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Topic: Privy Council (Japan)

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	ninemsn Encarta - Search View - Japan
		Japan has limited sources of traditional natural energy yet it sustains a rapidly expanding industrial sector and a large population with one of the highest standards of living in the world.
		Japan is an industrialized urban society, and approximately 65 per cent of the population lives in metropolitan areas.
		Japan was awarded the lease (to 1923, later extended to 1997) of the Liaodong Peninsula, including the Guangdong (Kwangtung) territory, and the southern half of Sakhalin, thereafter known as Karafuto.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761566679__1/Japan.html (18784 words)

	Japan. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Japan proper has four main islands, which are (from north to south) Hokkaido, Honshu (the largest island, where the capital and most major cities are located), Shikoku, and Kyushu.
		Japan became one of the world’s leading producers of machinery, motor vehicles, ships, and steel, and by the 1980s it had become a leading exporter of high-technology goods, including electrical and electronic appliances.
		Japan has also become a global leader in financial services, with some of the world’s largest banks, but since the collapse of the stock and real estate markets in the early 1990s many of Japan’s banks have been burdened with high numbers of nonperforming loans.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ja/Japan.html (5901 words)

	Chrysanthemum Throne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Nihonshoki it is said that the Empire of Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu.
		Despite the fact that there had previously been eight female Emperors (in Japan only the wife of an Emperor is called an Empress), under Japanese Imperial law (promulgated by the Imperial Household Agency and the Privy Council) women have been forbidden from reigning since the middle of the 20th century.
		Under the provisions of the current Constitution of Japan, the Emperor is a symbol of the state and the unity of its people; he has no real political power but is regarded as a ceremonial Head of State and constitutional monarch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chrysanthemum_Throne (260 words)

	Japan on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Japan's principal religions are Shinto and Buddhism ; most Japanese adhere to both faiths.
		Japan receives all of its bauxite, phosphate, steel scrap, and iron ore from imports, as well as virtually all of its crude oil and copper ore. Manufactured goods make up the vast majority of the nation's exports.
		Japan was compelled to admit foreign merchants and to sign unequal treaties.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/J/Japan.asp (6062 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Japan
		On 31 March, 1908, the total population of Japan was 49,092,000 inhabitants; that of Formosa 3,155,005; and that of the Ainus (aborigines) 17,632.
		The seas which surround Japan are the Pacific Ocean on the east, the Sea of Okhotsk on the North, the Sea of Japan on the west, and the China Sea on the south.
		Councils of war are established in the army to judge the soldiers.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08297a.htm (17760 words)

	Interwar Japan
		Japan and Britain, both of whom wanted to keep Russia out of Manchuria, signed the Treaty of Alliance in 1902, which was in effect until in 1921 when the two signed the Four Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, which took effect in 1923.
		Japan's military expansionism and quest for national self- sufficiency eventually led the United States in 1940 to embargo war supplies, abrogate a long-standing commercial treaty, and put greater restrictions on the export of critical commodities.
		Japan countered that it would not use force unless "a country not yet involved in the European war" (that is, the United States) attacked Germany or Italy.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/IntJapan.html (8730 words)

	Korea - Challenges of Modernization
		Japan settled pending problems with China by concluding the Tianjin Treaty, in which the two sides agreed to: (a) pull their expeditionary forces out of Korea simultaneously; (b) not send military instructors for the training of the Korean army; and (c) notify the other side beforehand should one decide to send troops to Korea.
		Japan agreed to recognize the Russia occupation of Manchuria, on condition that Russia recognize its activities in Korea.
		Japan stationed six and a half battalions in Korea, which laid military railways, seized Korean telegraphic and telephone networks by occupying the Central Telecommunications Office, and pre-empted land for military use.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/korea/history/challenges_of_modernization.htm (5415 words)

	Encyclopedia of Japanese History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Is credited by Americans and some others with opening Japan to the world and thereby ending the Japanese period of national isolation known as sakoku.
		The purpose was to end the Russo-Japanese War, in which Japan was the clear victor but also in no state to continue fighting.
		Japan gained a lot from the treaty, but not nearly as much as the Japanese public had been led to expect.
	www.openhistory.org /jhdp/encyclopedia/p.html (328 words)

	The Meiji Restoration and Modernization
		Japan's success in modernization has created great interest in why and how it was able to adopt Western political, social, and economic institutions in so short a time.
		Japan strengthened itself enough to remain a sovereign nation in the face of Western colonizing powers and indeed became a colonizing power itself.
		Japan's need for natural resources and the repeated rebuffs from the West to Japan's attempts to expand its power in Asia paved the way for militarists to rise to power.
	www.iun.edu /~hisdcl/G369_2002/meijiconstitution.htm (5119 words)

