (707 words)

	Chapter 1: Honored Citizens of Barcelona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Its principal buildings included the large Dominican and Augustinian convents, and the opulent basilica of Santa Maria del Mar. The latter lay alongside the Born and the Carrer de [7] Monteada, where many of its wealthier parishioners resided.
		The principal task of the Generalitat was to supervise the collection of parliamentary taxes, and to ensure that the conduct of royal officials did not contravene the constitutions, or laws passed jointly by the Estates and [20] the crown in parliament.
		This was the Council of Aragon, established in 1494 by Ferdinand the Catholic to advise the frequently absent king on the affairs of the Crown of Aragon.
	libro.uca.edu /amelang/hcb1.htm (5399 words)

	Spanish routes, accommodation travel sites, lets, rentals Sitges, Spain
		The Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon proper constituted a state known as the Crown of Aragon.
		Initially, the literary Romance language of Catalonia was Provençal: from the twelfth century, prose, and from the fifteenth century, poetry, began to be written in the vernacular.
		The Catalan Revival Catalonia, however, is traditionally one of the commercial and industrial centres of Spain: the first railway train in Spain ran from Barcelona to Mataró in 1848.
	www.rentalsitges.com /info/history.htm (1036 words)

	Generalitat_de_Catalunya LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		The Generalitat of Catalonia descends from the medieval institution which ruled the Principality of Catalonia, within the Crown of Aragon, in the name of the King of Aragon (in a constitutional system some say is the first in Europe (14th century)).
		The Generalitat of Catalonia was restored in Spanish Catalonia in 1932, during the Second Spanish Republic with Francesc MaciÃ as president.
		After the Spanish right wing won the elections in 1934, the Generalitat of Catalonia rebelled against the Spanish authorities, and was suspended from 1934 to 1936.
	www.school-explorer.com /info/Generalitat_de_Catalunya (676 words)

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