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Topic: Principles of Systematic Zoology

	CLASSIFICATION. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The original purpose of biological classification, or systematics, was to organize the vast number of known plants and animals into categories that could be named, remembered, and discussed.
		There are two international organizations for the determination of the rules of nomenclature and the recording of specific names, one for zoology and one for botany.
		According to the rules they have established, the first name to be published (from the work of Linnaeus on) is the correct name of any organism unless it is reclassified in such a way as to affect that name (for example, if it is moved from one genus to another).
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/cl/classifi.html (1377 words)

	97-98UGBIOL
		Opportunities are available in many fields including systematics and evolutionary biology, ecology and environmental biology, cell and molecular biology, and in several areas of biotechnology.
		Students majoring in biology or zoology may minor in any other field (major and minor may not be in the same field).
		An introduction to the principles and methods of cell culture and practical virology including the cultivation, characterization, and replication of viruses.
	www.depts.ttu.edu /officialpublications/archives/97-98CONTENTS/97-98ugbiol.html (2640 words)

	Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Principles and Methods of Biological Systematics, EEB 458
		Siebert, and D. Williams (1992): Cladistics: A practical course in systematics, Oxford University Press, New York, pp.
		Schuh, R. (2000): Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications, Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, pp.
	www.eeb.uconn.edu /courses/eeb458/readings.htm (725 words)

	Cladistic Literature
		Phylogenetic systematics of the Anoles: Is a new taxonomy warranted?
		Polarity assessment in phylogenetic systematics: A response to Meacham.
		Systematic Zoology 17: 151-159 Farris, J. A successive approximations approach to character weighting.
	ag.arizona.edu /systbiol/SSBWeb/info/cladliterature.html (10262 words)

	SSB - Cladistic Literature (A-C)
		Archie, J. Homoplasy excess ratios: New indices for measuring levels of homoplasy in phylogenetic systematics and a critique of the consistency index.
		Bryant, H. The polarization of character transformations in phylogenetic systematics: Role of axiomatic and auxiliary assumptions.
		Craw, R. Continuing the synthesis between panbiogeography, phylogenetic systematics and geology as illustrated by empirical studies on the biogeography of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.
	systbiol.org /cladlita-c.html (3260 words)

	Systematics Glossary
		A taxonomic theory by which organisms are ordered and ranked exclusively on the basis of joint descent from a single ancestral species (i.e., on the basis of the most recent branching point of the inferred phylogeny) and in which taxa are delimited by homophyly.
		A dendrogram based on the principles of cladism; a strictly genealogical dendrogram which features the branching points of phyletic lineages but in which rates of evolutionary divergence are not considered.
		The principle stating that a particular tree is is the best which is the "shortest," that is, has the smallest number of character state changes (branching points).
	www.msu.edu /course/zol/855/f03/systematics_glossary.html (894 words)

	SSB - Cladistic Literature (L-O)
		Systematics and biogeography of the Australian "Green Ash" Eucalypts (Monocalyptus).
		Biomolecular systematics of Eutherian mammals: Phylogenetic patterns and classification.
		Systematic relationships in the Artiodactyl tribe Bovini (Family Bovidae), as determined from mitochondrial DNA sequences.
	systbiol.org /cladlitl-o.html (2899 words)

	Principles of Systematics (BIOL 360)
		A comprehensive survey of the theory and methodology of systematics as they are applied today to all groups of organisms, with a practical experience in the acquisition and analysis of systematic data.
		Systematics is the exciting and ever-changing discipline which treats the kinds and the diversity of organisms and of any and all relationships which exist among them.
		Some of the topics that will be considered include: species concepts and mechanisms of speciation, the major contemporary schools of taxonomy, methodologies of phylogeny estimation, the systematic significance of patterns of geographical distribution, considerations of molecular evolution as applied to systematic studies, the formation and use of research collections and nomenclature.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /downie/360.html (1107 words)

