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Topic: Probainognathus

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Probainognathidae

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	Digimorph - Probainognathus sp. (fossil eucynodont)
		Probainognathus is an extinct relative of mammals that has played a prominent role in research by paleontologists who study the evolutionary events leading up to the origin of that group.
		Probainognathus is a member of Eucynodontia, a lineage that includes mammals and their closest extinct relatives.
		Probainognathus is represented by only about three dozen specimens, and this specimen is the only known skull of a very young juvenile.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Probainognathus_sp (476 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Probainognathus possessed characteristics of both reptile and mammal, and this transitional aspect was shown most clearly by the fact that it had TWO jaw joints--one reptilian, one mammalian:
		Thus it had teeth differentiated into incisors, a canine and postcanines, a double occipital condyle and a well-developed secondary palate, all features typical of the mammals, but most significantly the articulation between the skull and the lower jaw was on the very threshhold between the reptilian and mammalian condition.
		Therefore in Probainognathus there was a double articulation between skull and jaw, and of particular interest, the quadrate bone, so small and so loosely joined to the squamosal, was intimately articulated with the stapes bone of the middle ear.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2437/therapsd.htm (2573 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 420.300 Mammaliformes: Symmetrodonta
		Not by coincidence, Probainognathus is the outgroup used by Luo's group to root the phylogenetic analysis of Hadrocodium.
		Probainognathus was not a large animal -- about 10 cm overall -- but the coronoid process is huge for the size of the jaw and the space available for the jaw adductors is enormous.
		The engineering is usually explained by the decreasing importance of the jaw adductors and their gradual functional replacement by the masseter muscles, an evolutionary develoment which largely replaced slash-and-gulp eating with chewing -- so important to the development of civilized etiquette.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/Unit420/420.300.html (3674 words)

	Evolution - Fossils and the history of life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In the early form Biarmosuchus the jaw muscle is at the basal articulation.
		In the evolution of mammals, the muscles move forward and by Probainognathus the masseter has split into two.
		The presence of the advanced jaw condition can be recognized, along with the the increasing complexity and serial differentiation of the teeth.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/tutorials/Fossils_and_the_history_of_life25.asp (72 words)

	Comparative Anatomy Discussion 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Probainognathus is a late therapsid that has a dual jaw joint, a joint between the squamosal and the dentary as in mammals and a joint between the articular and the quadrate as in all other gnathostomes (see drawing below).
		Part of the problem with accepting the transition from therapsids to mammals and the evolution of the new mammalian jaw joint before fossils such as Probainognathus were found was that it was hard to hypothesize how such an important joint as the jaw joint could be lost.
		Given the intimate association of the lower jaw and the inner ear in tetrapods, the function of the ear ossicles in mammals, and the drawings of the Probainognathus skull, tell me what you think the function is of each of the two jaw joints in Probainognathus.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/0301/comparative_home/Discussion_3.html (717 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		These modifications would simplify the quadrate-cranial joint and increase the mobility of the quadrate (incus) relative to the cranium while a functioning tympanic membrane was maintained on the mandible, improving the sensitivity of the postdentary tympanum.
		Probainognathus is among the earliest known non-mammalian cynodonts with a concave contact facet and a rotated dorsal plate in the quadrate.
		Thus we hypothesize that it represents a critical step in the phylogenetic transformation that led to the origin of the modern mammalian middle ear and tympanic membrane.
	www.vertpaleo.org /jvp/14-341-374.html (289 words)

