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Topic: Prisoners dilemma

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	Hobbes and the Prisoner's Dilemma
		The situation in Hobbes' state of nature is like the Prisoners' Dilemma: By acting solely on self-interest, you and the other people end up in a situation that is worse for everyone than an alternative possible outcome that you could have reached.
		What makes this a prisoner's dilemma is that no matter what B does, A is better off preparing; and whatever A does, B is better off preparing.
		In the original prisoners' case in which the prisoners are allowed to confer and make promises, if we imagine that this situation happens again and again, getting busted on, say, drug-possession charges, where the penalties are in days rather than years, criminals will get reputations for keeping promises or violating them.
	vm.uconn.edu /~swheeler/L12hob2.htm (2490 words)

	The Prisoner's Dilemma -- OBNotes.htm (Wilf Ratzburg) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although simple, the prisoner's dilemma is a powerful idea that has applicability to every walk of life and all of human experience.
		Using a Prisoner's Dilemma game perspective, the temptation to betray (defection) is lower when the interactions are perceived to be ongoing rather than coming to an end.
		The dilemma of every-day life in the organization, just like in the Prisoners' Dilemma, is that the greater payoff goes to the individual who defects.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/1650/prisonersdilemma.html (2505 words)

	Prisoner's dilemma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Prisoner's dilemma was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher working at RAND in 1950.
		One resolution of the dilemma proposed by Douglas Hofstadter in his Metamagical Themas is to reject the definition of "rational" that led to the "rational" decision to defect.
		The prisoner's dilemma is therefore of interest to the social sciences such as economics, politics and sociology, as well as to the biological sciences such as ethology and evolutionary biology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prisoner's_dilemma (5701 words)

	Prisoners' Dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The two numbers in each cell tell the outcomes for the two prisoners when the corresponding pair of strategies is chosen.
		Having said that, we must also admit candidly that the Prisoners' Dilemma is a very simplified and abstract -- if you will, "unrealistic" -- conception of many of these interactions.
		The Prisoners' Dilemma is a two-person game, but many of the applications of the idea are really many-person interactions.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/eco/game/dilemma.html (1064 words)

	Prisoner's Dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the case of the prisoners, the mathematical pay-off matrix still leaves everybody in a conundrum: If one of the prisoners betrays his buddy and gives evidence against him, he is rewarded by going free, but only if his friend does not cooperate with the DA.
		However, if prisoner A is doubtful in the least whether prisoner B will confess or not, it is in his best self-interest to confess immediately and he thus has a good chance of going free.
		The best way to avoid the Prisoners Dilemma is not to commit a crime or, if you have decided to commit a crime, not to involve any accomplices.
	www.rationality.net /prison_dilem.htm (1878 words)

	Prisoner's Dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The prisoner's dilemma is the story of two criminals who have been arrested for a heinous crime and are being interrogated separately.
		If prisoner A remains silent, prisoner B is better off confessing (because parole is better than a year in jail).
		The prisoner's dilemma is a case in which actions determined by self-interest are not in the group's interest (where the group is defined to include only the criminals, not the larger society).
	www.ingrimayne.com /econ/IndividualGroup/PrisDilm.html (305 words)

	purevolume™ \| The Prisoners Dilemma
		The music of The Prisoners Dilemma might be looked at as the contrast created by working in two separate directions.
		But on top of this blind yet methodical searching, is an assertion of the moment we will never escape, and a call to intellectual arms to resist the pull of the faceless masses and work for a way of life that will notstrip us of our personal identity.
		The Prisoners Dilemma will continue to progress in an attempt to unify these two directions expressing the ideas that words fail while always remembering that we may have the opportunity to affect people in real ways.
	www.purevolume.com /theprisonersdilemma (236 words)

	The Prisoner's Dilemma
		The Prisoner's Dilemma is a short parable about two prisoners who are individually offered a chance to rat on each other for which the "ratter" would receive a lighter sentence and the "rattee" would receive a harsher sentence.
		The general form of the Prisoner's Dilemma model is that the preference ranking of the four payoffs be, from best to worst, T, R, P, S and that R be greater than the average of T and S. That is, any situation that meets these conditions will be a "Prisoner's Dilemma".
		The Prisoner's Dilemma structure is a subset of the general paradoxical phenomena called "Social Dilemmas".
	perspicuity.net /sd/pd-brf.html (1289 words)

	Prisoners' Dilemma, by Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics ...
		Prisoners' Dilemma, by Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The concept of the prisoners' dilemma was developed by Rand Corporation scientists Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher and was formalized by a Princeton mathematician, Albert W. Tucker.
		On a superficial level the prisoners' dilemma appears to run counter to Adam Smith's idea of the invisible hand.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/PrisonersDilemma.html (1044 words)