	Undergraduate Course Listing
		Principles of Systematic Zoology.* (2) One hour of lecture and three hours of discussion/laboratory per week.
		Principles and methods of animal taxonomy and phylogeny: history, concepts of species and other taxa, methods of classification, bibliographic procedures, nomenclature and museum practices, with emphasis on examples in insects.
		Theory and philosophy of systematic entomology, with emphasis on phenetic and phylogenetic approaches to classification, biogeography, and nomenclature.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /divisions/ib/ugprog.html (2647 words)

	Essay Review of Sibley and Ahlquist's "Phylogeny and Classification of Birds"
		In the last 30 years systematics has been through a good deal of turmoil, and a reader who has not followed these controversies closely might assume that “Phylogeny and Classification of Birds” is an outgrowth of that turmoil.
		The systematics of the 1950s was highly successful at the species level, but it was poorly developed in its understanding of phylogeny.
		That older systematics was weak in its methods rather than its data is clearly shown by the approximate congruence between Sibley and Ahlquist’s DNA hybridization results and contemporary morphological cladistic studies (Raikow 1987, Bledsoe and Raikow 1990).
	rjohara.net /cv/1991-auk (3378 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		From 1953 to 1975 he was professor of zoology at Harvard.
		Mayr was also a noted ornithologist and a pioneer in the study of the history and philosophy of biology.
		His books include Animal Species and Evolution (1963), The Growth of Biological Thought (1982), Principles of Systematic Zoology (1980), This Is Biology (1997), and What Evolution Is (2001).
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:mayrern (108 words)

	BIODAQUA ° University of Ancona
		Principle of systematic botany, morphology, citology and reproductive systems of procariotic and eucariotic algae, environmental factors affecting algal ecology, ecological significance of macro- and microphytobenthos and of phytoplankton, epiphytic algae, primary production in the marine environment, marine snow and mucilages, marine phanerogames
		The concept of biodiversity, Life on earth and in the oceans, principles of systematic zoology of invertebrates, principles of systematic botany, elements of corology, biogeography and phytogeography, elements of phytosociology
		The Zoology laboratory is equipped with more than 10 dissectory and optical microscopes and owns all expertise and tools (SCUBA diving equipment included) for investigating hard-bottom benthic communities, with a special attention to sponges.
	www.biodaqua.org /courses_ancona.html (680 words)

	UA Undergraduate Catalog: COURSE LISTINGS
		Study of general biological principles including the chemical basis of life, cellular biology including cell structure and metabolism, genetics, evolution, and a survey of simple organisms including viruses, bacteria, protista, and fungi.
		Thorough study of general biological principles, including the chemical basis of life, cellular biology, genetics, evolution, and a survey of prokaryotic organisms.
		Subjects included are principles of classification and nomenclature, a survey of vertebrate taxa, the species concept, analysis of taxonomic characters, and an introduction to zoogeography and behavior.
	www.ua.edu /catalogs/catalog00/24280.html (3229 words)

	[No title]
		Macrotaxonomy 18 Theories of biological classification and their history — Basic principles of classification — Identification — Criteria of zoological classification — Classification and phytogeny — The function of classification — The steps in the taxonomic procedure — Difficulties encountered in Macrotaxonomy.
		Principles of Genetics - Sinnot, Dunn, Dobzhansky TMH Edn.
		ZOOLOGY — SEMESTER SYSTEM (2001 onwards) PRACTICAL Semester IV-Special Paper: Environmental Biology (All practicals to be carried out) Analysis of purity of water- suspended matter, smell, appearance etc. Toxicity analysis of water pollution- determination of chlorine, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, pH.
	www.keralauniversity.edu /syllabus/Zoology.doc (6712 words)

	Zoology (ZOOL)
		Emphasis on laboratory and field work in systematics, ecology, and anatomy of birds.
		Selected topics including avian systematics, migration, physiology, ecology, and comparative behavior.
		Principles of Systematic Zoology for Advanced Students (3:3:0).
	www.depts.ttu.edu /officialpublications/courses/ZOOL.html (548 words)