	Claude Maxwell MacDonald - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He presided over the Tokyo Legation in years of harmony between Britain and Japan (1900-12), swapping posts with Sir Ernest Satow who replaced him as Minister in Peking.
		In 1900 MacDonald led the defence of the foreign legations which were under siege during the Boxer Rebellion, and worked well with the Anglophile Japanese Colonel Shiba Goro.
		He also became Britain's first ambassador to Japan when the status of the legation was raised to an embassy in 1905, and was made a Privy Councillor in 1906.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Claude_Maxwell_Macdonald (251 words)

	Emperor of Japan
		Japan did acquire an empire, beginning with the annexation of the Ryu Kyu Islands in 1875 and culminating in conquest of Southeast Asia in 1940-1942.
		Second, while Japan has an "emperor" it is not formally an "empire." Between 1889 and 1946, the long form of the country's name was the "Empire of Japan." During the American occupation, the Diet (parliament) voted to drop the long form.
		After the introduction of Buddhism to Japan and the "merger" of Buddhist and Shintô practice in the eighth century A.D., the emperor continued to function as a shaman king.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/japan.htm (1501 words)

	gaurav's Japa Journal
		The divine design of the empire—supposedly founded in 660 B.C. by the emperor Jimmu, a lineal descendant of the sun goddess and ancestor of the present emperor—was held as official dogma until 1945.
		By the time Japan's economy began to revive in 1999, the government had spent more than $1 trillion in a series of economic stimulus packages that included numerous public works projects.
		Japan also had to deal with growing economic competition within its own region from such countries as South Korea and Taiwan.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/gikky/Asia/Japan (3862 words)

	[No title]
		Real power resided in the privy council, which was inhabited by the oligarchy.
		Education was meant to train Japan's best and brightest for their place in the government.
		The West's support for Japan's interests in China was fading, and the unification of Manchuria with rest of China loomed as a frightening possibility.
	people.csp.edu /hillmer/212.JapanNarrative.htm (1276 words)

	Anti-Comintern Pact
		Japan was left alone in the east, but was forced to watch as the western nations came in and took control over her surrounding countries, leaving them nothing left to colonize, except China.
		Hitler looked to Japan to be that ally, because when Japan started to expand into China in 1931, the Russians provided resistance, supporting their Communist partners, thus ending Japan and Russia's years of cooperation.
		The material and opinions are those of their respective authors and do not represent the views of the University or the Department of History.
	www.wfu.edu /academics/history/StudentWork/AsiaPacificWar/asia-pacific-scott/background.htm (372 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Americas \| Caribbean penal laws face change
		The council ruled murder cases were too varied to carry a mandatory sentence and also noted the possibility of executing someone who had been falsely convicted.
		The new Privy Council appeal is the culmination of a six-year campaign for constitutional change in Caribbean law by the British lawyers.
		A spokesman for Jamaica's attorney general said the Privy Council was "out of step" with public opinion in the Caribbean.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/americas/3556523.stm (506 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Japan News and Japanese Business and Economy
		The post-World War II International Military Tribunal for the Far East distinguished three types of war crimes: crimes against peace, conventional war crimes, and crimes against humanity, referred to as Class A, B and C, respectively.
		Privy Council, 1924-39; founder and president of Kokuhonsha (a right-wing patriotic society), 1926-28; premier, 1938; minister of home affairs, 1940; minister without portfolio, 1940-41; president, Privy Council, 1945.
		Gained international notoriety in 1933 when he announced Japan's departure from the League of Nations as a result of the League's criticism of Japan's operations in "Manchu State".
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Japan/GI08Dh02.html (1086 words)

	East Asian History Sourcebook: THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN, November 3, 1946
		Article 97: The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.
		Article 98: This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
		When, however, successors are elected or appointed under the provisions of this Constitution, they shall forfeit their positions as a matter of course.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/eastasia/1946ConstitutionJapan.html (4418 words)

	MVM 1937
		"The Privy Council goes back to the earliest days of the Monarchy, when it comprised those appointed by the King or Queen to advise on matters of state.
		The Privy Council is one of the oldest parts of Government, but it has, over time, adapted to reflect the fact that the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.
		With the outbreak of Japan's war against China, Australia's Prime Minister Lyons proposes a Pacific Pact of non-aggression.
	www.menziesvirtualmuseum.org.au /1930s/1937.html (208 words)

	Hiranuma, Kiichiro, Baron on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He influenced Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations, the abrogation of the Washington Naval Treaty, and the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact.
		After the abortive military coup of Feb., 1936, Hiranuma became president of the privy council.
		He continued to serve as president of the privy council, was home minister in 1940, and supported Tojo's call for a fight to the finish in 1945.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/Hiranuma.asp (198 words)