	Monogamy as a Prisoner's Dilemma: Non-Monogamy as a Collective Action Problem - Dr. J. Hughes
		Non-monogamous experimenters are shown to be in a prisoner's dilemma; if all pursue utility-maximizing strategies, their resulting collective satisfaction is less than if they remain monogamous.
		Finally, while collective action to enforce non-monogamous norms can resolve the prisoner's dilemma, and make non-monogamy a sustainable sub-culture, the enforcement of these norms are incompatible with the libertinism that motivates egalitarian non-monogamy in the first place.
		To escape from this prisoner's dilemma the potentially non-monogamous must organize, submit to a new set of enforced norms, and create a non-monogamous community of sufficient size to achieve closure.
	www.changesurfer.com /Acad/Monogamy/Mono.html (4621 words)

	prisoners dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		KGB arrests a man, tells him that his friend Tchaikovsky is in their hands, and gives each innocent man a choice of 1 year sentence if he confesses and implicates his friend and 25 year sentence if he does not.
		The prisoner's dilemma predicts that rational and utility calculating prisoners unbounded by morality and friendship and given a logical choice by a KGB prosecutor will both confess and get 10 year sentence even they would be both better off not confessing.
		However, the prisoner's dilemma and mathematicians who developed it ignored the reality of the Soviet terror.
	mason.gmu.edu /~ikatcha1/prisonersdilemma.html (305 words)

	Prisoner's Dilemma (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The title "prisoner's dilemma" and the version with prison sentences as payoffs are due to Albert Tucker, who wanted to make Flood and Dresher's ideas more accessible to an audience of Stanford psychologists.
		In deference to Hume, Skyrms and Vanderschraaf refer to this kind of asynchronous PD as the "farmer's dilemma." It is instructive to picture it in a tree diagram.
		The farmer's dilemma can be represented in normal form by understanding Player One to be choosing between C and D and Player Two to be (simultaneously) choosing among four conditional moves: cooperate unconditionally (Cu), defect unconditionally (Du), imitate Player One's move (I), and do the opposite of Player One's move (O).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/prisoner-dilemma (14067 words)

	Philosophy and Computers --- Links - The Prisoner's Dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prisoner's Dilemma Strategies - This web site while containing mostly references to other accomplishments by the authors (too many to list) provides the classic version of the games rules and point values for easy understanding.
		Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma and Game and Simulation - Another pretty good site with a similar variation on the game, also with a game available to play on the site.
		Prisoner's Dilemma in Different Disciplines - A weppage with annotaded list of many approaches to Prisoner's Dilemma from different points of view represented by various disciplines.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Class/phi365/prisoners_dilemma.html (368 words)

	Prisoners' Dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prisoners' Dilemma is a game which has been and continues to be studied by people in a variety of disciplines, ranging from biology through sociology and public policy.
		A superb introduction to Prisoners' Dilemma, including both original studies of strategies and discussion of the game's broader significance is Robert Axelrod's The Evolution of Cooperation (Basic Books, NY, 1984).
		There is also a web reference at Prisoners' Dilemma, from Principia Cybernetica and a more elaborate web exploration of social interaction choices at Pat's Encounter Game.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /playground/pdref.html (290 words)

	The Prisoners' Dilemma
		For simplicity we might consider the Prisoner's dilemma as zero-sum insofar as there is no mutual cooperation: either each gets 0 when both defect, or when one of them cooperates, the defector gets + 10, and the cooperator - 10, in total 0.
		The gain for mutual cooperation (5) in the prisoner's dilemma is kept smaller than the gain for one-sided defection (10), so that there would always be a "temptation" to defect.
		The prisoner's dilemma is meant to study short term decision-making where the actors do not have any specific expectations about future interactions or collaborations (as is the case in the original situation of the jailed criminals).
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /PRISDIL.html (893 words)

	Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Online Game and Simulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prisoner's Dilemma ICQ Chat Room - chat to others interested in Prisoner's Dilemma.
		Chaos, cheating and cooperation: potential solutions to the Prisoner's Dilemma.
		Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Code - Simple spatial simulator and C code.
	www.iterated-prisoners-dilemma.net (463 words)

	Wired News: New Tack Wins Prisoner's Dilemma
		The Prisoner's Dilemma is a game-theory problem for two players.
		"The Prisoner's Dilemma is this canonical problem of how to get cooperation to emerge from selfish agents," said Nick Jennings, a professor in computer science at Southampton University and leader of the winning team along with his Ph.D. student, Gopal Ramchurn.
		The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is a version of the game in which the choice is repeated over and over again and in which the players can remember their previous moves, allowing them to evolve a cooperative strategy.
	www.wired.com /news/culture/0,1284,65317,00.html (1002 words)

	Prisoner's Dilemma & Public Choice Theory
		It addresses that class of situations in which there is a fundamental conflict between what is a rational choice for an individual member of a group and for the group as a whole.
		Prisoner's Dilemma Project in Java — If you have Java, here is source code to run a simulation.
		Prisoner's Dilemma and Social Cooperation, by Russell A. Marion
	www.constitution.org /pd/pd.htm (640 words)