	Boston.com / News / Education / Higher education / Renowned biologist Ernst Mayr, 100, dies
		Mayr, who was Alexander Agassiz professor emeritus of zoology at Harvard, was 100.
		Mayr expanded on that paper in ''Systematics and the Origin of Species" (1942), which became a classic text in the field.
		His growing eminence among evolutionary biologists was underscored by his founding in 1946 of the Society for the Study of Evolution, an academic organization that continues to publish the scholarly journal Evolution.
	www.boston.com /news/education/higher/articles/2005/02/05/renowned_biologist_ernst_mayr_100_dies?pg=3 (519 words)

	Lewis Thomas Prize Honors Ernst Mayr: Award From The Rockefeller University Recognizes Scientists As Poets
		Mayr, the Alexander Agassiz Professor Emeritus of Zoology at Harvard University, is one of the co-founders of the "modern synthesis" in evolutionary biology, which integrates the theories of Darwin and Mendel.
		In 1942, Mayr published his first book, Systematics and the Origin of the Species, a seminal tome that has been recognized as a groundbreaking contribution to the field of modern evolutionary synthesis.
		In 1961, Mayr was appointed director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and in 1994, Harvard renamed that museum's library in his honor.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-04/RU-LTPH-090498.php (867 words)

	Gale * eNewsletters * Science & Health Community News * March 2005 * Evolutionary Biologist Ernst Mayr Dies at 100
		His move to Harvard coincided with a shift in his energies from ornithology to the broader philosophical issues of zoology in general.
		Mayr claimed that biology should be theoretical, not just empirical, and that a coherent systematic framework of general understanding is necessary for any science to proceed.
		Mayr was the author or co-author of eighteen books, including the groundbreaking "Systematics and the Origin of Species" (1942), "Methods and Principles of Systematic Zoology" (1953), and "Animal Species and Evolution" (1963).
	www.gale.com /enewsletters/science_health/2005_03/ernst_mayr.htm (601 words)

	Systematics bibliography
		Cracraft, J., 1983, Systematics, comparative biology, and the case against creationism, in Godfrey, L. R., ed., Scientists Confront Creationism: New York, W.W. Norton, p.
		Kauffman, E. G., 1970, Population systematics, radiometrics and zonation - a new biostratigraphy: North American Paleontological Convention, Proceedings, p.
		Mayr, E., 1969, Principles of Systematic Zoology: New York, McGraw Hill.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/biblio/systematics.html (208 words)

	Evolutionary Trees in Systematics and Comparative Philology
		My own field is systematics, so that is the area in which this list is most reliable.
		This is a working bibliography: my object here is not to be exhaustive, but rather to provide a set of citations that will help advanced students in any one of these fields get a good sense of what has gone on and is going on in the other fields, with special reference to theory.
		Additional bibliographies on the history of systematics, on narrative in the historical sciences, and on the works of Stephen Toulmin are also available in the Darwin-L Archives.
	rjohara.net /darwin/files/tree-thinking (2026 words)

	Species Diversity
		These concepts are not congruent, and considerable debate exists about the advantages and disadvantages of all existing species concepts (for further discussion, see the module on Macroevolution: essentials of systematics and taxonomy).
		Kottelat, M. Systematic studies and biodiversity: the need for a pragmatic approach.
		Cracraft, C. The seven great questions of systematic biology: an essential foundation for conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity.
	cnx.org /content/m12174/latest (2225 words)

	SCIENTISTS SPEAK ABOUT SPECIATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind."—Genesis 1:11, 12 (cf.
		One of the earliest was Herbert Spencer Jennings (1868-1947) of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, the world authority on the behavior of microscopic organisms.
		They survive only because they are maintained in an environment which is free from their natural enemies, food supplies are abundant, and other conditions are carefully regulated."—Duane Gish, Evolution: Challenge of the Fossil Record (1985), p.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/11spec02.htm (2027 words)

