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	Key (cryptography) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Keys are also used in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and keyed-hash functions (also known as MACs), often used for authentication.
		A newer class of "public key" cryptographic algorithms was discovered in the 1970s which use a pair of keys, one to encrypt and one to decrypt.
		When a password (or passphrase) is used as an encryption key, well-designed cryptosystems first run it through a key-derivation algorithm which adds salt and reduces or expands it to the key length desired, for example by reducing a long phrase into a 128-bit value suitable for use in a block cipher.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Key_(cryptography) (863 words)

	Public-key cryptography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Public key cryptography is a form of cryptography which generally allows users to communicate securely without having prior access to a shared secret key, by using a pair of cryptographic keys, designated as public key and private key, which are related mathematically.
		This method of exponential key exchange, which came to be known as Diffie-Hellman key exchange, was the first published practical method for establishing a shared secret key over an unprotected communications channel without using a prior shared secret.
		Another potential weakness in the process of using asymmetric keys is the possibility of a 'Man in the middle' attack, whereby the communication of public keys is intercepted by a third party and modified to provide the third party's own public keys instead.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Private_key (2981 words)

	RSA Security - 4.1.3.8 How should I store my private key?
		Private keys must be stored securely, since forgery and loss of privacy could result from compromise (see Question 4.1.3.7).
		The measures taken to protect a private key must be at least equal to the required security of the messages encrypted with that key.
		It might be best to store the key in a computer that is not accessible to other users or on removable media the user can remove and take with her when she has finished using a particular computer.
	www.rsasecurity.com /rsalabs/node.asp?id=2275 (243 words)

	Microsoft Windows XP - Private Key Storage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Private keys for the Microsoft RSA-based cryptographic service providers (CSPs), including the Base CSP and the Enhanced CSP, are located in the user profile under RootDirectory\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA.
		In the case of a roaming user profile, private keys reside in the RSA folder on the domain controller and are downloaded to the user's computer until the user logs off or the computer is restarted.
		Because private keys must be protected, all files in the RSA folder are automatically encrypted by using a random symmetric key called the user's master key.
	www.microsoft.com /resources/documentation/Windows/XP/all/reskit/en-us/prnb_efs_kuft.asp?frame=true (245 words)

	Private Key Vs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Private key encryption is the oldest and simplest form of cryptography; it dates back to Roman times when Julius Caesar used a simple substitution method known as the shift cipher.
		Private key cryptography enables communicating in private while the message itself can be viewed by anyone, the basic idea being to make the message meaningless to everyone except the sender and receiver, who know the private key.
		Since the keys are made public it is possible for an attacker to pretend to be someone else and send you their public key.
	ganges.cs.tcd.ie /mepeirce/Dce/99/crypto/Private_Key_Vs.html (639 words)

	Private key (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		A private key is one of an asymmetric key pair and consists of a data string and an algorithmic pattern.
		A public key is usually bound to the owner's digital certificate and is available for anyone to use.
		A private key, however, is protected by and available only to the owner of the key.
	www.redbooks.ibm.com /pubs/html/as400/v4r5/ic2924/info/RZAHUPRIVATEKEY.HTM (108 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Keys usually come in pairs, with one half being the public key and the other half being the private key.
		NOTE: if you intend to use the key together with a server certificate, it may be a good thing to avoid protecting it with a password, since that would mean someone would have to type in the password every time the server needs to access the key.
		When that is done, you can generate a key using the parameters in question (actually, several keys can be generated from the same parameters): openssl gendsa -des3 -out privkey.pem dsaparam.pem With this variant, you will be prompted for a protecting password.
	www.openssl.org /docs/HOWTO/keys.txt (449 words)

	Unlocking Cryptography: Private Key vs. Public Key
		Anytime you send one part of a private key into the world, you run the risk of someone intercepting it and using it to decode all of your messages.
		This system is now called public key cryptography, so called because anyone can see and use the encryption key, while the sender keeps the decryption key private.
		As long as the private key performs a different function from the public key, the underlying security of the system is safe.
	www.fathom.com /media/elearning/cryptography/private.html (1716 words)

	Encryption
		Private key encryption and public key encryption are discussed, as are their limitations.
		The things that make public key encryption work is that Alice very closely guards her private key and freely distributes her public key.
		Key length is very important to the security of the encryption method - but the 'safe' key length changes every time CPU manufacturers bring out a new processor.
	www.faqs.org /docs/SecuringData-INTRO/encryption.html (554 words)

