Principality of Transylvania

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Topic: Principality of Transylvania

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	hol.00037
		In 1526, after the defeat of Hungary by the Turks, Transylvania became a separate principality under the protection of the Turkish sultan.
		In 1765 the region was made a grand principality of Austria and in 1849 an Austrian crown land, but it was reunited with the Hungarian Kingdom in 1866 upon the formation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
		Austria, which had previously claimed Transylvania, obtained (1699) possession of the region by the Treaty of Karlowitz, which concluded war between Austria and Turkey.
	www.yak.net /hungary-online/hol.00037

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Transylvania
		When the Principality of Transylvania lost its independence, the decrees against the Catholic Church were withdrawn, but the bishopric and chapter were not re-established until 1713.
		The see was again imperilled by the advance of the Turks, but its decay did not set in until the sixteenth centruy, and was caused by the progress of Lutheranism, in consequence of which the exempt provostship of Szeben ceased to exist, and by internal disturbancea in Transylvania.
		Bishop Demetrius Náprágyi was forced to leave the see, and in 1601 the cathedral of Gyula-Fehérvár, which had been founded in the thirteenth century, was taken and held by the Protestants until the eighteenth century, the Catholics not regaining possession of it until the reign of Charles III.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15022a.htm (563 words)

	John II, king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		John and Isabel received the principality of Transylvania under Ottoman suzerainty, but actual power was held by John’s guardian, the monk George Martinuzzi, who sought to restore a unified Hungary.
		In 1551, Martinuzzi procured the deposition of John and Isabel and reunited Transylvania with Hungary, recognizing Ferdinand of Austria and Bohemia (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I) as king.
		(John Sigismund Zapolya), 1540–71, king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania, son of John I. Through his mother, Isabel (daughter of Sigismund I of Poland), he was related to the Jagiello dynasty.
	www2.bartleby.com /65/jo/John2Hun.html (293 words)

	TRANSYLVANIA IS HUNGARIAN!
		Transylvania was part and parcel of the Hungarian Kingdom, or an independent Hungarian Principality for over a thousand years.
		In August 1940, when Northern Transylvania was returned to the Mother Country, it took only one day for such cities as Kolozsvár, Nagyvárad, Marosvásárhely to wipe off every trace of a Romanian occupation, and turn back into the thriving Hungarian cities they had been for hundreds of years.
		Struggling against poverty, and harassed by Romanian authorities, the Transylvanian Hungarian stage reached an unprecedented peak against all odds." In spite of the brutal political and economical oppression of a Balkan force, Transylvania remained part of the Western Culture.
	www.angelfire.com /nm/hun (2356 words)

	Transylvania Unitarian Church
		The principality of Transylvania was populated primarily by Hungarians, whose kingdom was established in the year 1000 AD.
		After schooling in Transylvania, from 1546 until 1551, he studied in the universities of Frankfort and Wittenberg, where he became a devotee of the Reformation.
		Also during this period, the King of Transylvania, John Sigismund, became an adherent to the religion proclaimed by Francis David, which was referred to as “Davidism”.
	www.emersonhou.org /Transylvania.htm (2521 words)

	Transylvania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The latter finally subdued Transylvania in 1604 and initiated a reign of terror in which he was authorised to appropriate the land of noblemen, Germanize the population, and reclaim the principality for Catholicism through the Counter Reformation.
		Subjective Transylvania: A case study of post communist nationalism, Alina Mungiu Pippidi, Bucharest, Romania
		In November, the Romanian National Central Council, which represented all the Romanians of Transylvania, notified the Budapest government that it had assumed control of twenty-three Transylvanian counties and parts of three others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transylvania (2521 words)

	Slav_states.html
		Transdanubia is ruled by himself, the Nitrian principality (Slovakia) is given in fief to his brother Michael (see below), influence in Transylvania is gained through Gezaâs marriage with the daughter of the Transylvanian duke Gyula I, local chieftains still rule in other parts of present-day Hungary.
		997 â“ 1001: The ruler of the Nitrian principality is unknown.
		In this connection, Great Moravian troops invade the Balaton principality and Pribina dies (or is killed) in 861.
	www.angelfire.com /sk3/quality/Slav_states.html (12359 words)

