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	Encyclopedia: Privatization of British railways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The privatisation of British Rail was the result of the Railways Act 1993 introduced by John Major's Conservative government.
		British Rail was to be broken up into over 100 separate companies, with all relationships between the successor companies controlled by legal contracts and supervised by the Office of the Rail Regulator and, in the case of the passenger railway, the Office of Passenger Rail Franchising (OPRAF).
		The privatisation has been widely criticised in terms of service to the consumer (traveller), and also on safety grounds in the aftermath of a few high-profile accidents (though the empirical evidence for the view that these could be attributed to the new structure of the industry is weak).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Privatization-of-British-railways (2461 words)

	british rail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		British Railways (BR), later rebranded as British Rail, ran the British railway system, between the nationalisation of the 'Big Four' British railway companies in 1948 until it was privatised in stages between 1994 and 1997.
		The British Railways Board was created in the early 1960s, taking over from the former British Transport Commission which, in addition to the railway, was also responsible for the waterways (canals) and road freight transport.
		Between the mid-1960s and mid-1970s the size of the British rail network was reduced from around 20,000 miles to 12,000 miles as a result of the "Beeching Axe", the cost-cutting review conducted by BR Chairman Dr Richard Beeching.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /British_Rail.html (512 words)

	privatization of british railways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Privatization of British railways happened during the early 1990s and was fully completed by 1993.
		It was hoped that in the end the financing could have been fully organized by private parties (which could have been possible), but the government also wanted to expand and renew the tracks even when it was not financially viable and yet skim all the profits, effectively scaring all private investors away.
		Privatization requires belief in the free markets by the government, both in good and bad, even when political popularity is at risk.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /privatization_of_british_railways.html (645 words)

	privatization - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about privatization
		Those against privatization believe that it transfers a country's assets from all the people to a controlling minority, that public utilities such as gas and water become private monopolies, and that a profit-making state-owned company raises revenue for the government.
		The state-owned British Nuclear Fuels was part-privatized in 1999.
		In 1997, privatizations worldwide were expected to go beyond the $100 billion mark for the first time, up 14% from the 1996 record and up 28% from 1995.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /privatization (467 words)

	Privatization
		Privatization is frequently associated with industrial or service-oriented enterprises, such as mining, manufacturing or power generation, but it can also apply to any asset, such as land, roads, or even rights to water.
		Another argument for privatization is, that to privatize a company which was non-profitable (or even generated severe losses) when state-owned means to take the burden of financing it off the shoulders and pockets of taxpayers, as well as free some national budget resources which may be subsequently used for something else.
		Privatization in the absence of a market system may lead to assets being held by a few very wealthy people, a so-called oligarchy, at the expense of the general population and may discredit the process of economic reform.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/privatization.html (2581 words)

	Privatization - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Privatization (sometimes: denationalization, privatisation or — especially in India — disinvestment) is the economic process of transferring property, from public ownership to private ownership.
		Opponents of privatization dispute the claims made by proponents of privatization, especially the ones concerning the alleged lack of incentive for governments to ensure that the enterprises they own are well run, on the basis of the idea that governments must answer to the people.
		Privatization has rarely worked out ideally because it is so intertwined with political concerns, especially in post-communist economies or in developing nations where corruption is endemic.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Privatization (2755 words)

	Privatization of British railways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Privatization of the railroad traffic has generally been seen as very succesful in Germany and Finland.
		British Railways Board Regulates the residual functions of British Rail and the Railway Heritage Committee, British Transport Police and Rail Property Limited.
		Setting the Privatization Record Straight Policy commentary by Mackinac Center for Public Policy responds to several objections to education privatization.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Privatization_of_British_railways.html (928 words)

	Privatization: Rip-Offs and Resistance
		Railtrack, the private company established to manage the privatized track, signals and stations and oversee their development and maintenance, imposed thousands of speed restrictions on the train-operating companies (TOCs) throughout the country, because even its own confidence in the state of its assets had evaporated.
		British Rail’s performance epitomized the weaknesses as well as the strengths of the bureaucratic model of public service management and was the butt of many a weary joke.
		As with privatization in other services, such as electricity and water, renegotiation of contracts just two or three years into long-term concessions has become the norm, as the private operators take advantage of their place in the driver’s seat and the weakness of regulatory capacity to further increase profits.
	multinationalmonitor.org /mm2002/02jan-feb/jan-feb02corp1.html (3707 words)