	Probainognathidae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Probainognathidae is an extinct family of meat-eating mammal-like reptiles (Therapsids) which lived during the Upper Triassic.
		According to some authors, it has perhaps two known members: Probainognathus from South America, and the somewhat later Lepagia from Europe.
		Probainognathus, known from a number of specimens, was about 10 cm in length and extremely mammal-like in terms of its anatomy.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Probainognathidae.htm (188 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Several presumed vascular canals in non-mammalian cynodonts have been proposed as precursors of the canal enclosing the prootic sinus in mammals.
		We review the vascular structures of the ear region and lateral braincase in non-mammalian cynodonts and conclude that the most likely precursor is a canal through the lateral flange of the prootic similar to those interpreted as enclosing the prootic sinus in Probainognathus jenseni and Massetognathus pascuali.
		However, until a prootic canal is found in other non-mammalian cynodonts, those in Probainognathus and Massetagnathus are most reasonably viewed, given current phylogenies, as acquisitions independent of the prootic canal in mammals.
	www.vertpaleo.org /jvp/15-331-356.html (304 words)

	missing La Rioja specimens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Please keep a look out for the specimens discussed below: "Dr. Guillermo Ottone and Dr. Hector Leanza of the Associacion Paleontologica Argentina have notified officers of the IPA of theft of type specimens of dinosaurs [and therapsids: TRH] and cases in January 1994 from the National University of La Rioja, Argentina.
		1 case of a skull and 56 vertebrae of Riojasaurus insertus Bonaparte Holotypes of Probelesodon lewisi Romer, P. minor Romer, and Probainognathus jensoni Romer.
		They would appreciate receiving any information about these specimens." Its a real long shot, but there always is a chance that someone on the list might see these specimens.
	dml.cmnh.org /1994May/msg00010.html (259 words)

	Triassic Cynodonts; Probainognathia, an internet directory
		The postcanines have long and narrow crowns with three to five cusps, the central one of which is dominant and points straight upwards.
		The abstract, "places Ecteninion in a trichotomy with Probainognathus and a monophyletic clade consisting of Tritylodontidae, Tritheledontidae and Morganucodon." This would be close to the roots of Mammaldom.
		A further scanning project from the lads and lasses of the University of Texas lab.
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/probaino.htm (3140 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The aim of the learner is to fi..
		Probainognathus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Therapsida Order: Cynodontia Eucynodontia Family: Probainognathidae Genus: Probainognathus Species P. jenseni Ref. Probainognathus is a genus of meat-eating 'mammal-like reptile', (Thera..
		Probate is the legal process of settling a dead person's estate: specifically, distributing his property.
	aynurkece.info /browse.php?title=P/PR/PRO (10605 words)

	In Defense of Evolution
		From reptile to mammal: Probelesedon and Massetognathus exhibit both reptilian and mammalian characteristics.
		Probainognathus even has two sets of jaw joints--one reptilian and one mammalian.
		If we look to some of the less prominent transitions in life, we find equally astounding transitional forms.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/mark_vuletic/defense_of_evolution.html (2935 words)

	Comparative Anatomy Topic 3 - Mammals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		On the tree below, you should know that Pelycosauria and Therapsida are not monophyletic groups.
		Don't concern yourself with all genus names, but you should be familiar with Dimetrodon (a varanopsid), Probainognathus, and Diarthrognathus (we will be discussing the last two in some detail later in the course).
		These represent the most interesting intermediate fossils ever found, we will be discussing them in greater detail later in the course.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic3e/Topic3e.html (841 words)

	Cuffey 2 - Mammal - Like Reptiles
		Procynosuchus modified from Allin and Hopson (1992, Fig.
		Probainognathus modified from Allin and Hopson (1992, Fig.
		Morga nucodon modified from Kermack, Mussett, and Rigney (1981, Figs.
	www.gcssepm.org /special/cuffey_05.htm (2588 words)

	UM City - What is a platypus? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Therapsids also provide one of the most compelling bits of evidence for evolution.
		Later cynodont therapsids like Probainognathus and Diarthrognathus have the primitive quadrate - articular jaw joint found in all other vertebrates AND the dentary - squamosal jaw joint found only in mammals.
		These represent the most interesting intermediate fossils ever found.
	studioum.com /city/threads.php?threadid=12356 (565 words)

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