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	Prisoner in the Vatican - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A prisoner in the Vatican is what Pope Pius IX called himself after the invading armies of King Victor Emmanuel II captured the Papal States and ended the millenial temporal rule of the popes over Rome and central Italy on September 20, 1870 (see Italian unification).
		The Italian government intended to allow the pope to keep that part of Rome called the Leonine City as a small remaining Papal State, but Pope Pius IX would not accept that arrangement (like the inhabitants of the rione of Borgo, part of the Leonine City, which unanimously voted to join Italy).
		For the next 59 years, the popes refused to recognize the new Italian state and refused to leave the Vatican.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican (314 words)

	Vatican City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vatican City Coordinates: 41°54′10″N, 12°27′9″E — formally State of the Vatican City, or Vatican City State (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano, Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae) — is a sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a landlocked, almost completely walled, enclave within the city of Rome, Italy.
		The Vatican obelisk was originally taken by Caligula from Heliopolis to decorate the spina of his circus and is thus its last visible remnant.
		The Vatican City, one of the European microstates, is situated on the Vatican Hill in the north-western part of Rome, several hundred metres west of the Tiber river, on the latter's right bank.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vatican_City (3569 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Prisoner of war (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In principle, to be entitled to prisoner of war status the captured service member must have conducted operations according to the laws and customs of war, e.g.
		Prisoners held by Japanese armed forces were subject to brutal treatment, including forced labour, medical experimentation, vivisection, starvation rations, beatings for escape attempts, and were denied medical treatment.
		Since the special rights of a prisoner of war, granted by governments, are the result of multilateral treaties, these definitions have no legal effect and those claiming rights under these definitions would legally be considered common criminals under an arresting jurisdiction's laws.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Prisoner_of_war (1132 words)

	Vatican City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Governor of Vatican City, sometimes known as the President of Vatican City, has duties similar to those of a mayor or city executive, concentrating on material questions concerning the state's territory, including local security, but excluding external relations.
		Vatican City has its own post office, commissary (supermarket), bank (the automatic teller machines are the only ones in the world to use Latin), railway station, electricity generating plant, and publishing house.
		Vatican Radio, the official radio station, is one of the most influential in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vatican_city (3569 words)

	David I. Kertzer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Vatican scheming against the Italian state continued even after Pius's death, writes Kertzer, and it was not until after WWI that a successor pope lifted the ban against Catholics' serving in parliament or even voting.
		Using the Vatican 's meticulous records, Kertzer shows the extent to which inquiries were made to foreign governments about both refuge for the pope and aid in his quest to be returned to power in Rome.
		David I. Kertzer ’s “Prisoner of the Vatican ” is a narrative history of the events before the fall of Rome to the House of Savoy and the two decades thereafter.
	www.davidkertzer.com /books_pov_b.htm (4903 words)

	The Seattle Times: Books: "Prisoner of the Vatican": A pope's last stand and the birth of the new Italy
		But in his riveting and fast-paced history, "Prisoner of the Vatican," David I. Kertzer uses historical documents only recently released by the Vatican to tell the startling story of how late-19th-century popes plotted against the unification of Italy and its sovereignty.
		Such was the animosity between the pope and the fledgling Italian state, which began its rocky road to unification in 1859, that by the late 1880s Pope Leo XIII was actively enticing France, Germany and Austria to invade Italy and seize power from the fragile Italian monarchy and the state's semi-independent, elected officials.
		In a public-relations campaign rivaling any in history, Pius IX became a self-styled "prisoner of the Vatican," essentially putting himself under house arrest within the walls of the Vatican for the rest of his life.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/books/2002143142_vatican09.html (839 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Vatican Council
		The opponents of infallibility constantly assert that the pope convoked the council of the Vatican solely to have papal infallibility proclaimed.
		The pope was a prisoner in the Vatican.
		According to the dogmatic decision of the Vatican Council, the papacy founded by Christ is the crown and centre of the entire constitution of the Catholic Church.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15303a.htm (7675 words)

	Vatican City Information Center - vatican city facts
		Vatican City — formally State of the Vatican City, or Vatican City State (Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanæ and Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano) — is an ecclesiastical sovereign landlocked enclave surrounded by Rome, vatican city resident nun orders Italy.
		vatican city pictures Disputes between a series of "prisoner" popes and Italy were resolved on February 11, 1929 by three Lateran treaties, which established, under Mussolini, the independent state of the Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy.
		The permanent population of the Vatican vatican city facts City is predominately male, although two orders of nuns live in the Vatican.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_T_-_Z/Vatican_City.html (2410 words)

	ipedia.com: Vatican City Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The State of the Vatican City (commonly known also as the Vatican City-State) is the smallest independent country in the world (both in area and in population), a landlocked enclave surrounded by the city of Rome in Italy.
		The Vatican City includes the Vatican Hill (mons vaticanus), whose name predates Christianity, and the Vatican Fields north of the hill, upon which St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, and the Vatican Museums are built.
		The Vatican is technically a rare case of a non-hereditary elective monarchy; the monarch, the Pope, being elected for life by those Cardinalss under the age of 80 during a Conclave (held in the Sistine Chapel).
	www.ipedia.com /vatican_city.html (994 words)