	The Essig Museum of Entomology
		He taught courses in systematic entomology and aquatic entomology, as well as numerous graduate seminars.
		During his academic career, Usinger continued to pursue studies in all aspects of Hemiptera biology and systematics, as well as aquatic biology and systematic biology in general.
		His contributions to the development of systematic biology are noteworthy, as well, serving as the president of the Society for Systematic Zoology in 1967, and publishing Methods and Principles of Systematic Zoology (1953) with Ernst Mayr and E.G. Linsley, one of the first major texts in systematic theory and practice.
	essig.berkeley.edu /collection/usinger.htm (1001 words)

	WSU Department of Entomology
		Prerequisites:Bio Sci 103, 104; 10 additional hours of Zoology (any courses in Entomology, Systematic Paleontology, Plant Taxonomy, etc., may be considered at Zoology for purposes of prerequisites); graduate standing.
		Understand and evaluate basic systematic concepts and principles applied in all fields of biology.
		15 Systematic classification: a survey and evaluation of approaches: traditional, phenetic, and cladistic.
	entomology.wsu.edu /courses/entom511.html (170 words)

	PBIO 250 Lecture Notes -- Principles -- Spring 1998
		See the essay on Systematics and Biological Characteristics by John D. Pinto of the Departament of Entomology at UC Riverside; an excellent summary using insects as examples
		Mayr, E. Systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist.
		Subjectivity is eliminated through the selection of a large number of characters and constructing a classification by means of a hierarchic, multivariate statistic.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/pbio/pb250/prin.html (1824 words)

	Systematics and Nomenclature - BIOSCI-960 Spring, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This course will cover systematics from the beginning of scientific thought - meaning historical development from the time of first description of local faunas, --with anecdotal first-had experience and ideas related from field expeditions in South America (Bolivia), Africa, Asia, North America, and Europe.
		This will be a challenging course and should probe the limits of systematic biology.
		Mayr, E.; Ashlock, P.D. Principles of Systematic Zoology.
	lamarck.unl.edu /systematics (350 words)

	About Systematic Entomology/NCState-AgNIC
		The importance of systematics in addressing issues of biodiversity and the decline of expertise has been discussed at length in scientific articles, popular journals, books, and newspaper articles.
		It is an overwhelming task for the existing professionals to identify and understand the insects from around the world that are being used in diversity studies, ecological projects, biological control projects, the monitoring of environmental change, or other aspects of biology for which a scientific name is necessary to communicate information.
		But, if identifications are not accurate, then any science that relies upon those determinations will be flawed.
	www.lib.ncsu.edu /agnic/sys_entomology/about_sys.html (355 words)

	Subject: Re: Can Cats and Rabbits Mate? Date: 2 Feb 1994 20:57:43 GMT In article +lt;joely
		And as to your assertion that the zoo is full of the results of strange breeding combinations, nature doen't work that way -- trust me. Mutants come from within individual species, and many of the weird and wonderful strangeness you see at zoos are simply the result of adaptation to a specialized habitat.
		Diane Kelly Duke Zoology References cited: Mayr, E. Principles of systematic zoology.
		But since dogs and wolves were classified as separate species very early in the history of taxonomy, there's a lot of inertia to be overcome before they're renamed...
	www.skepticfiles.org /urban/mating.htm (1075 words)

	PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMATICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Prepared by committees of systematists representing all aspects of botany and zoology.
		Slightly antiquated and verbose but Ferris discusses many issues that are still pertinent or controversially in current systematic studies.
		(Outlines the historical development of philosophies and paradigms in systematics and evolutionary biology.) New, T.R. Systematics* and ecology: reflections from the interface.
	insects.tamu.edu /students/grad/gcourses/ento601/6011.html (149 words)

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