	Privatization of Japanese National Railways and Labor Unions
		JNR's privatization in the aim of reviewing the collapsed management and shift of the stance toward labor unions showed the new move of capital from the stalemated conventional mechanism to a new accumulating mechanism of capital.
		As soon as privatization policy was ensured, contrary to the prediction of NRU leaders, NRU was divided into two factions that continued to pursue the opposition and adapt themselves to privatization with flexibility.
		Though NRU reached their decision to accept the privatization of JNR and not to accuse JR companies legal responsibility any further at their general assembly, the Agreement was nullified by ruling parties due to the alleged opposition among NRU in the fall of 2002.
	www.jru7.net /privatization.htm (4457 words)

	The Privatization of British Rail
		The Brits were railway pioneers, and now Britain is among the first to privatize the railways, and is certainly the fastest.
		Privatization has not meant that the government has washed its hands of financing the railways; this is the role of the Office of Passenger Rail Franchising, OPRAF.
		British franchise periods are usually seven years, but those involving a requirement to buy new trains usually run to 15 years.
	www.eriksrailnews.com /archive/thatcher.htm (2181 words)

	Railways: The World Experience
		The railway is generally one of the nation's oldest institutions, and its years of history have endowed it with perceived roles—such as a "public service obligation"—and an associated engineering and production-oriented management culture which are uniquely resistant to change.
		The people at large may believe that a railway is "needed," whether or not it is economically justifiable, either because they believe that rail service is a basic "right," like education or health, or because they consider the presence of a railway to be one of the status symbols of nationhood.
		The ministry which owns and operates the railway may be as interested in protecting its organizational domain, budget, and political influence as it is in serving the needs of shippers or tackling the difficult task of restructuring the railway.
	www.info.tdri.or.th /library/quarterly/text/m93_3.htm (3387 words)

	Privatization - InformationBlast
		In theory, privatization helps establish a "free market", as well as fostering capitalist competition.
		Privatisation will not result in true competition if a natural monopoly exists.
		Nationalised industries are usually guaranteed against bankruptcy by the state, they can therefore borrow money at a lower interest rate to reflect the lower risk of loan default to the lender.
	www.informationblast.com /EU_liberalisation.html (2059 words)

	The Reform of UK Railways-Privatization and Its Results
		Reform of UK railways was part of the vast programme of privatization undertaken by Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government in various sectors of the economy, including telecommunications, water authorities, air and road transport, and maritime ports.
		Privatization opponents ascribed ulterior motives to the process, including the government's desire to relieve public finances from the weight of investment necessary to improve a network that had suffered from 20 years of chronic under-investment, by transferring responsibility to the private sector; and the desire to reduce the ‘paralyzing’ influence of the transport unions.
		Privatization of freight was not a matter of granting franchises to operators (as done for the TOCs), but of completely privatizing freight business and permitting establishment of private companies that were not obliged to maintain service levels and that could buy operating licences, own their own rolling stock, and operate in a very open environment.
	www.jrtr.net /jrtr34/f16_mat.html (9888 words)

	JRULM: Special Collections Guide: Railway Collection: The Eric Dyckhoff Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		His interest in railways was very much a 'pro-active' one; he spent much of his spare time over seventy years making suggestions to the rail companies regarding cheap fares and other matters.
		Note: since the privatization of British railways the copyright situation regarding some of these exhibits is unclear: any organization wishing to claim copyright is invited to contact us.
		Post-war, he was active in trying to persuade the authorities to restore the pre-war level of services, and he claims to have been responsible for a debate in the Commons on the subject of railway fares in 1949.
	rylibweb.man.ac.uk /data2/spcoll/brown/dyckhoff (739 words)

	Privatization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Privatization of Pakistan's largest oil marketing company, Pakistan State Oil, is in its final stage and will be sold to the private sector as scheduled in...
		The NMI Retirement Fund has completed its negotiation with a lone health insurance provider applicant for the privatization of the government's group heath plan...
		Conversely, socialists view privatization negatively, arguing that entrusting private businesses with control of essential services reduces the public's control over them, and may result in corruption.
	www.wikiverse.org /privatization (2403 words)