	Archdiocese of Denver - DCR - Opinion
		Still, I’d argue that the most significant development in U.S. Catholic life in 2004 was a story-within-that-story: the story of individual bishops who vindicated Vatican II by rediscovering their voices as authentic teachers of Catholic faith.
		Vatican I had initially focused its attention on papal authority; the conversation was truncated, though, because the Franco-Prussian War interrupted things before the Council could discuss the authority of local bishops and its relationship to papal authority.
		Lumen Gentium, Vatican II’s dogmatic constitution on the Church, and Christus Dominus, the Council’s decree on the pastoral office of bishops, fulfilled that expectation.
	www.archden.org /dcr/news.php?e=114&s=3&a=2618 (336 words)

	Milingo's Wedding: Updates, August 2001
		VATICAN CITY - The Vatican yesterday released what it said was the signed, handwritten letter of a married archbishop which said he was leaving his wife and returning to the Catholic church, in an attempt to refute allegations he was being held against his will.
		She dismissed a Vatican delegation which brought a letter in which her husband allegedly dumped her and begged forgiveness for his "mistake" in marrying her, and said that she would speak only with the archbishop.
		The Vatican says it is enduring these tribulations because it is in the business of forgiving, and wants to welcome a prodigal son back into the fold.
	www.cesnur.org /2001/moon_aug16.htm (1600 words)

	Catholic World News : The Inner Workings of the Vatican
		The Vatican is still a sovereign nation, but until relatively recent times, it was the center of a much larger holding of lands controlled by the papacy.
		As protest against what he saw as unjust seizure of papal lands, Pope Pius IX declared himself to be a "prisoner of the Vatican," and his successors maintained the same approach, refusing to accept the legitimacy of the Italian government's claims to what had been papal territory.
		Vatican insiders have observed that when Cardinal Re was sostituto (second in command) at SOS, he was much more intimately aware of everything that was happening within the Holy See than the current sostituto, Archbishop Leonardo Sandri, tends not to become involved in the minutiae of work at other dicasteries.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=21820 (7012 words)

	Prisoner of the Vatican; ISBN-10: 0618224424 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		War throughout Europe was prophesied, at the end of which, many in the Vatican hoped and believed, Italy would once again be carved up by foreign powers into a series of weak, dependent states and the pope returned to power in Rome.
		Escaping from prison after six years, he took part in the French revolt of 1848 and by the end of that year was elected president of the new regime.
		War seemed imminent, and for those in the Vatican there was reason to believe — or, at least, to hope — that the belligerents would see to it that the Italian kingdom was soon cut down to size.
	www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com /catalog/titledetail.cfm?textType=excerpt&titleNumber=688174 (6591 words)

	Tantor Audio Books : Prisoner of the Vatican (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Based on a wealth of documents long buried in the Vatican archives, Prisoner of the Vatican tells the story of the Church's secret attempt to block the unification of Italy and seize control - not in ancient times, but in the late nineteenth century.
		For more than fifty years, the pope was a self-imposed prisoner within the Vatican walls, planning to flee Italy, to return only as the restored ruler of Rome and the Papal States.
		Prisoner of the Vatican looks deep into the workings of the Church in its final bid to regain the pope's temporal power.
	www.tantor.com /BookDetail.asp?Product=0142_PrisonerVatican (273 words)

	February 11: The Vatican gains independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		When Pius IX died, he was a "Prisoner of the Vatican," and the Papal lands were gone.
		With the land came oppression of the peasants, abuse of power (prisons in the Papal States held thousands of political prisoners), and an unhealthy meddling by the church in Italian politics.
		During World War II the independence of the Vatican was a blessing to Jewish and allied fugitives.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2001/02/daily-02-11-2001.shtml (631 words)

	The Ultimate Vatican City Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		The State of the Vatican City (Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanæ), is a landlocked enclave surrounded by the city of Rome in Italy, and the smallest independent state in the world (both in area and in population).
		The Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State is the legislature of Vatican City, with members appointed by the pope to 5 year terms.
		The Vatican City is situated on the Vatican Hill in the north-western part of Rome, several hundred metres west of the Tiber river, on the latter's right bank.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Vatican_City (1762 words)