	Protecting a Private Key in a CA Context
		Just as it is critically important to trust the humans involved in the control of the private key, it is also important to understand the physical and logical protections that are used to protect the key from illegitimate use by others, aka being stolen.
		A survey of possible strategies 2.1 Systems where humans can have access to the key There are many approaches that can be used to protect a private key where authorized users may have access to the key, but unauthorized users are prohibited from having access.
		Typically this key is the result of a one-way hash function applied over a hopefully strong password (12 characters, mixed alpha and numeric characters perhaps with punctuation added as well).
	middleware.internet2.edu /hepki-tag/docs/private-key-prot.html (1464 words)

	Private Key Symmetric Encryption - MyCrypto.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Private Key encryption, also referred to as conventional, single-key or symmetric encryption was the only available option prior to the advent of Public Key encryption in 1976.
		When using this form of encryption, it is essential that the sender and receiver have a way to exchange secret keys in a secure manner.
		Cryptanalysis is a form of attack that attacks the characteristics of the algorithm to deduce a specific plaintext or the key used.
	www.mycrypto.net /encryption/private_key_encryption.html (321 words)

	openssl genrsa -- generate an RSA private key
		When generating a private key various symbols will be output to indicate the progress of the generation.
		Because key generation is a random process the time taken to generate a key may vary somewhat.
		For typical private keys this will not matter because for security reasons they will be much larger (typically 1024 bits).
	www.mkssoftware.com /docs/man1/openssl_genrsa.1.asp (264 words)

	Cryptography FAQ (06/10: Public Key Cryptography)
		At the receiver side, the session key is decrypted using the public-key algorithms and the recovered `plaintext' key is used to decrypt the message.
		The session key approach blurs the distinction between `keys' and `messages' -- in the scheme, the message includes the key, and the key itself is treated as an encryptable `message'.
		Keys are quadruples (p,q,e,d), with p a 256-bit prime number, q a 258-bit prime number, and d and e large numbers with (de - 1) divisible by (p-1)(q-1).
	www.faqs.org /faqs/cryptography-faq/part06 (1816 words)

	Microsoft private key recovery
		The key is encrypted under the current user, so any other program running under the user can obtain their private key with a single function call.
		The problem here is caused by a combination of the PKCS #8 format (which is rather nonoptimal for protecting private keys) and the use of RC4 to encryt fixed, known plaintext.
		Since the same password is used for the MAC and the encrypted key, recovering the MAC password also recovers the password used to encrypt the private key.
	www.insecure.org /sploits/microsoft.private-key.protections.html (3085 words)

	Advanced Topics: Public/Private Key Pairs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Once you've generated your keys and uploaded your public key to a remote server, when you attempt to open an SSH connection to the remote host, the remote host will issue a challenge to your local client which can only be satisfactorily answered using your local host's private key.
		To use your private key, you are asked for the passphrase you entered when generating the key pair, and then the connection is established.
		Theoretically, your private key should not reside on a shared system (such as Hunter Creech), but if you manage your file permissions with due diligence, there should be no significant threat of compromise-if you trust your system administrator, that is.
	www.pcs.cnu.edu /~mbland/ssh_intro/node4.html (320 words)

	Public-key cryptography -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		For most of the (Click link for more info and facts about history of cryptography) history of cryptography, a key had to be kept absolutely secret and would be agreed upon beforehand using a secure, but non-cryptographic, method; for example, a face-to-face meeting or a trusted courier.
		Most are used in hybrid cryptosystems for reasons of efficiency; in such a cryptosystem, a secret key ("session key") is generated for each message and used to encrypt the message; the much briefer session key is then encrypted to each recipient's public key.
		The recipient uses the corresponding private key to decrypt the session key, which she then uses to decrypt the message.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pu/public-key_cryptography.htm (1300 words)

	ipedia.com: Public-key cryptography Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The keys are used for encrypting or signing messages -- one key is typically used to encrypt a message and the other is used to decrypt it, or one key is used to sign a message and the other used to verify the signature.
		The public key of a pair can be known by anyone since, for the algorithms which are useful, there is no known way to deduce one key of a pair given the other.
		Some have the public key / private key property in which one of the keys is not deduceable from the other; or so it is believed by knowledgeable observers.
	www.ipedia.com /public_key_cryptography.html (873 words)

	Money Key, Florida - Private Islands For Rent - Travelers Digest
		Situated in the famed Florida Keys, this private island is a shot distance from the "mainland" keys which are connected to the rest of the state via the Overseas Highway.
		The island is fully treed with exotic palms and trees native to the area.
		Money Key is an ideal getaway, ideal for those who enjoy boating, diving, snorkelling, kayaking or fishing.
	www.travelersdigest.com /islands/usa/money_key.htm (147 words)