	EZGeography - Transylvania
		The latter finally subdued Transylvania in 1604, and initiated a reign of terror in which he was authorised to Germanize and Catholicize the principality and appropriate the land of noblemen.
		Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko or Transylvania, Polish: Siedmiogród) is a historic region that forms the western and the central parts of Romania.
		In November, the Romanian National Central Council, which represented all the Romanians of Transylvania, notified the Budapest government that it had assumed control of twenty-three Transylvanian counties and parts of three others.
	www.ezgeography.com /encyclopedia/Transylvania (3626 words)

	TRANSYLVANIA IS HUNGARIAN!
		Transylvania was part and parcel of the Hungarian Kingdom, or an independent Hungarian Principality for over a thousand years.
		In August 1940, when Northern Transylvania was returned to the Mother Country, it took only one day for such cities as Kolozsvár, Nagyvárad, Marosvásárhely to wipe off every trace of a Romanian occupation, and turn back into the thriving Hungarian cities they had been for hundreds of years.
		Struggling against poverty, and harassed by Romanian authorities, the Transylvanian Hungarian stage reached an unprecedented peak against all odds." In spite of the brutal political and economical oppression of a Balkan force, Transylvania remained part of the Western Culture.
	www.angelfire.com /nm/hun (3626 words)

	Sephardic Jewish Community of Romania
		The Austrian-Turkish peace treaty of Karlowitz (1699) sanctioned the annexation of Transylvania and its organization as an autonomous principality to Hapsburg Austria (since 1765 great principality), ruled by a governor.
		Many wars were fought by Austria and Russia against the Ottoman Empire (1710-1711, 1716-1718, 1735-1739, 1768-1774, 1787-1792, 1806-1812, 1828-1829, 1853-1856): those battles took place on Romanian soil, always accompanied by a foreign military occupation, which was often maintained long after the war proper was over.
		The Ottoman Empire, in an attempt to defend its old position, introduced in Moldavia (1711) and Wallachia (1716) the “Phanariot regime,” (until 1821), under which the Sublime Porte appointed in the two principalities Greek voivodes recruited from the Phanar district of Istanbul and considered faithful to the Turks.
	www.sephardicstudies.org /romania.html (3626 words)

	A SHORT HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA
		After the Hungarian revolution of 1848 against Habsburg rule, the Transylvanian Diet (Parliament) voted union of the principality with Hungary.
		This principality, now Protestant, became for a time the center of Hungarian culture, and it was here that the political traditions of Hungary survived at their best.
		After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence in 1849, this union was dissolved in Vienna, but it was restored when the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established in 1867.
	www.hungarianhistory.com /lib/faf/toc02.htm (1268 words)

	George Barit (1812-1893)
		He saw no reason, therefore, why the Romanians should fear the union of Transylvania with Hungary, as the Hungarians demanded, an d he rejected the warnings of others that it was only the first step in the assimilation of the Romanians.
		He was also a member of the delegation appointed by the congress to present its program to the Transylvanian diet, which was scheduled to meet in Cluj at the end of May. During his brief stay in the capital his hopes for a peaceful resolution of the issues dividing Romanians and Hungarians were dashed.
		Nonetheless, he urged Romanian intellectuals to be active and to place their nation on a solid foundation by establishing schools and cultural societies, by creating a modern literature based upon indigenous themes and traditions, and by writing histories extolling the virtues and glorious past of their people.
	www.cats.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ac/barit.htm (1770 words)

	10th European Conference of Medical and Health Libraries
		It was known as Apulum in the II and III century and was the capital of the principality of Transylvania in the Middle Ages (1541-1690), Alba Iulia was also the capital of the three Romanian countries, united in 1599-1600 under the scepter of the great king Michael the Brave.
		It was in Alba Iulia that the National Assembly comprising 100,000 Romanians and 1228 delegates from all over Transylvania made the historic decision for the union of Transylvania with Romania on the 1st of December 1918.
		The fortress of Alba Iulia, an impressive monument of military architecture, was built between 1714-1738, soon after the Austrian conquest of Transylvania.
	www.eahilconfcluj.ro /social_programme.html (1225 words)