	The Archbishop Speaks: The Liberal Principles of Vatican II Continue to be put into Action by the Holy See. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		To get some idea of the radical change introduced into Vatican policy, it suffices to put the words of Pope Pius XI after the signing of the Lateran Treaty and the Concordat on February 11, 1929, alongside the speeches of the [present] Pope, Cardinal Casaroli and President [of Italy] Craxi.
		I am pleased to recall Article 7 of the Italian Constitution and to echo the Second Vatican Council and to cite a concept from it which may be considered its guiding light and principle: the State and the Catholic Church are each in their proper order independent and sovereign.
		This important result is the fruit of developments promoted in the Church by the Second Vatican Council, with the Declaration on Religious Liberty and by the new bonds between the Church and the political community...
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1984_June/Archbishop_Speaks.htm (1559 words)

	The Catholic Advocate
		All that was left to the Church territorially was a tiny 108-acre enclave, a walled-in city within a walled-in city, the Vatican.
		Upon election to the Chair of Peter on Feb. 6, 1922, however, Pius XI at once sent a signal to the state that he wished to resolve its estrangement from the Church.
		According to the agreement the government of Italy would henceforth recognize Vatican City as an independent state and the pope as its sovereign ruler.
	www.rcan.org /advocatearchive/060204/news2.htm (542 words)

	Inter-Rail 1987 - The Vatican (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In many ways it's the successor of the Papal States, the area constituting Rome and the surrounding area which was given to the Pope Stephen II in 754, and which was ruled by the papacy until their seizure by Napoleon in 1797.
		From then on each successive pope remained a voluntary prisoner in the Vatican until the treaty of 1929 finally recognised the sovereignty the Holy See within the Vatican City.
		I accept the Vatican needs to generate an income to offset the cost of dealing with millions of visitors a year, but there was a lack of decorum in evidence.
	www.restless-soul.co.uk /text/day23b.htm (706 words)

	Bishops regaining their voice \| The-Tidings.com
		Vatican I was suspended, never to be reconvened; the Papal States then collapsed; the Pope exiled himself inside the Leonine Wall as the "Prisoner of the Vatican."
		The episcopal conference's reaction to Catholic politicians' claiming to be in full communion with the church while voting for what the pope had called the 'culture of death' was, sadly, bureaucratic and managerial: form a committee.
		Vatican II, it was thought, would finish what was left undone at Vatican I, giving a greater symmetry to Catholic ecclesiology --- the doctrine of the church --- by addressing the nature and functioning of the episcopate in local churches around the world.
	www.the-tidings.com /2005/0128/difference.htm (662 words)

	Ask Father Joe . The Pope \| BustedHalo.com
		For a few years thereafter, each pope described himself as a "prisoner of the Vatican" and refused to set foot outside even to visit the churches in his own diocese.
		For many years thereafter the pope was considered a "prisoner of the Vatican," refusing to set foot in any other part of Italy in protest of the occupation of Rome.
		Due to the embattled situation of the church in its primal diocese, the bishops of the first Vatican Council dispersed without ever formally bringing the Council to a close, or developing an understanding of the relationship of papal authority to that of the bishops and entire people of God.
	www.bustedhalo.com /ask_father_joe/pope.htm (2340 words)

	The Gardens of the Vatican
		The Vatican Palace - Residence of the Popes
		In speaking of the Pope as the "Prisoner of the Vatican" it must be remembered that the phrase is purely political ; it arose from the fact that Pius IX and his successors refused to recognize the King of Italy as the ruler of the old papal States.
		It is near the southern fountain of the Piazza and from it we shall be looking northwest, towards that portion of the Vatican palace which we could not see from the dome.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles26/pilgrimage-11.shtml (607 words)

	What was the stance of Vatican City during World War 2? Was it occupied? - Answerbag.com
		Vatican City was surrounded by the capital of one of the three major Axis powers (Rome, Italy).
		First, as of the end of the "Prisoner in the Vatican" era with the signature of the Lateran Pact, the Church had officially renounced taking up arms against foreign nations.
		That said, the Vatican did (and continues to) maintain its own military force - the Swiss Guard, which is one of the most highly trained such forces in the world (they use more than just the Halberd, and are currently trained in NATO and WARPAC small arms, anti-terrorism, etc.).
	www.answerbag.com /q_view.php/15409 (842 words)

	O brother, where are thou? - Haaretz - Israel News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Church's new approach to the Jews was officially born in the Nostra Aetate Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions of the Second Vatican Council.
		Vatican II, which was inaugurated by Pope John XXIII in 1962 and completed by Pope Paul VI in 1965, was a real revolution in Church's worldview.
		Vatican II was an expression of the Church's realization that the new world power with which it would have to live after the war was the Western democracies.
	www.haaretz.com /hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=412330 (3194 words)

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