	Beyond Numbers: Public/Private Key Encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The basic idea behind public/private key encryption is that you encode or "encrypt" a chunk of data using a digital key, then use a second key to decode or "decrypt" and access this data.
		Digital "keys" are actually mathematical values that become part of that mathematical equation you use to encrypt your data.
		The publicly available key is, logically, called the "public key," and the privately available key is the "private key" (hence the term public/private key encryption).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3984/is_200501/ai_n9467987 (934 words)

	KeyTools Pro/Lite v5.0.5 Developer's Guide - 4.4 Private-key security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		A PKI must provide a highly secure means to protect the private keys of all its users.
		Within this concept, private keys and other sensitive data are held securely on disk and can only be accessed or altered by the authorized holder of those keys.
		For disk-based systems, the private key is encrypted based on a user passphrase.
	www.betrusted.com /downloads/products/keytools/v50/pro/c-docs/html/devguide/prolitecdevguide-4.4.html (133 words)

	Cisco Security Advisory: PIX Private Link Key Processing and Cryptography Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		This is because key the modified key parsing algorithm will lead old and new versions to derive different encryption keys from the same configuration file.
		This reduction of the effective key length reduces the work involved in a brute-force attack on the encryption by a factor of 256.
		That is, knowledgeable attackers can, on the average, find the right key 256 times faster than they would be able to find it with a true 56-bit key.
	www.cisco.com /warp/public/770/pixkey-pub.shtml (1112 words)

	Private Idaho
		Private Idaho is currently being used all over the world, and seems to be one of the more popular PGP tools.
		The previous version (2.7b1) of Private Idaho was released on 7/24/96.
		A Private Idaho user's guide in Microsoft Word format is also available as of 10/17/96.
	www.eskimo.com /~joelm/pi.html (2029 words)

	Partial Private Key (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		We have seen earlier that if a number of people share a common RSA encryption modulus R, but each has their own public encryption exponent s and private decryption exponent t, then there is a method to factor R; its efficiency depends on the size of s and of t.
		One might think that this scenario is only an academic matter, and that one party never really has access to another's private key by mere computation, since everybody will ensure they don't share an R with anyone else.
		As we shall see now, depending on the choice of the prime factors p and q of R, a large portion of the private key t may anyway be leaked by the system.
	math.boisestate.edu /~marion/teaching/Skopje/rsa3partialt.htm (535 words)

	RenderingHints.Key (Java 2 Platform SE v1.4.2)
		Construct a key using the indicated private key.
		The hash code for all Key objects will be the same as the system identity code of the object as defined by the System.identityHashCode() method.
		the private integer key that the subclass instantiated this Key with.
	java.sun.com /j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/java/awt/RenderingHints.Key.html (335 words)

	Why Use Private-Key Cryptography? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Public key encryption (using RSA) is thought to be computationally secure (for now!) at about 2048 bits.
		The running time for encryption using a private key is slightly superlinear in the keysize: for instance, with IDEA, the keysize is 128 bits, the slowest basic operations are the multiplications, and there are 4 of those per round.
		To be immune to linear-differential cryptanalysis, the number of rounds should probably scale with the logarithm of the number of bits you're using for a key.
	www.scs.carleton.ca /~schriste/crypto/WhyPrivate.html (486 words)

	Installing a Private Key (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Ultimately we will want to use a private key with an officially signed certificate, so we can verify ourselves as being bona fide on the Internet, but for now we can create a temporary certificate and test that SSL works with it.
		We can actually call this key file anything we like, but we choose the domain name of the server because we can then create other keys for different virtual hosts and give each a name that identifies the host it is for.
		If we fail to do this and a third-party gets hold of the private key, they could use it to impersonate the server, and security would be fundamentally broken.
	www.littleigloo.org /books/2963/29632006.htm (2011 words)

	Private-Key Cryptography (Linktionary term) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Secret-key encryption uses one key, the secret key, that is used to both encrypt and decrypt messages.
		The term "private key" is often used inappropriately to refer to the secret key.
		With public-key encryption, a user has two keys, one that is made public and one that is held privately.
	www.linktionary.com /p/priv_key_cryp.html (126 words)

	jGuru: What is private key/symmetric/secret key cryptography?
		Short answer: A private key cryptography algorithm uses the same key for encryption and decryption.
		Since the key is the only data required to decrypt the ciphertext, it must be kept private/secret.
		In private key cryptography, the decryption key in the image below is identical to the encryption key in the image above.
	www.jguru.com /faq/view.jsp?EID=4311 (240 words)

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