	Education: Privatization? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One aspect of globalization is the belief that state enterprises should be privatized, since allegedly the profit motive leads to efficiency.
		A mantra of the Republican Party is the superiority of private enterprise over government operations, since the market by the laws of nature produces efficiency.
		The University of the Americas, in Puebla, Mexico, with which WAIS has close ties, is one of the non-profit private universities which promise to be the salvation on Mexican higher education.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Education/education_privatization13101.html (468 words)

	British Railways -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The company was established to complete a transcontinental railroad that the government had begun under the agreement by which British Columbia entered the confederation in 1871.
		The Haida of the Queen Charlotte Islands and the Tsimshian of the Nass and Skeena rivers were tribes with an advanced social organization.
		Farther south were the Bella Coola, the Kwakiutl, the Nootka on Vancouver Island, and the coast and interior...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9016531?tocId=9016531 (805 words)

	A Film About Britain
		The railways were the last major industry to be privatized by the government of Margaret Thatcher and John Major.
		Their belief was that only private capital and the disciplines of the market would make for efficiency and high productivity.
		There is only one way out, in the end: a publicly owned and accountable railway run by those who work in it, in partnership with the community it serves.
	www.laborstandard.org /New_Postings/Ken_Loach.htm (778 words)

	Intelliflix: Rent Navigators on DVD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Directed by Ken Loach, THE NAVIGATORS examines the privatization of the British railways.
		Focusing on a group of workers whose lives were changed by the decision, the film is written by Rob Dawber, who worked as a railway signals operator.
		The classic privatization process of a governmental agency, taken apart inexorably by the new owners, from the workers' point of view.
	www.intelliflix.com /movie_view.dvd?id=33987 (159 words)

	98trade5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The government's role should be to ensure that the necessary public services are provided, to regulate the vital areas of the economy and to shoulder those burdens which do not fall within the scope of the private sector.
		A partner in a London-based international law firm gave a comprehensive overview of the results of the privatization of British utilities.
		The seminar also examined the experience of Poland and Croatia and the influence that the privatization of large companies and utilities had had on the Polish and Croatian stock exchanges.
	www.unece.org /press/98trade5.htm (240 words)

	New Statesman: How Labour fed the fattest cat of all - rail privatization and the British Labor Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1995 ministers' plans for privatisation were being frustrated by the complexity of the task and a rearguard action from British Rail leaders who hoped to delay the sale long enough for the election to save them (little did they know that Labour would be an equally enthusiastic privatiser).
		His friends say this was because the scheme would have required public expenditure; his enemies say it was because he had not come up with the idea himself.
		Prescott, who had worked tirelessly to try to kill railway privatisation, was furious.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FQP/is_1998_Oct_30/ai_53260608 (1047 words)

	British-Style Privatization Would Worsen Amtrak's Wreck; Options Emerge
		The Feb. 7 restructuring proposal released for Amtrak, the national U.S. passenger rail system, by the Amtrak Reform Council, recommends that private companies be allowed to pick over the remains of Amtrak, which is losing billions in the current economic crisis, and is close to closing down.
		The "restructuring" calls for exactly what was done in Britain's Thatcherite rail privatization in the late 1980s, which brought U.K. railroads to the stage of a generally recognized, complete breakdown today.
		Scavenger RR The Reform Council's proposals for "saving" the U.S. passenger system are directly modelled on the British 1980s privatization, which recently ended in a dramatic rail collapse in the United Kingdom.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/2002/2906amtrak.html (2743 words)

	Parliamentary report condemns privatization of British Rail (Canadian Union of Public Employees)
		The all-party Transport Committee of the British House of Commons has issued a report which condemns the privatization of the UK rail system and calls for the creation of a new government agency very similar to the former British Rail.
		In arguing for creation of a new public-sector rail agency, the report by the all-party group of senior MPs says the record of British Rail in the 1980s showed that public subsidies could be reduced, financial targets met, investment increased and service quality improved.
		Since privatisation, the British rail system has been plagued by a series of deadly rail accidents, increasing costs and sharp declines in service quality.
	www.cupe.ca /www/474/ART406dab4ad7910 (220 words)

	Arabic News Front Page for 11/20/1999
		The number of British tourists visiting Morocco every year could double, said minister of tourism Hassan Sebbar.
		The association said it will set up a commission to work on this project meant to consolidate human rights in Morocco.
		minister Mustapha Mansouri met here British counterpart for discussions on the successful privatization of British Railways and road accident prevention campaign and the opportunity for more flights by the Moroccan carrier "RAM." Go
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/991120/FP.html (1514 words)

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