	H-Net Review: Donald L. Robinson on We the Japanese People: World War II and the Origins of the ...
		Dale Hellegers's massive book, in two volumes, eventually focuses on the occupation of Japan, but its most impressive parts are devoted to the embrace, by a broad diplomatic and military elite, of the notion that America must take responsibility, this time, for building democratic nations from the ashes of defeated foes.
		When the time came, especially when the atomic bomb led so abruptly to Japan's surrender, generals took command and were left pretty much to their own devices.
		Konoe, who as prime minister during the late 1930s was responsible for Japan's aggression against China but had a reputation for liberalism, named a commission led by academics from his alma mater in Kyoto.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=264281031051242 (2209 words)

	JGarden - Gardens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As a product of the Meiji period, this home represents a juxtaposition between a classic taste and the Western-influenced modernism that was influential in Japan at the time.
		The one hectare site is primarily covered with mowed lawn, but two yarimizu streams, clusters of stones and clipped shrubs line the water features that meander across the space.
		Aritomo served as Minister of Justice, President of the Privy Council, general in the Sino-Japanese War and Prime Minister.
	www.jgarden.org /gardens.asp?ID=19 (555 words)

	H-Net Review: Paul Dunscomb on The Rise of Modern Japan
		This is critical for our understanding of numerous issues: the nature of Japan's political development in the prewar period, the role of emperor Hirohito, and the participation of non-samurai in the Westernization of Japan during the early Meiji period, to name just a few which are undergoing considerable change.
		The story of the formation of Japan's earliest political parties and the maneuverings of its first generation of politicians, for example, is clearly important, yet to focus too much on the Byzantine workings of the political system risks confusing students who may be encountering this material for the first time.
		Finally, part 4, "Postwar and Contemporary Japan, 1952-2000," concludes with four chapters dealing with economic and social transformations, political struggles and settlements of the High-Growth era, Japan's rise to global power in the 1980s, and an examination of post-postwar Japan in the Heisei era.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=154591058073449 (2446 words)

	Constitution of the Empire of Japan, 1889 - CHAPTER IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Constitution of the Empire of Japan, 1889 - CHAPTER IV Constitution of the Empire of Japan, 1889
		CHAPTER IV The Ministers of State and the Privy Council
		The Privy Councillors shall, in accordance with the provisions for the organization of the Privy Council, deliberate upon important matters of State when they have been consulted by the Emperor.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/asian/ConstitutionoftheEmpireofJapan1889/chap4.html (113 words)

	Welcome to The Privy Council
		The Japan Toilet Association, seeing as its basic mission the improvement of the toilet environment, acts as a networking and consulting body for many national and international groups, organizations, and companies involved in the public toilet issue.
		It has been involved in research of the public toilet situation at home and abroad and has hosted an annual toilet symposium on November 10 (declared by the association as “Toilet Day”) since its founding in 1985.
		City Council has voted to seek bids for a city-wide APT program, considering funding it through advertising kiosks.
	www.theprivycouncil.com /WorldReport.htm (1190 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: The Constitution of Japan, 1946
		The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.
		This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
		The Emperor or the Regent as well as Ministers of State, members of the Diet, judges, and all other public officials have the obligation to respect and uphold this Constitution.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/CONST-JP.html (4307 words)

	Kantaro Suzuki
		In 1929 he was appointed as Grand Chamberlain and member of the Privy Council.
		On February 1936 he was shot in the chest during an attempted military coup.
		Suzuki retired from public life but in August 1944 he was recalled and appointed president of the Privy Council.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWsuzuki.htm (146 words)

	Old news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		With the exception of seeing the Harding case through to the Privy Council, Martinus Francois has decided to "hang up [his] boots" and witdraw all other human rights cases he has pending before the courts.
		The Iyanola Council for the Advancement of Rastafari Inc. is convening a meeting at Vieux Fort this Sunday (4th March) to elect a general council and an executive council to run the organization's affairs.
		The council intends to work on behalf of the Rastafarian community in St. Lucia.
	www.slucia.com /archive/news/old_news_170301.html (5130 words)

	PBEC: Events & Programs: 2001: IGM: Featured Biographies: Takeo Hiranuma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He legally became a son of his great-uncle Kiichiro Hiranuma who was the Prime Minister of Japan in 1939.
		Kiichiro Hiranuma also served as Chairman of the Privy Council and several cabinet posts such as Minister of State.
		Takeo Hiranuma's great-grandfather Yoshiro Hiranuma was Dean of the Department of commerce at Waseda University and subsequently became the third President of the university.
	www.pbec.org /uploadedimages/events/2001/igm/speakers/hiranuma.htm (124 words)

	Amazon.com: Japan's Modern Myths: Books: Carol Gluck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Twentieth Century Japan: the Emergence of a World Power, 8) by Louise Young
		Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taisho Democracy (Michigan Classics in Japanese Studies) by Ann Waswo in Back Matter (1), Back Matter (2), and Back Matter (3)
		Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Twentieth Century Japan: the Emergence of a World Power, 8) by Louise Young on 5 pages
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0691008124?v=glance (819 words)

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