	Romania › News
		Transylvania came under Kingdom of Hungary's control by 12th century (since 1301 Hungary and Transylvania became possesions of House of Anjou, of Habsburg, and of Holy Roman Empire), becoming a Principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire in 1526, following the Battle of Mohacs.
		At the end of the WW I which brought the disintegration of the empires of Russia and Austro-Hungary and the rise of Bolshevism in Hungary and Russia, Transylvania and Bessarabia opted for a Union with the Romanian Kingdom in 1918.
		In 1940, at the beginning of WW II, northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, Northern Transylvania, and southern Dobrudja were occupied by the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria respectively, Romania being under the dictatorship of Carol II.
	www.romanian.eu.com /index.php?title=Austrian_Empire (1773 words)

	Search Tuna Report for Vlad The Impaler
		Order Of The Dragon One of these was Vlad father of Vlad the Impaler, a claimant for the throne of the principality of Wallachia now part of modern Romania, who was at the time serving in Sighisoara as frontier commander guarding the mountain passes from Transylvania into Wallachia from enemy incursion....
		Vladislav Basarab was born in the town of Sighisoara, in the Tîrnava Mare valley, Transylvania, in 1431, the son of a Wallachian prince hungering for the throne, currently stationed as governor of this border town....
		Because he died in warfare against the foe, even fought against a brother whom he considered a sell-out to the enemy, he is often upheld as a martyr....
	searchtuna.com /ftlive/1421.html (1773 words)

	John II on Encyclopedia.com
		John and Isabel received the principality of Transylvania under Ottoman suzerainty, but actual power was held by John's guardian, the monk George Martinuzzi, who sought to restore a unified Hungary.
		In 1551, Martinuzzi procured the deposition of John and Isabel and reunited Transylvania with Hungary, recognizing Ferdinand of Austria and Bohemia (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I) as king.
		On the pressure of Sulayman I the diet of Transylvania recalled (1556) John and Isabel, and when Ferdinand made peace (1562) with Sulayman, he also recognized John as ruler of Transylvania.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/J/John2H1un.asp (1773 words)

	Michael the Brave on Encyclopedia.com
		Michael repeatedly routed an Ottoman retaliatory army with the help of Sigismund Báthory, prince of Transylvania, and mercenaries; Michael's subjects were oppressively taxed to pay for the victory.
		Defeated, Michael fled and presented himself at the imperial court in Vienna, where he was pardoned and reinstated as governor of Transylvania.
		Michael now turned to the conquest of Transylvania, which he accomplished after defeating (1599) Andrew Cardinal Báthory, to whom Sigismund had given up his throne.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m/michaelb1.asp (1773 words)

	Part_of_Hungary_I.html
		Dalmatia and Bosnia, Ladislaus Kan in Transylvania, Borsa in eastern present-day Hungary, and the Lords of GÃ¼ssing (KÃ¶szeg) in western present-day Hungary and Slavonia.
		They are often defeated by troops of John Hunyadi from Transylvania, supporter of Ladislaus of Jagiellon and member of the richest noble family in Historic Hungary at that time (the family gained importance when his father was conferred the Hunedoara territory in Transylvania in 1409 from king Sigismund of Luxemburg â“ hence the name âHunyadiâ).
		1030) from the Arpad dynasty shares power with his brother BÃ©la by confering to him as apanage one third of Historic Hungary (âtercia pars regniâ), consisting of the Nitrian Principality (corresponding to parts of present-day Slovakia that were already conquered by Historic Hungary, see eg.
	www.angelfire.com /sk3/quality/Part_of_Hungary_I.html (14112 words)

	Michael the Brave. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Michael repeatedly routed an Ottoman retaliatory army with the help of Sigismund Báthory, prince of Transylvania, and mercenaries; Michael& subjects were oppressively taxed to pay for the victory.
		Returning, he defeated Sigismund Báthory, who had renewed his claim to the principality, but Michael was shortly afterward assassinated on the order of General Basta.
		After his death Walachia and Moldavia reverted to Ottoman control, while Transylvania came under Austrian domination; the union of the three areas became a national ideal in succeeding generations, and Michael himself a national hero.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/mi/MichaelB.html (337 words)

	Romania - Open Encyclopedia
		Transylvania came under Hungary's control by 12th century (since 1300 Hungary and Transylvania became possesions of House of Anjou, of Habsburg, and of Holy Roman Empire), becoming a Principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire in 1526, following the Battle of Mohacs.
		In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in three distinct principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia (also Moldova) and Transylvania.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Romania (1299 words)