	Amazon.com: Prisoner's Dilemma: Books: Richard Powers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The language during the chapters set in 1978 is, by comparison, rather objective, but it still has plenty of intrusive third-person commentary inserted, lending an existential lushness to such simple acts as setting the table or playing catch in the backyard.
		The refrain of do what you can now, do what you can while you can, ties neatly into the dilemma that is the heart of the Prisoner's Dilemma, not as a book title but as game theory.
		And therein lies the dilemma, the choices we make, the faith we place in other's choices, and what actually transpires or results is, I believe, what at least a good part of this characteristic wild ride that is a Powers work, is about.
	www.amazon.com /Prisoners-Dilemma-Richard-Powers/dp/0060977086 (3048 words)

	www.myspace.com/theprisonersdilemma
		In stark contrast, The Prisoners Dilemma creates a unique, yet catchy and distinct style of music: "the next big thing"...and we don't mean the dueling-guitar-playin' Gibbs brothers, Robert and David, at 6'7" and 6'4", respectively.
		The Prisoners Dilemma is not your ordinary band that can be pigeonholed into a certain genre and disregarded.
		The long-awaited Evan sails The Prisoners Dilemma into listener and radio-friendly waters with his extremely passionate, emotional, and aggressive vocals and lyrics.
	www.myspace.com /theprisonersdilemma (816 words)

	Gelf Magazine: Prisoners' Dilemma
		A recent Washington Post article, Prisoners Undercut Mexican Drug Crackdown, focuses on how the arrest and incarceration of drug lords has led to more violence as cartels form powerful alliances behind bars.
		To the dismay of many law enforcement officials, escaping from prison is not a crime in Mexico.
		The American justice system does not take this viewpoint—in fact, escape attempts have been used as justification for pursuing the death penalty (see this Oregonian piece).
	www.gelfmagazine.com /mt/archives/prisoners_dilemma.html (241 words)

	NetLogo Models Library: Prisoners Dilemma HubNet
		The Prisoner's Dilemma is a famous game-theory situation that models the costs and benefits of collaboration or treason between free agents where there is a struggle over some capital.
		The rules of the game are such that agents are penalized when behaving aggressively in interacting with another aggressive agent, At each interaction between agents, each agent decides whether to 'cooperate' or 'defect.' These household terms in economics come from the following hypothetical situation.
		The Prisoner's Dilemma presents an interesting problem: if you and your accomplice in crime are imprisoned, then in order to minimize the overall jail time you should cooperate with your partner by remaining silent and not confessing.
	ccl.northwestern.edu /netlogo/models/CompHubNetPrisonersDilemmaHubNet (1035 words)

	Amazon.com: Prisoner's Dilemma: Books: William Poundstone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		My favorite parts are the chapters on the various game-theoretic dilemmas (including a _very_ nice exposition of Robert Axelrod's _The Evolution of Cooperation_ that correctly captures what Axelrod did and did not show in his famous computer tournaments).
		According to the Prisoner's Dilemma, two suspects are arrested and are sequestered from each other.
		According to Poundstone, the association of it with prison sentences was by Albert W. Tucker.
	www.amazon.com /Prisoners-Dilemma-William-Poundstone/dp/038541580X (2962 words)

	The Prisoner's Dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The prisoner's dilemma is a fun little game theory problem.
		The prisoner's dilemma was originally formulated by mathematician Albert W. Tucker and has since become the classic example of a "non-zero sum" game in economics, political science, evolutionary biology, and of course game theory.
		In the prisoner's dilemma, you and Albert are picked up by the police and interrogated in separate cells without a chance to communicate with each other.
	www.princeton.edu /~mdaniels/PD/PD.html (554 words)

	Prisoner's Dilemma - Game Theory .net
		Each player has a dominant strategy to implicate the other, and thus in equilibrium each receives a harsh punishment, but both would be better off if each remained silent.
		In a repeated or iterated prisoner's dilemma, cooperation may be sustained through trigger strategies such as tit for tat.
		The Prisoner's dilemma is featured in many movies.
	www.gametheory.net /Dictionary/PrisonersDilemma.html (153 words)

	THE PRISONERS’ DILEMMA
		laid out for the two prisoners, who, of course, are never allowed to talk to each other.
		There is perfect knowledge; in other words, all the possible moves are known to both players and there is no hidden information.
		Later refinements of von Neumann’s original mini-max theorem, which he proved mathematically, included the Prisoner’s Dilemma game (multiply games played), Nash’s Equilibrium (more than two or many players), and economic risk theories (multiple games, multiple players, and multiple strategies).
	www.charleswarner.us /prisonersdilemma1.htm (1728 words)

	Prisoners Dilemma
		The following table shows one particular form of Prisoner's Dilemma.
		Each player chooses (not knowing the other player's choice) to "cooperate" or "defect", and then each player gets paid according to the box they jointly land in; the two numbers are what P1 gets, then what P2 gets.
		Selfishness is not part of the prisoner's dilemma (or general game theory).
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?PrisonersDilemma (1872 words)

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