	"Horea, Closca and Crisan" High School Home Page / Alba. History in Brief.
		At the beginning of the 9th century important economic and political structures of the autochthonus Romanian population apeared and developed on in Transylvania, such as the principalities of Glad, Gelu, and Ahtum.
		Such a principality was undoubtely Alba Iulia, a political and religious center of a body politics, a principality known as the Principality of Balgrad.
		After the Roman army and administration had withdrawn in the 3rd century A.D., up to the 9th century, the county territory was uninterrptedly inhabited, representing a solid area of continuity of the Romanian people.
	www.dntcj.ro /edu/hs/lhab/alba2.html (1299 words)

	John II, king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		John and Isabel received the principality of Transylvania under Ottoman suzerainty, but actual power was held by John’s guardian, the monk George Martinuzzi, who sought to restore a unified Hungary.
		(John Sigismund Zapolya), 1540–71, king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania, son of John I. Through his mother, Isabel (daughter of Sigismund I of Poland), he was related to the Jagiello dynasty.
		In 1551, Martinuzzi procured the deposition of John and Isabel and reunited Transylvania with Hungary, recognizing Ferdinand of Austria and Bohemia (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I) as king.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/jo/John2Hun.html (293 words)

	John II, king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
		John and Isabel received the principality of Transylvania under Ottoman suzerainty, but actual power was held by John’s guardian, the monk George Martinuzzi, who sought to restore a unified Hungary.
		(John Sigismund Zapolya), 1540–71, king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania, son of John I. Through his mother, Isabel (daughter of Sigismund I of Poland), he was related to the Jagiello dynasty.
		John was succeeded as prince of Transylvania by Stephen Báthory (see under Báthory, family).
	www.bartleby.com /65/jo/John2Hun.html (293 words)

	BUCOVINE History - BUCOVINE.com history of Bucovine and history of Roumania
		Their fight for equal rights with other nationalities (though they represented more than 60% of the population of the principality, they were considered tolerated in their own country) was started by the Archbishop Inochentie Micu-Klein and continued by the intellectuals within the framework Transylvanian School.
		Union of one part of the orthodox clergy of Transylvania with the Catholic Church (Greco-catholic), realized during the years 1699-1701, played an important role in the process of emancipation of the Roumanians of Transylvania.
		In Walachia, the hopes of renewal find their expression in the revolution control by Tudor Vladimirescu (1821).
	www.bucovine.com /en/pages/history_roumania.shtml (3172 words)

	Huedin (Romania, Cluj)
		After the Battle of Mohács (1526) which ended the independent Kingdom of Hungary, Hunyad became a part of the Principality of Transylvania (1552-1765) later Grand Duchy of Transylvania (1765-1867).
	fotw.vexillum.com /flags/ro-cj-hu.html (283 words)

	Articles - Cluj-Napoca
		Although Alba Iulia was the political capital for the princes of Transylvania, Cluj was the main cultural and religious center for the principality.
		King Stephen V of Hungary encouraged the Transylvanian Saxons to colonize near the Roman city of Napoca in 1272.
		After the Ausgleich (compromise) which created Austria-Hungary in 1867, Cluj and Transylvania were reintegrated into the Kingdom of Hungary.
	gaple.com /articles/Cluj-Napoca?mySession=ff6e767e6881deede81fb47dc8... (1250 words)

	ORADEA FACTS AND INFORMATION
		After the Ottoman invasion of Hungary in the 16th_century, the city was administered at various times by the Principality of Transylvania, the Ottoman_Empire, and the Habsburg_Monarchy.
		During World_War_II, northern Transylvania and Oradea were ceded by Romania to Hungary as a result of the Vienna_Award; this dictate was reversed at war's end and the lands were returned to Romania.
		Statues of St. Stephen, Emeric and Ladislaus (before 1372) and the equestrian statue of St. Ladislaus (1390) erected in Oradea.
	www.whereintheworldisbush.com /en:Oradea (1438 words)

	Huedin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Later on, in 1526, Huedin become part of the Principality of Transylvania and later the Grand Duchy of Transylvania, until 1867.
		Huedin is located in the Apuseni Mountains and surrounded by the villages of Nearsova, Domosu de Cris, Horlacea, etc. Recently, it is becoming an important ecotourism hub for the mountains.
		Huedin (Hungarian: Bánffyhunyad) is a town in Cluj County, Romania.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Huedin (317 words)

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Topic: Principality of Transylvania

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